肠内营养治疗时机对重症急性胰腺炎患者疗效的影响

目的：比较不同治疗时机的肠内营养（EN）对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）的临床疗效。 方法：选择64例SAP患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组32例。在综合治疗基础上,观察组患者于入院后24 h内给予EN支持,而对照组患者于入院后48 h后给予EN支持,治疗后2周比较两组患者血清C反应蛋白（CRP）、总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）、血/尿淀粉酶恢复时间、APACHE II评分及住院时间。 结果：两组患者治疗前一般资料具有可比性。治疗2周后,观察组患者CRP水平较对照组明显降低（P<0.05）,TP、ALB水平较对照组明显升高（P<0.05）,血/尿淀粉酶恢复时间机住院时间较对照组明显缩短（P<0.05）;两组APACHE II评分均较治疗前明显降低,但观察组降低程度明显大于对照组（P<0.05）。 结论：早期EN支持有助于保护SAP患者肠黏膜屏障功能,改善患者营养状况,从而促进患者恢复。     

肠内营养支持治疗重症急性胰腺炎的临床研究

目的：比较肠内营养（EN）及肠外营养（PN）支持治疗重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）的临床效果。 方法：依据随机数字表将57例SAP患者随机分为肠外营养组和肠内营养组,分析营养支持后1、 2周的营养状况、免疫学指标,同时比较多器官功能失调综合征（MODS）、胰腺及胰周感染率、病死率及平均住院日和住院费用。治疗2周后行APACHE II评分和CT评分。 结果：给予营养支持后,两组血清白蛋白、血红蛋白显著升高,血淀粉酶明显降低（P<0.05）;治疗2周时 EN 组的CRP和WBC均低于 PN 组（P<0.05）;EN组治疗1周后TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1 β的水平低于 PN 组（P<0.05）,而 PN 组到入院 2周才有显著降低。MODS、胰腺及胰周感染率、病死率及平均住院日和住院费用、APACHE II评分、CT评分显著降低,EN组均低于PN组（P<0.05）。 结论：对于适合给予EN的SAP患者,尽早给予EN较PN有更好的临床治疗效果。EN能够改善重症急性胰腺炎患者的营养状况及预后,缩短住院时间,降低住院费用。     

联用灯盏花素选择性动脉介入治疗老年重症急性胰腺炎的临床观察

目的：观察联用灯盏花素选择性动脉介入治疗老年重症急性胰腺炎患者的临床疗效。 方法：将60例老年SAP患者（年龄≥60岁）随机分为观察组（32例）和对照组（28例），对照组采用奥曲肽与抗生素持续性胰腺区域动脉灌注，观察组采用以上灌注药物加用灯盏花素持续性胰腺区域动脉灌注，比较两组治疗效果。 结果：治疗7 d后，两组APACHE II评分均较治疗前降低（均P<0.05），但观察组的APACHE II评分明显低于对照组（P<0.05）；两组血清肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白介素6（IL-6）水平均较治疗前明显降低（均P<0.05），但观察组两者的下降程度大于与对照组（均P<0.05）。观察组总并发症发生率明显低于对照组（34.38% vs. 60.71%，P<0.05），观察组中转手术率与病死率均低于对照组（12.5% vs. 21.5%；9.38% vs. 14.29%），但差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。 结论：联用灯盏花素选择性动脉介入治疗老年SAP具有良好的疗效。     

