三种实验性IgA肾病模型的比较

目的探讨建立一种理想的IgA肾病（IgAN）动物模型方法。方法分别采用葡聚糖G200、大肠杆菌外膜蛋白和金葡菌的细胞膜20肽抗原决定簇诱导小鼠IgA肾病模型。用分子生物学和病理学方法对3组IgAN模型小鼠进行鉴定和比较。结果（1）葡聚糖组尿蛋白增高，伴有血尿；免疫荧光显示部分肾小球大量IgA沉积；光镜下肾小球系膜细胞增多，肝和脾可见弥漫性的粉染物质沉积；电镜下肾小球系膜区少量低电子密度的致密沉积物，肝和脾可见淀粉丝样物质沉积。（2）大肠杆菌外膜蛋白组尿蛋白增高，伴有血尿；免疫荧光显示肾小球有少量IgA沉积；光镜下肾小球系膜细胞轻度增多，间质炎细胞浸润明显；电镜下肾小球系膜区无电子致密沉积物。（3）金葡菌细胞膜20肽抗原决定簇组尿蛋白增高，伴有血尿；免疫荧光显示多数肾小球均可见大量IgA沉积；光镜下肾小球系膜细胞增多，伴系膜基质轻度增生；电镜下肾小球系膜区和基底膜的内皮细胞下可见高电子密度的致密沉积物。结论金葡菌细胞膜20肽抗原决定簇组诱导的IgAN模型从临床表现和病理学变化与人IgAN极其相似，是3种IgAN模型中最理想的IgAN模型。     

IgA肾病中医药治疗进展

<正>IgA肾病是最为常见的一种原发性肾小球疾病,是指肾小球系膜区以IgA或IgA沉积为主,伴或不伴有其他免疫球蛋白在肾小球系膜区沉积的原发性肾小球病,是导致终末期肾脏病的常见原因之一[1,2]。据统计,15%~40%的IgA肾病患者在明确诊断10~20年内进展至终末期肾功能衰竭(ESRD)[3]。因此积极治疗IgA肾病,延缓疾病的进展至关重要。但目前其     

IgA肾病综合征

本文描述IgA肾病为-综合征,并探讨其病因机理。临床病理特征: 原发性IgA肾病诊断特征为系膜区有IgA伴C_3,有时伴IgG,IgM,纤维蛋白原沉积。系膜区增宽、增殖,可发生急性增殖性、节段硬化性肾小球损     

IgA肾病的治疗

IgA肾病，是以IgA为主的免疫球蛋白在肾小球系膜区弥漫沉积所致的肾小球损害。不难看出，IgA肾病系免疫病理学诊断名词，即肾活检组织经免疫荧光染色，在肾小球系膜区可见IgA为主的免疫球蛋白颗粒状沉积，常伴有C3沉积，而少见补体的前期产物如C1q和C4的沉积。     

儿童IgA肾病综合征

1968年Berger氏和Hinglais氏首次叙述了IgA肾病。随后发现过敏性紫癜、肝硬化等许多疾病亦可引起肾小球系膜的IgA沉积,故目前将IgA肾病称之谓IgA肾病综合征。近年来此征发病率显著提高,在美国、英国等某些欧美国家已引起小流行,普遍地认识到IgA肾病是肾小球肾炎最常见类型之一。临床病理特点原发性IgA肾病的特点是系膜区IgA沉积,且常伴有C_3、IgG、IgM和纤维蛋白原的沉积,系膜区肿胀伴有不同程度的急性增生性和节段性硬化病灶,系     

我国IgA肾病临床与病理联系研究近况

IgA肾病是指一组以肾小球系膜区IgA沉积、同时伴系膜细胞增生和系膜基质增多为主要病理改变的原发性肾小球肾炎[1],是目前导致终末期肾病（ESRD）的主要病因之一[2]。我国IgA肾病占原发肾小球疾病的40%～47.2%,且近10年有明显上升的趋势[3]。肾脏免疫病理是诊断IgA肾病的金标准,     

检测IgA-CIC对IgA肾病进行鉴别性分析的意义

IgA肾病的特点是在肾小球系膜区有IgA沉积,并有少量IgA、IgG-IgM和C3沉积。IgA肾病须经肾活检来确诊,但由于种种原因肾活检尚难以普及。本文旨在探讨不进行肾活检的情况下,怎样通过临床指标来鉴别IgA肾病,并寻求对鉴别IgA肾病与非IgA肾病的最有意义的临床指标。病人和方法:观察了56例IgA肾病患者和54例非IgA肾病的原发性慢性肾小球肾炎患者。IgA肾病组,男40例,女16例,年龄15.9～55.5岁;非IgA肾病组,男36例,女18例,平均14.1～68.6岁。所有患者均经肾活检明确诊断。用于IgA肾病与非IgA肾病鉴别分析的21项临     

