阴茎异常勃起的诊疗与预后（附15例报告）

目的 探讨阴茎异常勃起的临床特点、诊疗方法 及预后.方法 同顾性分析1992年2月至2005年1月我院15例阴茎异常勃起患者的临床资料及随访记录.结果 本组15例,年龄18～71岁,平均30岁.13例为低流量型,2例为高流量型,持续勃起时间6～168h,平均33h.15例经治疗后异常勃起均获缓解,其中非手术治疗6例,手术治疗9例,术后阴茎完全恢复疲软时间为0～9d,平均3.5d.4例失随访,11例随访时间3～38个月,平均18.5月,均为低流量型.7例子术后7d～5月恢复正常勃起功能,平均24d.其中3例持续勃起时间≤12h,3例为12～24h,1例为24～48h.4例术后出现勃起功能障碍,其中1例持续勃起时间为12～24h,2例为24～48h,1例>48h.结论 阴茎异常勃起预后良好的关键因素是尽早改善海绵体的缺氧及酸中毒状态.为了避免继发不可逆转的阴茎勃起障碍,应该尽可能地在24h内采取有效手段解除病理性勃起状态.对于勃起时间超过24h的患者,为避免治疗时机的进一步延误,可直接选择手术而不必再依无创至有创的顺序渐进式地选择治疗方式.     

缺血型阴茎异常勃起的处理与预后(附14例报告)

目的:探讨缺血型阴茎异常勃起的临床特点.方法:回顾性分析14例缺血型阴茎异常勃起患者的临床资料,持续勃起时间6～168 h,平均32 h.非手术治疗5例,手术治疗9例.结果:术后阴茎完全恢复疲软时间0～9天,平均3.5天.11例随访3～38个月,7例于术后7天～5个月恢复正常勃起功能,其中3例持续勃起时间≤12 h,3例为13~24 h,1例为48 h;4例术后仍出现勃起功能障碍,其中1例持续勃起时间为12～24 h,2例为24~48 h,1例>48 h.3例失访.结论:持续缺氧及酸中毒是导致缺血型阴茎异常勃起预后不良的主要原因.对于勃起时间≤24 h患者,采取有效手段解除病理性勃起,可以有效避免继发不可逆转的阴茎勃起障碍;对于勃起时间>24 h患者,为避免进一步延误治疗时机,可直接选择手术治疗.     

阴茎异常勃起诊治21例报告

目的探讨阴茎异常勃起的诊治方法、病理及预后。方法阴茎异常勃起患者21例，经彩色多普勒超声海绵体血流成像、血气分析及穿刺活检术确诊后采用保守治疗、分流术及阴茎切除术等。结果低流量型阴茎异常勃起19例。勃起时间≤12h者8例。病理示海绵体间质轻度水肿，保守治疗后阴茎疲软，随访勃起功能正常；勃起时间13～24h者4例，其中轻度间质水肿1例、中重度3倒，行阴茎头-阴茎海绵体分流术后症状消失，随访3例勃起功能正常,1例发生轻度勃起功能障碍（ED）；勃起时间25～48h者2例。病理镜下示海绵体平滑肌局灶性坏死及纤维样细胞,术后2侧均复发。其中1例扩大内瘘口后勃起消失，随访性功能无减退。另1例白血病引起者综合化疗后症状缓解，随访发生中度ED；勃起时间49～72h者3例。病理镜下示海绵体平滑肌广泛坏死、大量纤维样细胞及血栓形成。行大隐静脉－海绵体分流术后勃起消失。随访2例发生重度ED，1例术后2周因肺、脑梗死死亡；2例阴茎转移癌分别于术后12、18个月死亡。高流量型阴茎异常勃起2例，术后随访性功能正常。结论海绵体损伤程度与异常勃起时间紧密相关。应尽早采取治疗措施。同时治疗愿发病有助于提高疗效、改善预后。     

阴茎异常勃起的诊断和治疗(附12例报告)

