胆囊疾病合并肝硬化的腹腔镜胆囊切除术

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（Lc）在胆囊疾病合并肝硬化中的可行性与疗效。方法回顾分析32例胆囊疾病合并肝硬化实施LC的临床资料。结果32例中顺利施行LC30例，2例因出血而中转开腹。术后出现腹水3例，胆漏1例，经引流、保肝等治疗后痊愈。无腹腔感染及肝功能衰竭等严重并发症。结论胆囊疾病合并肝硬化肝功能ChildA、B级的LC手术是可行的。加强围手术期处理是保证手术成功的关键。     

肝硬化患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床分析

目的:探讨肝硬化患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的可行性、安全性及手术技术特点。方法:回顾分析120例Child A、B级肝硬化患者行LC的临床资料。结果:中转开腹8例。中转原因:结石嵌顿、Calot三角粘连5例;术中出血,镜下止血困难2例;术中发现胆道变异1例。LC平均手术时间(40.3±12.5)min,术中平均出血(60.8±19.5)ml,术中无损伤,术后出血、肺部感染、泌尿系感染各1例。无肝功能衰竭等严重并发症,均治愈出院,术后平均住院(5.2±2.0)d。结论:对于Child A、B级肝硬化患者,LC是一种安全可行的微创手术。     

肝硬化门脉高压症患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床体会(附128例报告)

目的:探讨为肝硬化门脉高压症患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的可行性及临床效果。总结肝功能Child A、B级肝硬化患者围手术期处理及术中注意事项。方法:回顾分析2000年1月至2011年1月为128例合并肝硬化门脉高压症的胆囊结石患者行LC的临床资料,其中Child A级95例(A组),Child B级33例(B组)。结果:A组手术时间平均(31.6±12.5)min,平均住院(4.3±1.5)d;B组手术时间平均(61.6±24.5)min,平均住院(6.3±1.8)d。A组无一例中转开腹及术后并发症发生;B组3例(2.34%)中转开腹,术中胆管壁电刀灼伤1例,术后出现腹水5例、肺炎3例。结论:为Child A、B级的肝硬化门脉高压症患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术是安全、可行的,丰富的腹腔镜手术经验及完善的围手术期处理是手术成功的关键。     

血吸虫性肝硬化患者腹腔镜胆囊切除92例临床分析

目的探讨如何提高血吸虫性肝硬化患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除的安全性。方法回顾性分析2006年10月～2011年10月我院92例血吸虫性肝硬化合并胆囊结石患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料。结果腹腔镜胆囊切除88例,中转开腹4例,平均手术时间40 min,术中出血40～200 ml。术后胆囊床积液6例,腹水6例。术后肝功能出现肝酶谱改变和低蛋白血症,经积极治疗,全组均治愈出院。结论掌握好腹腔镜手术操作要点、手术指征及围手术期处理原则,血吸虫性肝硬化并胆结石患者行LC是安全可行的。     

Schistosomiasis cirrhosis of liver patients with laparoscopic cholecystectomy: analysis of 92 cases

目的 探讨如何提高血吸虫性肝硬化患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除的安全性.方法 回顾性分析2006年10月～201 1年10月我院92例血吸虫性肝硬化合并胆囊结石患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料.结果 腹腔镜胆囊切除88例,中转开腹4例,平均手术时间40 min,术中出血40～200 ml.术后胆囊床积液6例,腹水6例.术后肝功能出现肝酶谱改变和低蛋白血症,经积极治疗,全组均治愈出院.结论 掌握好腹腔镜手术操作要点、手术指征及围手术期处理原则,血吸虫性肝硬化并胆结石患者行LC是安全可行的.     

肝硬化患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术78例报告

目的探讨肝硬化合并胆囊结石患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopie cholecystectomy,LC）的可行性。方法2000年5月～2010年5月,78例肝硬化合并胆囊结石行四孔法LC,全麻,术前、术后加强保肝治疗。结果76例成功完成LC,手术时间20～110min,平均37min;术中出血量10～200ml,平均35ml。2例因术中出血,中转开腹完成胆囊切除术。术后出现胆囊床渗血6例、肝功能障碍12例、感染13例。74例平均随访13个月（6～24个月）,症状消失,无胆道并发症发生,14例有慢性腹水等肝功能不全表现,内科治疗好转但易复发。结论对肝功能ChildA、B级肝硬化合并胆囊结石的患者施行LC是安全可行的,可作为肝硬化合并胆囊结石的首选术式。     

胆囊结石合并肝硬化的腹腔镜治疗分析

目的探讨肝硬化患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术的可行性、安全性及手术技术特点。方法回顾分析我院自1991年3月至2007年3月间,240例Child A、B级肝硬化患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料。结果LC成功224例,中转开腹16例。中转原因:结石嵌顿,Calot三角粘连10例;术中出血,镜下止血困难4例;术中发现胆道变异2例。LC手术时间40.3±12.5min,术中出血60.8±19.5 ml,术中无损伤;术后出血2例,肺部感染2例,泌尿系感染2例。无肝功能衰竭等严重并发症,均治愈出院。术后住院日5.2±2.0 d。结论对于Child A、B级肝硬化患者,腹腔镜胆囊切除术是一种安全可行的微创手术。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术在肝硬化患者中的应用(附57例报告)

目的:探讨合并肝硬化患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的可行性与技术特点。方法:回顾分析57例合并肝硬化患者LC的临床资料。结果:成功56例,1例因术中出血,镜下止血困难中转开腹。术中无损伤。术后胆囊窝积液1例,经保守治疗8d后完全吸收。腹水增多1例,无腹腔及消化道出血、肝功能衰竭等严重并发症,患者均治愈出院。结论:肝硬化患者行LC是相对安全的,掌握手术的技术特点、注重围手术期的处理及Ch ild-push分级是成功的关键。     

症状性胆囊结石合并肝硬化的手术治疗

为总结症状性胆囊结石合并肝硬化的手术治疗方法，笔者回顾性分析18例症状性胆囊结石合并肝硬化患者的临床资料。18例中行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy, LC）8例，其中2例中转开腹；行脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术并一期胆囊切除10例，其中1例行胆囊大部切除术。全组无手术死亡。资料提示，对肝功能代偿良好者，可首选LC；对肝硬化门静脉高压症者行脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术的同时行一期胆囊切除是安全可行的。     

血吸虫性肝硬化患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术临床体会

目的 探讨如何提高血吸虫性肝硬化患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的安全性.方法 回顾性分析我院在1999 年9 月至2009 年9 月期间行LC 手术的267 例血吸虫性肝硬化患者临床资料.结果 267 例患者中手术操作较困难59 例,肝床出血26 例,中转开腹2 例.术后出现胆漏1 例,胆囊床局限性积液7 例,腹水10 例.术后复查肝功能,出现肝酶改变和低蛋白血症,经采取积极治疗全组均治愈出院.结论 掌握好适应证,并在围手术期间进行精心的监测和处理,肝功能处于Child A、B 级的血吸虫性肝硬化患者行LC 是安全可行的.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.