急性胰腺炎累及左肾上腺的螺旋CT表现

目的 探索左肾上腺受累是否为急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)一种有价值的CT表现.方法 回顾性分析115例连续性AP病例的CT资料,观察左侧肾上腺的形态、密度变化等CT表现特征.同时对照观察正常腹部100例的左侧肾上腺的CT表现.结果 115例AP的CT表现中,左侧肾上腺前缘受累(轻度,68/115,59%),左侧肾上腺前缘受累合并周围脂肪组织水肿及其局部密度及形态异常(重度,12/115,11%).结论 左侧肾上腺受累是急性胰腺炎CT表现中的一个有价值的征象.     

胃裸区CT表现及其临床应用

目的　研究胃裸区 (包括其后方、胃膈韧带内脂肪 )局部无病理改变情况下的CT表现特征。方法　选择上腹腔积液但病变未累及胃裸区的病例共 3 0例 ,观察无病理改变的胃裸区显示率、CT表现特征 ;同时对炎症、肿瘤侵犯胃裸区的病例 ,观察病理情况下胃裸区的CT表现。全部病例均采用螺旋CT增强扫描。结果　上腹腔积液患者 3 0例 ,CT扫描均显示胃裸区的存在 ,其显示率为 10 0 %。于胃 食管连接平面开始出现胃裸区 ,肝十二指肠韧带、网膜孔平面胃裸区完全消失 ,即胃裸区终止于该平面上方 ;门静脉左支矢状部平面胃裸区范围最大 ,在该平面胃裸区左右间距(即胃膈韧带左右层间距 )平均值为 ( 4 .3 9± 0 .0 8)cm ( 3 .8～ 5 .7cm )。急性胰腺炎侵犯胃裸区主要表现为胃裸区肿胀、增宽 ;平滑肌肉瘤侵犯胃裸区 ,肿块与膈肌脚分界不清 ;淋巴瘤、转移性肿瘤侵犯胃裸区表现为胃裸区增厚、其内见小结节状或肿大融合的淋巴结。结论　采用螺旋CT增强扫描有助于详细观察胃裸区的变化 ,有利于腹膜后间隙疾病的全面、准确诊断 ,并有助于制订详细的手术方案。     

CT引导下经皮肺穿刺术并发症发生影响因素分析

目的探讨CT引导下经皮肺穿刺并发症发生情况及相关影响因素。方法选取医院2013年1月至2016年1月70例行CT引导下经皮肺穿刺患者作为本次研究对象。对患者临床资料及诊治情况加以分析,分析其并发症影响相关因素,并对有意义数据行Logistic多因素回归分析。结果经分析发现,70例研究对象中,发生并发症者为39例,并发症率为55.71%。经单因素分析发现,穿刺针道长度和病灶大小及病灶周围存在肺大疱或肺气肿为气胸并发症影响因素,P0.05;患者年龄、穿刺针道长度和病变大小及病变深度、病灶CT扫描增强程度为出血并发症影响因素,P0.05。经Logistic多因素回归分析,气胸预测方程敏感度为80.0%、特异度为62.4%;出血预测方程敏感度为67.4%、特异度为88.8%。结论 CT引导下经皮肺穿刺并发症发生受多种因素所影响,因此穿刺前可先进行评估以避免或减少对患者的危害。     

