Narcotrend(R)监测丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉深度在妇科腹腔镜手术中的应用

目的 探讨Narcotrend(@)监测(NT)丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉(total intravenous anesthesia,TIVA)深度在妇科腹腔镜手术中的应用效果.方法 择期美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)Ⅰ～Ⅱ级、于全身麻醉下行妇科腹腔镜手术患者110例,按照随机数字表格随机分为2组:NT麻醉深度监测组(N组)与对照组(J组)(每组55例).所有患者采用统一标准麻醉诱导；术中全麻维持以丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼恒速输注:N组采用NT调节麻醉深度,J组根据患者心率、血压及体动调节麻醉深度.分别于人室、插管即刻、气腹前、气腹后、气腹结束、呼唤睁眼、气管导管拔管、完成指令等8个时间点观察记录平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2);记录NT分级(NTS)、NT指数(narcotrend index,NTI)、镇静药总量、镇痛药总量、肌松药总量、苏醒时间、拔管时间.结果 两组患者在术后恢复室均有术中知晓发生；两组患者术前一般情况比较,均无统计学意义；N组较J组MAP、HR变化更为平稳(P＜0.05),SpO2无明显变化.丙泊酚/瑞芬太尼用量比较,N组[(320±54) mg/(28±11) μg]较J组[(450±80) mg/(41±11) μg]减少(P＜0.05)；两组苏醒时间/拔管时间比较,N组[(8±4)/(15±5)]min较J组[(12±6)/(19±9)] min降低(P＜0.05).结论 在丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼恒速输注条件下,采用NT麻醉深度监测仪行妇科腹腔镜手术患者静脉麻醉深度监测,较传统凭经验给药更安全,能减少不必要地过量使用静脉全身麻醉药物.     

右美托咪定对扁桃体摘除术麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响

目的 评价右美托咪定对扁桃体摘除术患者麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响.方法 择期扁桃体摘除术患者60例,年龄12～20岁,体重35～65 kg,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为两组.麻醉诱导后,右美托咪定组(D组)在10 min内静脉泵注右美托咪定1.0μg/kg(用生理盐水稀释至50 ml),然后以0.5μg,kg-1·h-1持续泵入至手术结束前20 min.对照组(C组)以同样方式泵注生理盐水.术中吸入异氟醚和静注丙泊酚维持麻醉.记录吸痰拔管时镇静躁动(SAS)评分及拔管后10 min的Ramsay镇静评分及VAS评分.结果 D组阿托品使用次数明显多于C组(P＜0.05).拔管时D组SAS评分明显低于C组,而Ramsay评分明显高于C组(P＜0.05).结论 右美托咪定可明显减少扁桃体摘除术患者麻醉苏醒期闻躁动的发生.     

酮咯酸预防经胸腔镜胸交感神经切断术术后躁动临床观察

目的 观察预防性使用酮咯酸对胸腔镜下行交感神经切断术术后躁动的影响. 方法 选择2014年3月～2015年8月在本院择期行经胸腔镜胸交感神经切断术的患者60例,ASA分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,采用随机数字法分为酮咯酸组和对照组,每组30例.于麻醉诱导后10 min,酮咯酸组予酮咯酸60 mg经三角肌肌内注射,对照组予0.9％氯化钠溶液2ml经三角肌肌内注射,观察苏醒时间、拔管时间、躁动程度评分、VAS评分等,记录术后恶心呕吐、呼吸抑制等副作用的发生情况. 结果 酮咯酸组躁动程度评分在拔管后15 min[(1.25±0.21)分]、30 min[(1.18±0.42)分]、1 h[(1.12±0.36)分]、2 h[(1.13±0.40)分]均明显低于对照组[(1.37±0.19)、(1.53±0.39)、(1.35±0.33)、(1.44±0.39)分],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);酮咯酸组VAS评分在拔管后15 min[(1.9±0.6)分]、30 min[(1.8±0.7)分]、1 h[(1.7±0.8)分]、2h(1.7±0.5)分]明显低于对照组[(2.4±0.7)、(2.5±0.8)、(2.4±0.9)、(2.2±0.6)分],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).而两组丙泊酚用量、自主呼吸恢复时间、苏醒时间、拔管时间和副作用发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论 麻醉诱导后10 min肌内注射60 mg酮咯酸可有效预防经胸腔镜胸交感神经切断术术后躁动,且不影响拔管和苏醒时间,临床应用安全、有效.     