目的提高阴茎异常勃起的诊治水平。方法统计临床所见12例阴茎异常勃起患者，年龄20-62岁，平均44岁。持续勃起时间13-162h，平均25．4h。其中血管活性药物所致5例，膀胱癌转移至阴茎异常勃起1例，白血病1例，有外伤史者3例，不明诱因者2例。对异常勃起分型，治疗及预后进行分析。结果12例患者中9例为低流量型，3例为高流量型。随访2—26个月，9例低流量型患者中，5例经阴茎海绵体根部注射间羟胺2—6mg，必要时在阴茎头及阴茎海绵体根部置9号针头灌注肝素化生理盐水对冲治愈，其中2例发生勃起功能障碍（ED）；2例行阴茎海绵体与阴茎头血管分流术治愈，其中一例术后出现ED；因白血病引起的阴茎异常勃起1例，膀胱癌转移至阴茎1例，预后均不佳。3例高流量型患者中1例行选择性阴部内动脉栓塞后治愈，无ED；2例行保守治疗出院，均有ED发生。结论详细的病史、海绵体血气分析和彩色双功能超声等检查有助于阴茎异常勃起准确及时的诊断。阴茎异常勃起如保守治疗无效，应立刻进行手术治疗。关键词阴茎异常勃起，诊断，治疗     

阴茎异常勃起15例诊疗体会

目的:提高阴茎异常勃起的诊治水平。方法:15例阴茎异常勃起患者,年龄20～66岁,平均46岁。持续勃起时间10～172h,平均28.4h。其中血管活性药物所致6例,膀胱癌转移至阴茎1例,白血病2例,有外伤史者3例,不明诱因者3例。对异常勃起分型,治疗及预后进行分析。结果:15例患者中,12例为低流量型,3例为高流量型。随访1～26个月,12例低流量型患者中,7例经阴茎海绵体根部注射间羟胺2～6mg,必要时在阴茎头及阴茎海绵体根部置9号针头灌注肝素化生理盐水对冲治愈,其中2例发生ED;2例行阴茎海绵体与阴茎头血管分流术治愈,其中1例术后出现ED。2例因白血病引起的阴茎异常勃起保守治疗后缓解,1例膀胱癌转移至阴茎,行阴茎全切。3例高流量型患者中1例行选择性阴部内动脉栓塞后治愈,未发生ED,2例行保守治疗出院,随访均出现ED。结论:详细的病史、海绵体血气分析和彩色双功能超声等检查有助于阴茎异常勃起正确及时的诊断。阴茎异常勃起如保守治疗无效,应立刻进行手术治疗。     

阴茎异常勃起的诊断和治疗(附10例报告)

目的　分析不同病因 ,区分低流量型和高流量型阴茎异常勃起 ,提高急诊处理阴茎异常勃起的能力。　方法　 10例阴茎异常勃起患者年龄 2 2～ 6 4岁 ,平均 4 1岁。持续勃起时间 8～ 2 12h ,平均 2 1.2h。其中阴茎海绵体内注射前列腺素E、罂栗碱、酚妥拉明治疗勃起功能障碍致异常勃起1例 ,服用西地那非后性交勃起异常 1例 ,阴茎原发肉瘤 1例 ,膀胱癌转移至阴茎 1例 ,白血病 1例 ,有外伤史者 2例 ,不明诱因者 3例。对异常勃起分型 ,治疗及预后进行分析。　结果　 10例患者中 8例为低流量型 ,2例为高流量型。 8例低流量型患者中 ,4例经阴茎海绵体根部注射间羟胺 2～ 8mg ,必要时在阴茎头及阴茎海绵体根部置 9号针头灌注肝素化生理盐水对冲治愈 ,其中 1例发生勃起功能障碍 (ED) ;1例行阴茎海绵体与阴茎头血管分流术治愈。因白血病引起的阴茎异常勃起 1例 ,经化疗后治愈 ;阴茎肉瘤 1例 ,膀胱癌转移至阴茎 1例 ,预后均不佳。 2例高流量型患者中 1例行选择性阴部内动脉栓塞后治愈 ,1例行保守治疗出院 ,随访出现ED。　结论　详细的病史、阴茎海绵体血气分析、彩色多谱勒检查、阴部内动脉造影等是区分高流量型和低流量型阴茎异常勃起的重要方法。阴茎异常勃起如保守治疗无效 ,应立刻进行手术治疗     