胃癌术后并发症多因素Logistic回归分析及风险模型的建立

目的探讨影响胃癌术后并发症的主要危险因素,建立Logistic回归模型,评价其预测术后并发症的灵敏度、特异度和准确度。方法对650例胃癌患者术前状态、手术方法、肿瘤病理情况等指标进行单因素分析,取其中有统计学意义的变量作多因素Logistic回归分析。结果患者年龄、肿瘤直径、术中失血量、手术时间、肝功能Child-Pugh评分、外周血白细胞计数、血清白蛋白水平、术前合并症、门静脉高压、全胃切除、清扫No.16a组淋巴结、清扫No.16b组淋巴结、联合胰体尾及脾切除、心脏病、慢性阻塞性肺病、手术医师、医师手术例数、淋巴结清扫范围等18种指标与胃癌术后并发症密切相关。Logistic回归分析共有8个因素进入Logistic回归方程,按其作用的强弱依次为:术前合并症、联合胰体尾及脾切除、No.16a组淋巴结清扫、No.16b组淋巴结清扫、全胃切除、肝功能Child- Pugh评分、术中失血量、医师手术例数。Logistic回归预测模型为:P=1/1 Exp∑(4.327- 1.076X_1-1.002X_2-0.984X_3-0.899X_4-0.667X_5-0.453X_6-0.003X_7 1.369X_8)。判断胃癌术后并发症的准确度为80.46%,灵敏度为79.82%,特异度为80.59%。结论术前合并症、联合胰脾切除、No.16a组、No.16b组淋巴结清扫、全胃切除、肝功能Child-Pugh评分、医师手术例数、术中失血量为胃癌术后并发症的主要危险因素,所建立的Logistic回归模型能较好地预测术后并发症的发生概率。     

多层CT在肝移植术后胆道并发症中的诊断价值

目的 探讨多层CT在肝移植术后胆道并发症中的诊断价值.方法 44例肝移植术后胆道并发症病人接受多层CT动态增强扫描,并于1周内行胆道造影检查(cholangiography,CP).以CP结果为对照,分析多层CT诊断肝移植术后胆道并发症的能力.CT对胆道系统的评价以动态增强门静脉晚期图像为基础,并结合胆道系统多平面重建进行分析.结果 CP证实肝外胆管(胆总管和肝总管)狭窄23例,左、右肝管狭窄24例,肝内胆管狭窄27例.CT诊断肝外胆管狭窄的敏感度、特异度、正确率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为91.3%、83.3%、87.8%、87.5%、88.2%;诊断左、右肝管狭窄的敏感度、特异度、正确率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为83.3%、88.2%、85.4%、90.9%、78.9%;诊断肝内胆管狭窄的敏感度、特异度、正确率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为74.1%、92.7%、80.5%、95.2%、65.0%.CT发现4例肝内胆汁瘤及2例肝脓肿,而CP仅发现其中2例胆汁瘤,另4例因严重胆管狭窄和胆泥阻塞在CP上未能显影.CP证实3例吻合口胆漏,CT仅显示肝门区和腹腔积液,对漏口位置不能显示.CP证实33例肝内外胆管结石或胆泥,CT诊断的敏感度、特异度、正确率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为72.7%、100.0%、78.1%、100.0%、47.6%.此外,CT检查正确诊断1例弥漫性肝内胆管狭窄病人的急性活动性胆道出血.结论 多层CT可作为诊断肝移植术后胆道并发症的常用检查方法,对诊断胆管狭窄、胆漏、胆管结石或胆泥以及肝实质病变、急性胆道出血具有重要价值.     

急性胰腺炎合并急性肾损伤的风险列线图预测模型的建立及临床意义

目的 探讨急性胰腺炎（AP）合并急性肾损伤（AKI）的危险因素，并建立AP合并AKI的列线图模型。方法 选取2018年1月至2022年5月南京医科大学附属泰州人民医院450例AP患者作为研究对象。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析筛选AP合并AKI的危险因素，应用R软件建立并验证AP合并AKI的列线图模型。结果 450例AP患者中有62例发生AKI,AKI的发生率为13.78%(62/450)。Logistic多因素回归分析结果显示，男性、重度急性胰腺炎（SAP）、低蛋白血症、糖尿病、肥胖及机械通气等是AP合并AKI的危险因素。AP合并AKI的列线图模型的C-指数是0.753(95%CI 0.715-0.791)；校正曲线显示预测值和实际值的一致性良好；模型的ROC曲线下面积是0.745(95%CI 0.710-0.780)；决策曲线显示阈值概率是4%～73%时，列线图预测AP合并AKI的净收益值较高。结论 男性、SAP、低蛋白血症、糖尿病、肥胖及机械通气等是AP合并AKI的危险因素，AP合并AKI的列线图模型具有较高的预测价值。     