右美托咪定对腹腔镜下全结肠切除患者全麻苏醒期的影响

目的:探讨右美托咪定对腹腔镜下全结肠切除术患者麻醉苏醒期的影响。方法:择期全麻下行腹腔镜下全结肠切除术患者60例,年龄30～80岁,ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法随机分为对照组(C组,n=30)和右美托咪定组(D组,n=30)。两组患者均采用静脉注射咪达唑仑、芬太尼、丙泊酚、顺阿曲库铵行麻醉诱导,术中均以瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚、七氟醚维持麻醉。D组患者插管后泵注右美托咪定负荷剂量1μg/kg,10 min后改为0.5μg/kg维持,C组插管后泵注同体积同速度的生理盐水,两组均在全结肠切下尚未吻合时停止给药。记录两组患者一般情况、插管后即刻(T0)、气腹建立前(T1)、气腹建立后2 min(T2)、拔管前即刻(T3)、拔管后2 min(T4)的平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR);同时记录丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼用量,苏醒期带管时间(手术结束至清醒拔管),VAS评分以及术后躁动发生情况。结果:D组苏醒期HR为(71.3±3.0)次/min,MAP为(70.2±3.0)mmHg,苏醒期带管时间为(3.1±1.0)min, VAS评分(3.9±0.5)分,苏醒期躁动发生率17%;而C组苏醒期HR为(87.5±3.0)次/min,MAP为(88.7±4.3)mmHg,苏醒期带管时间为(13.8±2.7)min,VAS评分(7.7±1.0)分,苏醒期躁动发生率50%,D组其它各指标值均明显低于C组(P0.05)。两组患者丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼用量差异无统计学意义。结论:腹腔镜下全结肠切除患者泵注右美托咪定可提高苏醒质量。     

七氟醚与丙泊酚用于小儿烧伤手术麻醉维持的比较

目的比较七氟醚与丙泊酚用于小儿烧伤手术麻醉维持的效果。方法择期手术烧伤患儿60例,随机分为丙泊酚组(P组)和七氟醚组(S组),每组30例。气管插管后P组泵注丙泊酚3~8 mg.kg-1.h-1维持麻醉,S组吸入1%~4%七氟醚维持麻醉;需要时均间断静注芬太尼和阿曲库铵。术毕前5 min停用丙泊酚和七氟醚。记录术中血流动力学指标以及术毕患儿自主呼吸恢复时间、苏醒时间、拔管时间、苏醒时躁动情况。结果气管拔管后P组SpO2明显降低,且低于S组(P<0.05)。S组患儿自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间和苏醒时间均明显短于P组(P<0.01)。结论七氟醚用于小儿烧伤手术麻醉维持循环稳定,术毕自主呼吸恢复快、苏醒迅速,拔管及时,躁动发生率低,麻醉效果优于丙泊酚。     

BIS监测下丙泊酚闭环靶控输注用于胆胰手术麻醉的临床效果

目的观察和比较脑电双频指数(BIS)监测下丙泊酚闭环靶控输注(TCI)在开腹胆胰手术中与人工开环控制麻醉的临床效果。方法选择择期在全凭静脉麻醉下行开腹胆总管探查、胰腺占位手术的患者40例,男17例,女23例,年龄18~75岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,随机分为两组,每组20例。M组为人工开环组,采用手动调节丙泊酚TCI的效应室靶控浓度行麻醉诱导和维持。C组为闭环靶控组,麻醉诱导和维持由思路高闭环靶控输注系统计算机自动调节丙泊酚的效应室靶控浓度。两组均设定目标BIS值为47,靶控范围为47~52。系统运行后自动记录每秒钟的BIS值。记录意识消失时间、插管时间、苏醒时间、拔管时间、丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼的总用量。记录躁动、恶心呕吐和术中知晓等不良反应情况。记录血管活性药物使用次数。通过BIS值计算执行误差绝对中位数(MDAPE)、摆动(Wobble)和总体分数(GS)。结果 C组BIS值波动幅度在设定值10%(优)以内的时间比例明显高于M组[(52.1±10.5)%vs(37.6±5.8)%,P0.05]。两组BIS值波动幅度在设定值10%~20%(良)范围以内的时间比例差异无统计学意义。C组MDAPE明显低于M组[(10.1±2.2)%vs(15.3±6.4)%,P0.05],C组GS明显低于M组[(23.1±8.9)%vs(33.5±15.8)%,P0.05]。C组和M组丙泊酚用量[(0.13±0.04)mg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1) vs(0.12±0.03)mg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)]和瑞芬太尼用量[(0.12±0.03)μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1) vs(0.15±0.05)μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)]差异均无统计学意义。M组有1例苏醒期躁动。两组均无恶心呕吐和术中知晓。结论 BIS监测下的丙泊酚闭环靶控输注系统与人工开环靶控输注比较,麻醉镇静深度更合适、平稳。     