IgA肾病的中医治疗现状

正IgA肾病是最早于1968年由法国学者Berger和Hinglais提出的免疫病理诊断,是指肾小球系膜区IgA沉积为主的原发性肾小球疾病~([1~2])。其主要表现为发作性或无症状性血尿,可伴或不伴有蛋白尿、高血压和肾功能受损。尽管经过各种治疗,每10年仍有20%的患者进入终末期肾病(ESRD)~([3])。其主要危险因素包括大量的蛋白尿、肾功能减退、肾小球硬化、肾     

原发性肾病综合征并发急性肾损伤48例临床病理分析

目的探讨原发性肾病综合征合并急性肾损伤的临床及病理特点,提高此类并发症的防治水平。方法对我院原发性肾病综合征合并急性肾损伤患者的临床和病理改变进行回顾性分析。结果原发性肾病综合征合并急性肾损伤的临床特征表现为大量蛋白尿、高度水肿,常合并胸腹腔积液。肾脏病理类型：系膜增生性肾小球肾炎、肾小球微小病变及IgA肾病多见。其中系膜增生性肾小球肾炎22例,占46%;微小病变型10例,IgA肾病9例。所有患者均依据病理分型给予激素和（或）细胞毒药物,同时行利尿、控制感染、抗凝等综合治疗,其中5例进行血液透析治疗,肾损伤大多好转,但增生硬化型肾炎等预后较差。结论原发性肾病综合征并发急性肾损伤临床并不少见,多发生于系膜增生性肾小球肾炎、肾小球微小病变及IgA肾病,尽早明确病理诊断和去除诱因,并予相应治疗,大多患者预后良好,肾功能可恢复正常。     

甘肃河西地区原发性IgA肾病的临床与病理分析

IgA肾病是一组以肾小球系膜区IgA沉积、同时伴系膜细胞增生和系膜基质增多为主要病理改变的原发性肾小球肾炎,我国IgA肾病占原发肾小球疾病的400～47％,且近10年有明显上升的趋势。甘肃河西走廊是一个多民族的西部落后地区,有关IgA肾病病理方面的研究资料严重缺乏。本文收集该地区111例原发性IgA肾病患者的临床病理资料,对其临床与病理相关性进行分析。     

Amylin deposition in the kidney of patients with diabetic nephropathy

Amylin (islet amyloid peptide) plays a critical role in islet amyloidosis and in the development of beta-cell dysfunction in patients with diabetes; however, the involvement of amylin in renal amyloidosis has not been studied. For this reason, we surveyed 149 patients with biopsy-proven diabetic nephropathy (DN). The results were compared to 95 renal disease control patients, which included membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, light-chain deposition, IgA nephropathy, and obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG). Seventy-two of the 149 patients with DN showed amylin deposition in their renal tissue. Amylin was mainly distributed in the expanded mesangial area, Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules, Bowman's capsule, and in blood vessels. The frequencies of mesangial proliferation, glomerular nodule lesions, and glomerular sclerosis were higher in DN patients with amylin deposits. Furthermore, the tubular interstitial lesions were more severe in these patients. Of the 95 disease-control patients, four with ORG were positive for renal amylin deposits. Our study has found renal amylin deposition in patients with DN and that the deposition was associated with disease severity. We suggest that strict metabolic control and reversing insulin resistance in patients with diabetes may blunt the process of amylin deposition in the kidney and possibly protect renal function in these patients.     

Glomerular activation of the lectin pathway of complement in IgA nephropathy is associated with more severe renal disease

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is characterized by glomerular co-deposition of IgA and complement components. Earlier studies showed that IgA activates the alternative pathway of complement, whereas more recent data also indicate activation of the lectin pathway. The lectin pathway can be activated by binding of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and ficolins to carbohydrate ligands, followed by activation of MBL-associated serine proteases and C4. This study examined the potential role of the lectin pathway in IgAN. Renal biopsies of patients with IgAN (n=60) showed mesangial deposition of IgA1 but not IgA2. Glomerular deposition of MBL was observed in 15 (25%) of 60 cases with IgAN and showed a mesangial pattern. All MBL-positive case, but none of the MBL-negative cases showed glomerular co-deposition of L-ficolin, MBL-associated serine proteases, and C4d. Glomerular deposition of MBL and L-ficolin was associated with more pronounced histologic damage, as evidenced by increased mesangial proliferation, extracapillary proliferation, glomerular sclerosis, and interstitial infiltration, as well as with significantly more proteinuria. Patients who had IgAN with or without glomerular MBL deposition did not show significant differences in serum levels of MBL, L-ficolin, or IgA or in the size distribution of circulating IgA. Furthermore, in vitro experiments showed clear binding of MBL to polymeric but not monomeric patient IgA, without a significant difference between both groups. Together, these findings strongly point to a role for the lectin pathway of complement in glomerular complement activation in IgAN and suggest a contribution for both MBL and L-ficolin in the progression of the disease.     