腹内高压与急性胰腺炎严重程度的相关性分析

目的：探讨腹内高压（IAH）与急性胰腺炎（AP）病情严重程度的相关性。 方法： 选取2014年2月—2015年2月收治的AP患者80例,根据入院APACHE II评分,其中轻症胰腺炎（MAP）49例（MAP组）,重症胰腺炎（SAP）31例（SAP组）。采用经膀胱间接测量法监测腹内压（IAP）,4 h/次,连续5 d,连续2次IAP值≥12 mmHg诊断为IAH。比较两组IAH发生率,分析IAP值与APACHE II评分的相关性;比较SAP患者中发生IAH与未发生IAH患者不良临床事件的发生率,采用ROC曲线（AUC）评价APACHE II评分和IAP值预测SAP患者不良临床事件的价值。 结果：SAP组IAH发生率明显高于MAP组（45.2% vs. 0%,P<0.05）;Pearson相关分析结果显示,IAP值与APACHE II评分呈正相关（r=0.752,P<0.05）;SAP患者中,发生IAH者各项不良临床事件发生率均明显高于未发生IAH者（P<0.05）;IAP值预测SAP患者不良临床事件的AUC明显大于APACHE II评分（0.892 vs. 0.610,P<0.05）。 结论：IAH与AP病情严重程度密切相关,并影响AP患者的临床结局。IAP在预测SAP患者不良临床事件发生风险的方面具有重要的临床价值。     

联合应用血液灌流与血液透析对重症急性胰腺炎患者抑制性T细胞的影响及疗效

目的：观察联合应用血液灌流与血液透析治疗对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）患者CD8+CD28-T细胞水平及全身炎症状态的影响。 方法：选择2013年2月—9月收治的确诊为SAP的患者52例,随机均分为观察组和对照组。对照组接受常规治疗,观察组在常规治疗的基础上加用血液灌流联合血液透析治疗。比较两组治疗24 h后血清中CD8+CD28-T细胞、炎症因子、淀粉酶水平,以及两组临床症状恢复情况。 结果：两组患者在治疗前的各项实验室指标差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）;治疗24 h后,两组患者血清中CD8+CD28-T细胞水平、抑炎因子水平均明显升高,而促炎因子及淀粉酶水平均明显降低,但观察组所有指标的改善程度均优于对照组（均P<0.05）;观察组临床症状恢复时间、胃肠功能恢复时间、住院时间均明显短于对照组（均P<0.05）,两组体温恢复时间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论：联合应用血液灌流与血液透析治疗可有效提高SAP患者CD8+CD28-T细胞水平抑制全身炎症反应,加快病情恢复。     

彩超引导下穿刺置管引流术治疗重症急性胰腺炎并积液的疗效研究

目的：探讨彩超引导下穿刺置管引流术治疗重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）并腹腔积液的临床疗效。 方法：收集131例SAP且病程中确定存在液体（II型）腹腔高压患者的临床资料,其中65例行超声引导下经皮穿刺置管引流冲洗治疗（观察组）,66例行保守治疗（对照组）。比较两组患者相关临床指标、疗效评价指标、并发症发生率及病死率。 结果：两组患者治疗前一般资料具有可比性。观察组患者在症状体征消失时间、血淀粉酶恢复正常的时间、恢复饮食的天数及总住院天数等疗效指标上均优于对照组（均P<0.05）;两组治疗后膀胱压均呈下降趋势,但观察组膀胱压下降速度较对照组快（P<0.05）;观察组并发症发生率低于对照组,治疗有效率高于对照组（均P<0.05）;两组患者病死率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论：早期腹腔穿刺引流可以降低SAP并腹腔积液患者的腹腔内压力,缩短病程,降低并发症发生率,但未能明显降低病死率。

     