阴茎异常勃起的治疗

目的探讨阴茎异常勃起的治疗方法，降低勃起功能障碍（ED）的发生。方法回顾性分析28例阴茎异常勃起病历资料及随访记录。结果3例高流量型阴茎异常勃起经保守治疗后完全消退。19例病程≤48h低流量型阴茎异常勃起病人均经镇静冷敷及阴茎海绵体内注射阿拉明、冲洗并连续硬膜外微量注入麻醉药物治疗，14例症状消失，5例无效行分流术；随访出现勃起功能障碍者分别为1例、2例。6例病程〉48h者3例保守治疗3例手术治疗痊愈后随访出现勃起功能障碍者分别为2例、1例。结论高流量型阴茎异常勃起一般行保守治疗，低流量型阴茎异常勃起病程≤48h尽可能行充分的保守治疗，如无效或病程〉48h应尽可能考虑分流术。     

阴茎异常勃起的诊治流程：附6例报告

目的探讨阴茎异常勃起的规范诊治流程。方法回顾分析我院6例勃起时间超过24h,经保守治疗无效的患者,其中服用西地那非后性交所致1例,应用血管活性药物所致1例,会阴外伤所致1例,原因不明3例。给予海绵体血气分析、阴茎彩色多普勒超声检查,5例低流量型异常勃起患者行阴茎头阴茎海绵体分流术,1例高流量型异常勃起患者行选择性阴茎海绵体动脉栓塞术。结果6例患者持续勃起均消退,未见复发。随访2～24个月,5例低流量型阴茎异常勃起患者出现不同程度的海绵体纤维化或勃起功能障碍,1例高流量型阴茎异常勃起患者恢复正常。结论彩色多普勒超声、海绵体血气分析及选择性阴茎海绵体动脉造影等系统性检查是必要的,有助于阴茎异常勃起的准确诊断。对于低流量型异常勃起,早期的系统性诊治是避免术后海绵体纤维化、勃起功能障碍发生的关键。     

阴茎异常勃起的诊断及治疗（附13例报告）

目的：探讨阴茎异常勃起的病因、诊断、分型及治疗.方法：阴茎异常勃起患者13例,年龄20～61岁,平均36岁.勃起时间16～240 h.平均128 h.根据阴茎海绵体血气分析,阴茎海绵体超声多谱勒检查,放射性核素显像,选择性阴部内动脉造影等检查对患者进行诊断和分型.根据分型及病情轻重分别给以保守治疗、选择性阴部内动脉栓塞术、阴茎海绵体灌洗术等治疗.结果：5例高流量型阴茎异常勃起患者均有外伤史,8例低流量型阴茎异常勃起病因较为复杂.所有患者经相应治疗后阴茎勃起消失.随访2～24个月,5例高流量型患者均保留良好的勃起功能,7例低流量型患者有不同程度的勃起功能减退.结论：详细的病史、阴茎海绵体血气分析、彩色多谱勒超声检查、阴部内动脉造影是区分高流量型和低流量型阴茎异常勃起的重要方法.高流量型阴茎异常勃起可采取保守治疗和选择性阴部内动脉栓塞术治疗.而阴茎海绵体灌洗术是治疗低流量型阴茎异常勃起的较好选择.     

阴茎尿道海绵体分流和隧道术治疗低流量型阴茎异常勃起超48 h患者的经验

目的探讨阴茎尿道海绵体分流+隧道术治疗超48 h的低流量型阴茎异常勃起的临床治疗和术后护理经验。 方法5例低流量型阴茎异常勃起超48 h的患者,排除手术禁忌证后行阴茎尿道海绵体分流+隧道术,术后医护密切配合,通过抗凝、抗雄激素以及基于赋能教育理论的Milk技术——鼓励患者与家属参与疾病管理,采用Milk技术促进阴茎血液循环,定时评估阴茎勃起硬度,进行围手术期护理,尽量恢复阴茎海绵体动脉血流。 结果手术均顺利完成,5例患者治疗后阴茎均能逐渐疲软,疼痛缓解,住院3 d内均顺利出院,出院后1个月内异常勃起均消除,术后随访6~12个月,1例患者能维持3级勃起硬度,能完成性交,1例患者能维持2级勃起硬度,3例患者仅能维持1级勃起硬度,均不能完成性交。 结论阴茎尿道海绵体分流+隧道术治疗超48 h的低流量型阴茎异常勃起是安全有效的,Milk技术为促进阴茎术后血液循环恢复提供了一种新的途径,值得临床进一步推广,鉴于此5例阴茎异常勃起患者异常勃起病程长,性功能恢复比例不高,性功能恢复治疗有待进一步研究。     