IgA肾病气阴两虚证微观辨证研究

目的：探讨IgA肾病患者气阴两虚证与肾组织病理指标之间的相关性，为IgA肾病气阴两虚证的微观辨证提供依据，并对其他证型的深入研究提供借鉴。方法：对161例确诊为IgA肾病患者进行分组，其中气阴两虚证86例，非气阴两虚证75例，观察两组肾组织病理指标的变化。结果：86例气阴两虚证患者的病理分级多见Lee分型Ⅱ～Ⅳ级；气阴两虚证组肾小球系膜区免疫复合物沉积数目及程度均弱于非气阴两虚证组（P〈0.05）；气阴两虚证组患者的肾小球指数、系膜细胞增生、系膜基质增生、肾小管萎缩积分显著高于非气阴两虚证组（P〈0．05）；间质浸润、间质纤维化积分显著低于非气阴两虚讧组（P〈0．05）。结论：肾组织的病理分级、肾小球系膜区免疫复合物沉积数目及程度、肾小球指数、系膜细胞增生、系膜基质增生、肾小管萎缩、间质浸润、间质纤维化积分可作为IgA肾病气阴两虚证的微观辨证参考依据。     

Subclinical C1q Nephropathy Combined with Possible Donor-Derived IgA Deposition in a 1-Year Kidney Allograft Biopsy: A Case Report

Few previous studies have reported immune-complex nephropathy that has not been classified as a specific phenotype in kidney allografts. We report a case of a de novo subclinical “full-house” pattern of deposition in a pediatric transplantation recipient with possible donor-derived IgA deposition. A five-year-old boy underwent living kidney transplantation due to congenital kidney and urinary tract anomalies. A one-hour implantation biopsy revealed IgA deposition. A four-month protocol biopsy finding showed less intense IgA deposition, in contrast with the one-hour biopsy, and trace para-mesangial deposits. A one-year protocol biopsy demonstrated a full-house deposition pattern and massive electron-dense deposits with minor glomerular changes. At the time of the one-year biopsy, kidney function was stable, with no urinalysis abnormalities. No evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus was observed in clinical and serologic examinations. Mesangial IgG, IgM, C3, and C1q deposition was codominant, and IgA deposition was weaker. We diagnosed this case as C1q nephropathy combined with remaining donor-derived IgA deposition. Few studies have reported C1q nephropathy in kidney allograft; further accumulation of cases is required. To distinguish between donor-derived and de novo glomerular lesions, it is important to assess the serial histologic findings of immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Here, we report a rare case of subclinical C1q nephropathy with possible donor-derived IgA nephropathy.     

Repeat renal biopsy in children with IgA nephropathy

Serial renal biopsy findings in 61 children with IgA nephropathy were correlated with their clinical course. At the time of the second biopsy, 23 patients showed clinical remission defined as complete disappearance of proteinuria and hematuria with normal renal function while 38 had persistent urinary abnormalities with normal renal function at the second biopsy. There were no differences between the two groups with regard to initial clinical findings and pathologic findings of the initial renal biopsy. The second biopsy of patients with clinical remission showed improvement of the glomerular changes on light microscopy, disappearance or diminution of IgA deposits in the mesangium and decrease of electron-dense deposits, whereas the second biopsy of patients with persistent urinary abnormalities showed progression of glomerular changes on light microscopy, persistence of mesangial IgA deposits and persistence of electron-dense deposits. Our study results show the importance of repeat renal biopsy in children with IgA nephropathy with persistent urinary abnormalities, as a progression of glomerular changes is common in these patients. These observations suggest that the deposition of IgA in the mesangium may be responsible for the glomerular damage in children with IgA nephropathy.     