清胰汤改善重症急性胰腺炎大鼠胃肠动力的机制研究

目的：探讨重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）胃肠动力障碍的发病机制以及清胰汤对其作用。 方法：将48只SD大鼠随机均分为假手术组,SAP模型组（模型组）,SAP模型+清胰汤治疗组（清胰汤治疗组）。SAP模型采用5%牛磺胆酸钠胰腺被膜下多点注射诱导,清胰汤治疗组造模后给予清胰汤灌胃,假手术组与模型组给予等体积生理盐水代替。术后24 h采用双极银丝电极记录大鼠胃窦部消化间期复合肌电活动（IMC）,随后采用ELISA法测定血清胃动素（MTL）及血管活性肠肽（VIP）的浓度,并进行胰腺组织病理学检查及评分。 结果：与假手术组比较,模型组与清胰汤治疗组均表现为MTL浓度降低而VIP浓度升高（均P<0.05）,但清胰汤治疗组MTL浓度降低与VIP浓度升高的程度低于模型组,且胰腺组织病理学评分也低于模型组（均P<0.05）;模型组与清胰汤治疗组IMC的周期及I,II相时间延长,而IMC III相时间缩短,IMC III相峰电位的振幅及频率降低（均P<0.05）,但清胰汤治疗组IMC的各项指标改变不如模型组明显（均P<0.05）。相关性分析显示,SAP大鼠的IMC III相时间与MTL浓度呈正相关（r=0.967,P<0.05）,与VIP浓度及胰腺组织病理学评分呈负相关（r=-0.592,P<0.05;r=-0.736,P<0.05）。 结论：SAP胃肠动力障碍的发病与胃肠激素紊乱有关,清胰汤可能通过对胃肠激素的调节作用而改善胃肠动力。     

双重血液滤过治疗高脂血症性重症急性胰腺炎的临床疗效

目的：探讨双重血液滤过治疗高脂血症性重症急性胰腺炎（HL-SAP）的效果。 方法：51例HL-SAP患者随机分为观察组（26例）和对照组（25例）,对照组接受常规治疗,观察组在常规治疗的基础上加用双重血液滤过治疗,比较两组第2、7天的相关疗效指标及并发症发生情况。 结果：与治疗前比较,治疗第2天,观察组血甘油三酯（TG）及血、尿淀粉酶水平较治疗前明显降低,大部分血液流变学指标明显改善,炎症因子水平明显降低,前白蛋白明显升高,SIRS评分、APACHE II评分、Ranson评分明显降低（均P<0.05）;而对照组除Ranson评分明显降低外,其余指标无明显改善（均P>0.05）。治疗第7天,观察组以上指标均进一步改善,对照组大部分指标也较治疗前明显改善（均P<0.05）。治疗后同时间点比较,观察组以上指标改善程度均优于对照组（均P<0.05）。观察组的并发症发生率明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。 结论：双重血液滤过能有效降低TG水平,改善微循环障碍,维持机体促抗炎细胞因子平衡,改善HL-SAP患者预后。     

Whipple胰十二指肠切除术围手术期不安置鼻胃管的可行性研究

目的 探讨经典Whipple胰十二指肠切除术围手术期全程不安置鼻胃管的安全性及可行性。方法 回顾性分析2020年6月至2023年8月期间在四川大学华西医院行Whipple胰十二指肠切除术的63例患者的临床资料,根据围手术期全程是否安置鼻胃管分为鼻胃管组32例和无鼻胃管组31例。比较2组患者的胃肠吻合方式等术中指标,以及术后住院时间等结局指标。结果 (1)术前基线资料：无鼻胃管组的良性疾病占比（P=0.005）及术前合并胰腺炎比例（P=0.003）高于鼻胃管组,其他术前基线资料如年龄、性别等比较差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。(2)术中指标：无鼻胃管组胃肠吻合采用管型吻合器的比例较高（P=0.009）,且手术时间较短（P<0.001）,但胰肠吻合方式、术中输血和术中出血量比较差异均无统计学意义（P>0.50）。(3)术后结局指标：无鼻胃管组术后住院时间（P<0.001）及胃排空延迟发生率（P<0.001）均低于鼻胃管组,但术后开始进食时间、胰瘘发生率、术后出血发生率及并发症Clavien-Dindo分级比较差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）,且2组...     