成人急性肠梗阻手术治疗预测因子的多因素分析

目的探讨成人急性肠梗阻手术治疗的预测因子,建立手术治疗的预测模型。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2009年6月住院治疗的541例肠梗阻的患者资料。结果患者高热（T〉38.5℃）、非手术治疗时间、恶心呕吐、腹痛进行性加重、腹部包块、腹膜炎体征、白细胞计数、血红蛋白、尿素氮、肌酐、总胆红素、肌酸激酶水平和腹部手术史13个危险因素与急性肠梗阻手术治疗密切相关。Logistic回归预测模型预测肠梗阻是否需要手术治疗的准确度为75.8%,敏感度为68.4%,特异度为83.1%。结论 Logistic回归模型能较好地判断成人急性肠梗阻是否需要手术治疗。     

成人急性大肠梗阻手术治疗预测因子的多因素分析

目的 :探讨成人急性大肠梗阻手术治疗的预测因子,建立手术治疗的预测模型。方法 :回顾性分析2008年1月—2012年1月住院治疗的306例大肠梗阻的患者资料。结果:患者高热(体温38.5℃)、非手术治疗时间、腹痛进行性加重、腹部压痛包块、腹膜炎体征、腹部手术史、白细胞计数、乳酸脱氢酶、尿素氮水平、CT检查见肠壁不规则增厚、结肠截断征、结肠内稀便、结肠内粪块等13个危险因素与大肠梗阻手术治疗密切相关。对有意义的13个变量行多因素Logistic回归分析,共有8个因素进入Logistic回归方程,按其作用的强度依次为:高热、肠壁不规则增厚、腹部压痛包块、腹膜炎体征、结肠内稀便、乳酸脱氢酶、白细胞计数和结肠内粪块。Logistic回归预测模型预测结肠梗阻是否手术治疗的准确度为88.56%(271/306),敏感度为94.58%(227/240),特异度为66.67%(44/66)。结论:8个因素Logistic回归模型可较好的预测成人急性大肠梗阻是否需要手术治疗。     

基于人工神经网络数据挖掘技术构建浸润性膀胱癌预后模型研究

目的运用人工神经网络数据挖掘技术分析与浸润性膀胱癌患者预后有关的各种因素建立预测浸润性膀胱癌患者5年生存状态的预后模型,并与传统的Logistic回归分析比较评价其效果。方法收集从2006年1月至2009年12月在我院接受诊治的134例浸润性膀胱癌患者的资料。所采用数据挖掘技术为人工神经网络(ANN)。将所有病例分为两组:一组作为训练样本,不参与数据挖掘过程,共计27例;一组用于筛选变量及建立预测模型,参与数据挖掘过程共计107例。应用Logistic回归模型的相关评价指标来比较两种方法对于评价预后模型的准确度。结果 T分期、肿瘤直径、是否有淋巴结转移、肿瘤单发及多发、手术方式、病理分级,6项指标均与浸润性膀胱癌患者的5生存状态相关(P0.05)。ANN模型预测患者5年生存状态的准确率为85.18%、敏感度为57.14%和特异度为95.00%,Logistic回归模型的相关评价指标,准确率77.78%、敏感度44.44%、特异度94.44%。神经网络各项指标均优于Logistic回归模型。结论数据挖掘技术可从与浸润性膀胱癌患者预后相关的大量信息中挖掘出有意义的指标,并利用这些指标建立预测模型来判断患者5年后的生存状态。     

超声弹性成像与彩色多普勒在乳腺小肿块中的对比研究

目的 评价超声弹性成像（UE）与彩色多普勒（CDFI）在乳腺实性小肿块（直径＜2cm）诊断中的临床价值.方法 对71例患者共82个乳腺病灶进行了UE、CDFI检查,以手术后病理结果为金标准,对UE结果、CDFI结果、病理结果进行比较分析.结果 以弹性评分4～5分为恶性预测标准,UE诊断乳腺恶性病变的敏感度、特异度和准确度分别为84.0％、91.2％、89.0％;CDFI诊断乳腺恶性病灶的敏感度、特异度和准确度分别为68.0％、68.4％、68.3％.结论 UE在诊断乳腺小肿块的准确性上有明显优势,弥补了CDFI的不足,降低了临床漏诊率.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.