Pathogenetic and therapeutic approaches to IgA nephropathy using a spontaneous animal model,the ddY mouse

IgA nephropathy is the most common primary chronic glomerulonephritis in the world and was first described by Berger et al. (J Urol Nephrol 74:694–695;1968). Histopathologically, IgA nephropathy is characterized by expansion of the glomerular mesangial matrix with mesangial cell proliferation. Glomeruli typically contain generalized diffuse granular mesangial deposits of IgA (mainly IgA1), IgG and C3. In advanced patients, global glomerular sclerosis, crescent formation and tubulo-interstitial fibrosis are marked in light microscopy. IgA nephropathy is generally considered to be an immune-complex mediated glomerulonephritis. Although more than 40 years have passed since this disease was firstly described, the pathogenesis/initiation factors of IgA nephropathy are still obscure. The objective of this review is to explain the pathogenesis and treatment based on our previous data of ddY mouse, a spontaneous animal model for IgA nephropathy.     

IgA nephropathy presenting clinical features of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

IgA nephropathy and poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis are common forms of primary glomerulonephritis in children. This paper reports a 5-year-old Omani boy who had a chance occurrence of these two different glomerular diseases. Our patient presented with clinical features of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis and then developed recurrent macroscopic hematuria, polyarthritis, bloody diarrhea, and erythematous swelling of the penis. Renal biopsy revealed diffuse mesangial hypercellularity, with focal glomerular sclerosis, fibrous crescents, and mesangial IgA and C3 deposits, consistent with IgA nephropathy. The clinical features and differential diagnosis are outlined.     

Glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis B surface antigenemia. Report of a case with features of both membranous and IgA nephropathy

A 40-year-old man with hepatitis B surface (HBs) antigenemia developed the nephrotic syndrome. Renal biopsy revealed a glomerulonephritis with features of both membranous glomerulonephropathy and IgA nephropathy. Histologically some glomeruli showed mesangial expansion and hypercellularity only, while others contained sclerotic segments. Direct immunofluorescence demonstrated granular IgG-bearing deposits along the peripheral glomerular capillaries and IgA-containing ones in the mesangium. HBs antigen was detected by indirect immunofluorescence both along the glomerular capillary walls and within the mesangium. Granular epimembranous and mesangial deposits were observed by electron microscopy. A few mesangial deposits consisted of spherical particles, 35-100 nm in diameter. Although 3 cases of mixed membranous and IgA nephropathy have been previously reported, this appears to be the first one to be associated with HBs antigenemia.     

Minimal change nephrotic syndrome with predominant mesangial IgA deposits: clinicopathological study

It has been reported that minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) shows no deposit of immunoglobulins or complement components in the glomeruli. We found 6 patients with IgA deposits in the glomeruli among 101 patients with MCNS, and examined the clinicopathological features of these cases. In all cases, light microscopy showed minor glomerular abnormalities. However, immunohistochemical study demonstrated marked IgA deposits in the glomerular mesangium. IgM was detected in 5 cases, IgG in 2, C3 in 2, and Clq in 1. On electron microscopy, small mesangial deposits were found in all cases and foot process effacement was partially demonstrated. There were no abnormalities in the glomerular basement membrane. The renal functions were within normal ranges in all 6 cases. In three cases, biopsies were performed within a month after the initiation of profuse proteinuria. In the other three cases, frequent relapses had been observed for 6 to 15 years before the biopsies. However, all patients ultimately revealed complete remission with corticosteroid treatment. Serum IgA levels were within normal range in examined 4 cases. Hematuria was negative in all of them. The clinical findings seem to be identical to MCNS rather than IgA nephropathy, and IgA deposits may have no pathogenetic significance, although the pattern of deposition looks quite similar to that of IgA nephropathy. These results indicate that the renal lesions in the 6 patients may belong to the subtype of MCNS, rather than IgA nephropathy.     

Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and renal pathology in Japanese children with IgA nephropathy.

Polymorphism of the gene that codes for angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) is associated with increased severity of immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy in adult patients. We evaluated the relationship between the polymorphism of ACE genotypes and the pathological and clinical findings in Japanese children with IgA nephropathy. Patients with moderate/diffuse mesangial proliferation, glomerular sclerosis and tubulointerstitial damage showed a significant increase of the D/D type compared to those who had mild/focal mesangial proliferation, without glomerular sclerosis or tubulointerstitial damage (p < 0.05). Proteinuria at the first renal biopsy was significantly higher in the former group compared with the latter group except glomerular sclerosis (p < 0.01). IgA nephropathy patients with tubulointerstitial damage also showed an increased serum creatinine level compared to patients without the damage (p < 0.03). We conclude that ACE gene polymorphism may be correlated with the prognosis of IgA nephropathy in Japanese children.