外伤性肠破裂修补术后早期肠内营养对改善患者营养状况的作用观察

目的：观察外伤性肠破裂修补术后早期肠内营养对改善患者营养状况的作用。 方法：选取2010年1月—2012年12月收治的34例外伤性肠破裂手术患者,将其随机分为观察组 （17例）和对照组（17例）。对照组术后采取全肠外营养支持,观察组于术后24 h开始给予早期肠内营养,共维持1周。并于术前、术后7d观察两组患者营养相关指标。 结果：治疗组术后肠道功能恢复时间和住院时间较对照组明显缩短,组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论：与肠外营养相比,肠破裂修补术后早期肠内营养在促进肠蠕动恢复、缩短患者住院时间方面的效果优于肠外营养。     

Anterior Interosseous Nerve Palsy After Shoulder Arthroscopy Treated With Surgical Decompression: A Case Series and Systematic Review of the Literature

Background: Anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) palsy is a very uncommon cause of upper extremity pain and weakness that comprises less than 1% of all upper extremity nerve palsies. Rarely reported but also mentioned in the literature is AIN palsy after shoulder arthroscopy. Methods: A systematic review of the literature to date using PubMed was conducted to identify patients who suffered AIN palsy after shoulder arthroscopy procedures. Articles included met the following criteria: (1) published in English; (2) primary presentation of the data; (3) patients had undergone shoulder arthroscopy before developing symptoms of AIN palsy; and (4) diagnosis was confirmed with clinical symptoms of AIN palsy. Measured outcomes included patient demographics, specific shoulder procedure, anesthesia procedure, intra-operative patient positioning, intra-operative compressive dressing, intra-operative traction, surgical versus conservative treatment, abnormal findings during decompression procedure, proposed mechanism of injury, and follow-up. Results: The search yielded 6 articles, of which 4 (13 cases) met inclusion criteria. An additional 2 cases were included in this report totaling 15 cases. The average patient age was 49 years (range: 31-64) with 73% males. At average follow-up of 24 months, 67% of patients experienced complete resolution of symptoms—more than half of which underwent surgical decompression. Patients who failed to progress experienced weakness of the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus muscles. Conclusions: Proposed injury mechanisms for AIN palsy after shoulder arthroscopy range from mechanical trauma, compressive hematoma, and direct anesthetic neurotoxicity. Management should be directed by clinical symptoms, imaging, and patient factors with majority of patients expected to have excellent clinical outcomes.     

维生素D受体在糖尿病肾病足细胞损伤及蛋白尿缓解中的作用

目的探讨维生素D受体(VDR)在糖尿病肾病(DKD)足细胞中的表达水平及在足细胞损伤及蛋白尿缓解中的作用。方法(1)本研究纳入了65例诊断患有2型糖尿病(伴或不伴蛋白尿)的患者,并纳入了25例年龄和性别相匹配的健康体检者为对照组。根据白蛋白/肌酐(ACR)的尿排泄比例对2型糖尿病患者进行分组,分别为无蛋白尿(ACR<30 mg/g,n=24)、微量白蛋白尿(ACR 30~300 mg/g,n=18)和临床蛋白尿(ACR>300 mg/g,n=23)。另选择25例经肾活检确诊的DKD患者作为DKD组。正常肾脏组织标本均取自泌尿外科同一时期肾脏肿瘤切除患者10例。将各组检测指标进行对比,同时采用实时定量PCR、ELISA法和免疫组化法检测VDR在各组患者的血液、尿液样本和肾脏组织中的表达情况,以及使用Pearson相关分析分析VDR与尿蛋白的相关性。(2)在2型糖尿病肾病小鼠模型中对上述结果进行验证,将遗传背景均为C57BLKs/J的雄性db/db小鼠及同窝出生的db/m小鼠,随机分为正常对照组(A组)、DKD对照组(B组)、DKD二甲基亚砜处理组(C组)、DKD帕立骨化醇(VDR激动剂)处理组(D组),C、D组连续腹腔注射处理8周,对照组不做任何处理。小鼠10周龄时开始连续干预8周,在小鼠22周龄(开始干预后12周)检测各组小鼠体重、血、尿生化指标对比;Western印迹法检测β⁃catenin、VDR的变化;免疫荧光观察足细胞标志蛋白podocin及足细胞损伤蛋白α⁃SMA的表达变化。结果(1)与正常健康对照组相比,无蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05);与无蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者相比,微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05)。(2)与正常健康对照组相比,无蛋白尿糖尿病组和DKD组患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05);与无蛋白尿糖尿病组患者相比,DKD组患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平亦较低(均P<0.05)。(3)免疫组化结果显示,DKD组肾组织中VDR的表达明显少于正常对照组。(4)DKD患者血浆中VDR mRNA相对水平与ACR呈负相关(r=-0.342,P<0.05)。(5)各组尿液上清液中VDR的水平与血浆中的水平呈相反趋势。(6)Western印迹结果显示,B组、C组肾小球足细胞β⁃catenin蛋白表达高于D组(均P<0.05),VDR蛋白的表达低于D组(均P<0.05);免疫荧光结果显示,B组、C组肾小球足细胞podocin的表达低于D组(均P<0.05),α⁃SMA的表达高于D组(均P<0.05)。结论VDR高表达缓解DKD足细胞损伤及蛋白尿。     