缺血性阴茎异常勃起病因和危险因素分析

目的:分析缺血性阴茎异常勃起病因和危险因素。方法:回顾性分析25例患者既往异常勃起发作史,用药史,性生活史,发病诱因和临床实验室检查结果。结果:有明确病因15例(60%),其中口服或注射药物史患者12例(48%),包括静脉滴注藻酸双酯钠5例(20%),阴茎海绵体注射血管活性药物4例(16%),静脉滴注肝素2例(8%),口服"补肾"保健品1例(4%);慢性粒细胞性白血病患者2例(8%),直肠癌转移患者1例(4%),15例患者中,并发糖尿病7例,高血压病6例,高脂血症6例,肾病综合征1例。无明确病因10例(40%)。结论:肝素、藻酸双酯钠以及阴茎海绵体注射血管活性药物剂量过大,慢性粒细胞性白血病是缺血性阴茎异常勃起的常见病因。系统性疾病如高血压病、糖尿病和高脂血症导致的血液高粘滞状态可能是缺血性阴茎异常勃起的危险因素。     

利用微弹簧圈选择性动脉栓塞治疗高流量阴茎异常勃起患者勃起功能观察

目的 观察利用微弹簧圈超选择性动脉栓塞治疗高流量阴茎异常勃起对患者勃起功能和性生活质量的影响.方法 会阴部外伤引起阴茎异常勃起患者8例,平均年龄(33.38±12.42)岁,发病距就诊时间2d～8年.根据病史、临床表现、阴茎海绵体血气分析和彩色多普勒超声,诊断为高流量阴茎异常勃起,均在知情同意下通过阴部内动脉造影明确破损动脉,同时利用微弹簧幽选择性动脉栓塞治疗,栓塞后阴茎恢复疲软状态,临床治愈.采用国际勃起功能评分表(IIEF-5)和性生活质量调查表(SLQQ-QOL)对患者发病前,栓塞术后6个月、18个月随访评价勃起功能和性牛活质量.结果 患者栓寨后3个月开始有规律性生活,6个月和18个月IIEF.5评分分别为(19.57±5.35)分和(19.14±5.24)分,与异常勃起发病前(19.86±4.84)分相比无统计学差异(P>0.05).患者栓塞后6个月和18个月SLQQ-QOL评分分别为(34.14±7.73)分和(32.43±8.66)分,与发病前比较无显著差异(P>0.05).结论 微弹簧圈超选择性阴茎海绵体动脉栓塞术对治疗高流量阴茎异常勃起安伞有效,术后对年轻患者勃起功能无显著影响.     

阴茎异常勃起的病因和危险因素

目的分析阴茎异常勃起的病因和危险因素。方法回顾性分析2009年5月至2013年5月北京大学第一医院男科中心收治的41例阴茎异常勃起患者的病例资料,了解其既往异常勃起发作史、用药史、性生活史、发病诱因和临床实验室检查结果。结果明确病因者15例(15/41,36.59%),其中药物造成11例(11/15,73.33%),包括静脉滴注藻酸双酯钠8例(8/15,53.33%)、抗抑郁药1例(1/15,6.67%)、中成药2例(2/15,13.33%);暴力性生活2例(2/15,13.33%);骑跨伤2例(2/15,13.33%)。并发疾病直肠癌转移患者1例(4%),并发糖尿病2例、高血压病4例、高脂血症6例、抑郁症2例、脑梗塞1例、肝炎1例,反复阴茎异常勃起2例。无明确病因26例(63.41%)。结论骑跨伤造成的阴茎异常勃起均为动脉型,而药物引起的、如藻酸双酯钠,均为静脉型。高血压病、糖尿病和高脂血症导致的血液高黏滞状态可能是阴茎异常勃起的危险因素。     

Evaluation of patients after treatment of arterial priapism with selective micro-embolization