不同尿钙水平的Gitelman综合征患者临床特点比较

目的观察不同尿钙水平Gitelman综合征(GS)患者的临床特点,探讨尿钙在GS疾病临床分型中的价值。方法收集2016—2018年来自中国国家罕见病注册系统(NRSC)、在北京协和医院行SLC12A3基因检测诊断为GS患者的临床资料,分析其尿钙特点,比较不同尿钙水平患者的临床和实验室检查指标。氢氯噻嗪试验按照标准操作流程进行,测定患者基线和用药后3 h内氯离子排泄分数改变量的最大值(ΔFECl)。结果共有83例GS患者被纳入研究,其中低尿钙患者53例(63.86%)。低尿钙组尿钙/肌酐比明显低于非低尿钙组[(0.085±0.058)mmol/mmol比(0.471±0.284)mmol/mmol,t=7.349,P<0.001]。两组患者在年龄、性别、估算肾小球滤过率、血压、血尿电解质水平、代谢性碱中毒方面差异均无统计学意义。低尿钙组患者乏力(χ2=4.595,P=0.032)及多尿(χ2=5.778,P=0.016)发生比例低于非低尿钙组,两组患者在其他临床症状方面差异无统计学意义。低尿钙和非低尿钙组各有16例患者行氢氯噻嗪试验,中位ΔFECl结果分别为0.539%(0.430%,1.283%)和0.829%(0.119%,1.298%),均提示对氢氯噻嗪无反应,组间差异无统计学意义(U=130.000,P=0.956)。结论GS患者中低尿钙比例为63.86%,尿钙水平与疾病临床表型、NCC功能损伤严重程度之间均无明确相关性。     

Fibrinogen-thrombin collagen patch reinforcement of highrisk colonic anastomoses in rats

AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of human fibrinogenthrombin collagen patch(TachoSil~?) in the reinforcement of high-risk colon anastomoses.METHODS A quasi-experimental study was conducted in Wistar rats(n = 56) that all underwent high-risk anastomoses(anastomosis with only two sutures) after colectomies. The rats were divided into two randomized groups: Control group(24 rats) and treatment group(24 rats). In the treatment group, high-risk anastomosis was reinforced with TachoSil~? (a piece of Tacho Sil? was applied over this high-risk anastomosis, covering the gap). Leak incidence, overall survival, intra-abdominal adhesions, and histologic healing of anastomoses were analyzed. Survivors were divided into two subgroups and euthanized at 15 and 30 d after intervention in order to analyze the adhesions and histologic changes. RESULTS Overall survival was 71.4% and 57.14% in the TachoSil~? group and control group, respectively(P = 0.29); four rats died from other causes and six rats in the treatment group and 10 in the control group experienced colonic leakage(P 0.05). The intra-abdominal adhesion score was similar in both groups, with no differences between subgroups. We found non-significant differences in the healing process according to the histologic score used in both groups(P = 0.066).CONCLUSION In our study, the use of TachoSil~? was associated with a non-statistically significant reduction in the rate of leakage in high-risk anastomoses. TachoSil~? has been shown to be a safe product because it does not affect the histologic healing process or increase intra-abdominal adhesions.     