OBJECTIVE: Arterial (high-flow) priapism is characterized by a prolonged non-painful erection without sexual arousal as a result of unregulated inflow of blood to the corpus cavernosum. Treatment is based on decreasing this elevated inflow, primarily by means of selective arteriography and embolization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment of patients with arterial priapism. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the period between 1990 and 2004, 10 patients with arterial priapism were admitted to our department. The mean age when priapism developed was 32 years (range 11-62 years). Eight patients were treated with selective embolization, one was operated on and one refused treatment. Nine patients completed a standardized questionnaire which included the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5). The mean follow-up time after treatment was 70 months. RESULTS: All patients treated with selective embolization achieved reduced tumescence. Six out of eight patients had an improved IIEF-5 score after treatment. In nine men, the etiology of the arterial priapism was perineal trauma. In one case, an anomaly with an accessory artery to the corpus cavernosum was diagnosed, which required surgery, and in one case recurrence of the priapism necessitated a second embolization. CONCLUSIONS: Selective embolization results in reduced tumescence and an improvement in erectile function in patients with arterial priapism. Trauma to the perineum was the main etiology in this study.     

Priapism in sickle-cell disease; incidence,risk factors and complications - an international multicentre study

OBJECTIVE: To define the incidence, risk factors and complications of priapism in a large population of patients with sickle-cell anaemia in five centres in the UK and Nigeria, as priapism is common among these patients, but the precise characteristics of the condition in this population are poorly documented. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A questionnaire was developed and administered to patients with sickle-cell disease. Questions were designed to define the incidence, nature, precipitants, duration, treatment and complications of priapism. A distinction was made between acute (severe) priapism and the recurrent, 'stuttering' type. RESULTS: The questionnaire was completed by 130 patients (mean age 25 years, sd 11, range 4-66) from the five centres; 102 (78%) were homozygous Hb SS genotype, 19 (15%) were Hb SC genotype and two (1.5%) were Hb Salpha-thalassaemia. Of the patients, 46 (35%) reported a history of priapism, and of these, 33 (72%) had a history of stuttering priapism, while 24 (52%) had had an acute episode of priapism. The mean age of onset of priapism was 15 years, with 75% of patients having the first episode before their 20th birthday. Sexual activity was the most frequent precipitating factor, with fever and/or dehydration being the next most common. Of the 46 patients, 10 (21%) with a history of priapism reported having erectile dysfunction. A similar proportion reported dissatisfaction with sexual intercourse, including a fear of engaging in sexual activity. CONCLUSION: The incidence of priapism among patients with sickle-cell anaemia is high (35%). The implications of priapism for erectile and sexual function are significant and documented in this large series. The treatment of this condition in these patients remains unstandardised. This study highlights the need for an increased awareness of the problems associated with priapism among patients, families and medical professionals.     

Incidence and clinical features of priapism in Japan: 46 cases from the Japanese diagnosis procedure combination database 2006-2008

We investigated the incidence and clinical features of priapism in Japan, using a national administrative claims database, the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database. Priapism patients were identified using the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision code, N483 (priapism). Verified patient characteristics included age, comorbidities and management of priapism. Among 6.93 million inpatients, 46 patients with priapism were identified. Four had two admissions each for repeated events. The median age was 41.5 years (range, 11-89 years). A total of 21 patients had comorbidities; 3 had haematological malignancies, 4 had haemodialysis, 1 had a renal transplant, 2 had neurological problems, 4 had non-haematological malignancies, 3 had trauma and 6 had psychoses (2 cases had two comorbidities). All patients with non-haematological malignancies were over the age of 70 years, indicating that close attention is required to search for associated malignancies in elderly patients. The medical treatments included 6 vascular embolizations, 11 Winter method surgeries and 18 other operations. The incidence was estimated to be 0.13 (95% confidence interval, 0.097-0.17) per 100,000 person-years. This incidence was lower than that reported in other parts of the world.     

Priapism in children with leukemia

A case of priapism in a child with chronic granulocytic leukemia is presented, and the English literature is reviewed. While common in adult leukemia patients, priapism is rare in children with these neoplasms. Sludging of blood in the corpora cavernosa is almost universally accepted as the mechanism behind the development of painful and persistent erection in these patients. Permanent fibrosis of the cavernosal tissue may not occur in leukemic priapism as it does in other types. Erectile potency is not a point of major concern in these children since their prognosis is uniformly poor, especially in those with a cancer other than chronic granulocytic leukemia. Therapy directed toward the priapism is almost uniformly unsuccessful. However, the painful erection will resolve spontaneously in a matter of days with proper treatment of the leukemic process.