血浆凝血因子VIII水平与IgA肾病患者临床病理改变及预后的关系

目的探讨血浆凝血因子VIII(factor VIII,FVIII)水平与IgA肾病(IgAN)患者临床参数及预后的关系。方法收集2016年1月至2016年12月中南大学湘雅二医院确诊的IgAN患者的临床资料。按照时间依赖的受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)得出的血浆FVIII预测IgAN预后的临界值,将患者分为高FVIII组(FVIII>140.50%)和低FVIII组(FVIII≤140.50%),比较两组患者肾活检时基线临床参数的差异。以估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)下降≥30%或进入终末期肾脏病(ESRD)为终点事件,采用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线及Cox回归方程法分析血浆FVIII水平对IgAN患者预后的影响。结果共93例IgAN患者纳入本研究,中位随访时间为35.15(33.77,36.76)个月,12例(12.90%)患者发生终点事件。高FVIII组患者年龄、血肌酐、尿素氮、血三酰甘油、血总胆固醇、血浆纤维蛋白原、D-二聚体、24 h尿蛋白量、蛋白C、蛋白S和eGFR下降速率高于低FVIII组(均P<0.05);eGFR、血白蛋白、中位随访时间低于低FVIII组(均P<0.05)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析结果显示,与低FVIII组比较,高FVIII组患者肾脏累积生存率降低(χ2=5.635,P=0.018)。在校正收缩压、eGFR、尿蛋白、肾小管萎缩/间质纤维化程度等因素后,多因素Cox回归分析结果显示,高血浆FVIII水平是IgAN患者肾脏预后不良的独立危险因素(HR=4.147,95%CI 1.055~16.308,P=0.042)。结论血浆FVIII水平与IgAN患者临床指标及预后相关,高血浆FVIII水平是IgAN患者肾脏预后不良的独立危险因素。     

罗伊适应模式对腹股沟疝无张力疝修补术后恢复情况的影响

目的探讨罗伊适应模式对患者腹股沟疝无张力疝修补术后恢复情况的影响。 方法将2016年1月至2019年5月在秦皇岛市第二医院择期进行无张力修补术治疗的120例腹股沟疝患者，按照随机数字法分为对照组和观察组，每组各60例。对照组采用常规护理治疗，观察组在对照组的基础上采用罗伊适应模式。比较2组患者的术后临床指标、心理状态、围手术期并发症发生情况及满意度。 结果术后观察组患者的首次排气时间、恢复正常饮食时间、离床活动时间和术后住院时间均低于对照组（P<0.05）；术后观察组患者的抑郁自评量表（SDS）和焦虑自评量表（SAS）评分显著低于对照组（P<0.05）；术后2组患者均无切口感染发生，2组患者尿潴留、急性疼痛、认知功能障碍、发热、血肿等发生率相比无统计学差异（P>0.05）；术后观察组患者护理满意度为96.67%，显著高于对照组的83.33%（P<0.05）。 结论在常规护理的基础上，罗伊适应模式用于患者腹股沟疝无张力修补围手术期，能有效改善术后患者的焦虑/抑郁情绪，不增加围手术期并发症，促进术后患者的恢复及提高治疗满意度。     

Role of Conventional and Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Spinal Treatment Protocol for Hydatid Disease

Objective:

To demonstrate the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in determining the treatment protocol for hydatid disease of the spine.

Design:

Case report; literature review.

Findings:

Diffusion-weighted MRI can help differentiate complicated infected hydatidosis from abscesses, epidermoid cysts from arachnoid cysts, and benign from malignant vertebral compression fractures. It is also helpful in differentiating between abscesses and necrotic tumors.

Conclusion:

Diffusion-weighted MRI can help differentiate between infections requiring immediate surgery and those that can be treated medically with antihelmintic treatment.     

Effect of the implementation of NICE guidelines for ultrasound guidance on the complication rates associated with central venous catheter placement in patients presenting for routine surgery in a tertiary referral centre

BACKGROUND: The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines of 2002 recommended the use of ultrasound (US) for central venous catheterization in order to minimize complications associated with central line placement. An ongoing audit of line placement by anaesthetists in the theatre complex of a tertiary referral centre looked at the associated complication rates. The objective of the study was to compare complication rates pre- and post-implementation of NICE guidelines. METHODS: This prospective, single centre audit looked at all patients in whom a central venous catheter was placed for surgery. Complication rates were assessed for procedures that were performed pre- and post-implementation of NICE guidelines. In total, 438 patients were identified for the study, and the procedures were performed either by trainee or by consultant anaesthetists. RESULTS: The pre- and post-implementation complication rates were 10.5% (16/152) and 4.6% (13/284), respectively, representing an absolute risk reduction of 5.9% (95% CI 0.5-11.3%). Comparison of those procedures in which US was used when compared with the landmark technique after implementation found a reduction of 6.9% in complications (95% CI 1.4-12.4%). The reduction in complication rates was larger for specialist registrars than for consultants (11.2% vs 1.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of NICE guidelines has been associated with a significant reduction in complication rates in our tertiary referral centre. In the light of the cross-speciality evidence of US superiority and our results, it is imperative that routine use of US guidance becomes more widespread.     

Safety and tolerability of single intravenous doses of sugammadex administered simultaneously with rocuronium or vecuronium in healthy volunteers

BACKGROUND: Sugammadex rapidly reverses rocuronium- and vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block. To investigate the effect of combination of sugammadex and rocuronium or vecuronium on QT interval, it would be preferable to avoid the interference of anaesthesia. Therefore, this pilot study was performed to investigate the safety, tolerability, and plasma pharmacokinetics of single i.v. doses of sugammadex administered simultaneously with rocuronium or vecuronium to anaesthetized and non-anaesthetized healthy volunteers. METHODS: In this phase I study, 12 subjects were anaesthetized with propofol/remifentanil and received sugammadex 16, 20, or 32 mg kg(-1) combined with rocuronium 1.2 mg kg(-1) or vecuronium 0.1 mg kg(-1); four subjects were not anaesthetized and received sugammadex 32 mg kg(-1) with rocuronium 1.2 mg kg(-1) or vecuronium 0.1 mg kg(-1) (n=2 per treatment). Neuromuscular function was assessed by TOF-Watch SX monitoring in anaesthetized subjects and by clinical tests in non-anaesthetized volunteers. Sugammadex, rocuronium, and vecuronium plasma concentrations were measured at several time points. RESULTS: No serious adverse events (AEs) were reported. Fourteen subjects reported 23 AEs after study drug administration. Episodes of mild headache, tiredness, cold feeling (application site), dry mouth, oral discomfort, nausea, increased aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase levels, and moderate injection site irritation were considered as possibly related to the study drug. The ECG and vital signs showed no clinically relevant changes. Rocuronium/vecuronium plasma concentrations declined faster than those of sugammadex. CONCLUSIONS: Single-dose administration of sugammadex 16, 20, or 32 mg kg(-1) in combination with rocuronium 1.2 mg kg(-1) or vecuronium 0.1 mg kg(-1) was well tolerated with no clinical evidence of residual neuromuscular block, confirming that these combinations can safely be administered simultaneously to non-anaesthetized subjects. Rocuronium and vecuronium plasma concentrations decreased faster than those of sugammadex, reducing the theoretical risk of neuromuscular block developing over time.