持续泵注不同剂量右旋美托咪定缓解食管癌手术患者麻醉苏醒期副作用

目的 观察持续泵注不同剂量右旋美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,DEX)对缓解食管癌手术患者麻醉苏醒期副作用的影响. 方法 60例食管癌手术患者按随机数字表法分为DEX 1组(D1组)、DEX 2组(D2组)和对照组(C组),每组20例.麻醉诱导前10 min D组泵注DEX 0.8 μg/kg,然后D1组、D2组分别以0.4μg·kg-1 ·h-1和0.2μg·kg-1·h-1持续泵注至术毕,同期C组给予等量生理盐水.记录患者入麻醉后苏醒室时(T1)、拔管即时(T2)以及拔管后5 min(T3)的平均动脉压(mean artery pressure,MAP)、心率(heart rate,HR)和苏醒时间.血压＞180 mm Hg/100 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)给予盐酸乌拉地尔注射液25 mg,HR＞110次/min给予盐酸艾司洛尔注射液20 mg,同时观察躁动评分和Ramsay评分. 结果 苏醒时间D1组[(30.3±4.7) min]明显长于D2组和C组(P＜0.05).D1组T2时MAP[(88±8) mm Hg]和HR[(79±5)次/min]以及D2组T2时MAP[(93±8) mm Hg]和HR[(81±6)次/min]均显著升高(P＜0.05),T3时MAP和HR回复至入麻醉后苏醒室时水平.C组T2时MAP[(117±12) mm Hg]和HR[(107±8)次/min]以及T3时MAP[(108±9) mm Hg]和HR[(118±11)次/min]也显著高于入麻醉后苏醒室时(P＜0.05).C组乌拉地尔和艾司洛尔的使用率显著多于D组(P＜0.05),D1组和D2组的躁动评分分别是(1.2±0.8)和(1.4±0.6),显著低于C组(P＜0.05);D1组和D2组的镇静评分分别是(4.5±1.2)和(4.0±0.7),显著高于C组(P＜0.05). 结论 麻醉诱导前10 min泵注DEX 0.8 μg/kg,术中持续泵注0.2 μg·kg-1·h-1 DEX能缓解食管癌手术患者苏醒期副作用,既不影响苏醒又能很好地抑制术后躁动.     

丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼或氧化亚氮用于妇科腹腔镜诊疗手术麻醉苏醒的比较

目的对丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼或氧化亚氮用于妇科腹腔镜诊疗术后麻醉苏醒、早期拔管进行比较。方法选择ASAⅠ级,临床诊断不孕,拟于气管内插管的全麻下择期行腹腔镜检查及治疗的患者45例,随机分为三组:丙泊酚3μg/ml组(A组),丙泊酚2μg/ml组(B组)和氧化亚氮组(C组),每组15例。三组患者均为丙泊酚靶控输注(TCI)给药诱导及术中维持麻醉,罗库溴铵维持肌松。A组:维持丙泊酚靶浓度3μg/ml不变,雷米芬太尼根据血液动力学变化按0~1μg.kg-1.min-1输注给药,维持血液动力学稳定。B组:维持丙泊酚靶浓度2μg/ml不变,同样通过调整雷米芬太尼的给药速度维持血液动力学稳定。C组:丙泊酚TCI诱导,气管内插管后伍用氧化亚氮吸入维持麻醉。呼气末氧化亚氮浓度保持(65±1)%,通过调整丙泊酚的靶浓度来维持血液动力学稳定。三组患者均在手术结束时同时停麻醉药。以停麻醉的时间为零点计时,记录呼患者睁眼时间、气管拔管时间及答问切题时间。结果在睁眼时间、拔管时间和答问切题时间三项观察指标中,各组之间差异均有极显著意义(P<0.01)。B组患者睁眼时间(4.5±2.1)min、拔管时间(5.4±2.3)min、答问切题时间(8.1±2.8)min最短,说明麻醉苏醒最快;C组分别为(11.6±3.4)、(12.7±3.6)、(20.2±4.5)min,患者苏醒最慢;A组分别为(8.7±2.9)、(10.0±3.2)、(14.5±3.8)min,处于中间。结论低浓度丙泊酚TCI(2μg/ml)复合雷米芬太尼用于妇科腹腔镜诊疗手术,可使患者术后清醒快,恢复迅速。     

地佐辛对丙泊酚全麻恢复期BIS和苏醒质量的影响

目的观察地佐辛对丙泊酚全麻恢复期BIS和苏醒质量的影响。方法择期妇科手术患者30例,随机分为地佐辛组(D组)和对照组(C组),每组15例。D组在关腹前30min给予地佐辛0.15mg/kg,C组注射5ml生理盐水。记录诱导前、吸痰时、拔管时、拔管后1、5、10min的MAP、HR和BIS值,以及麻醉时间、芬太尼和丙泊酚用量、清醒时间、拔管时间和意识恢复时间。观察躁动发生情况。结果两组间患者各时点BIS比较差异无统计学意义。与诱导前比较,吸痰和拔管时两组BIS均明显降低(P0.05);吸痰时、拔管时和拔管后1min C组HR明显增快、MAP明显升高(P0.05)。与C组比较,吸痰时、拔管时和拔管后1min D组HR明显减慢、MAP明显降低(P0.05)。两组患者麻醉时间、清醒时间、拔管时间、意识恢复时间、芬太尼和丙泊酚用量差异均无统计学意义。D组无一例发生躁动,C组有2例,但差异无统计学意义。结论手术关腹前使用0.15mg/kg地佐辛,患者血流动力学平稳,提高全麻恢复期苏醒质量,且不影响全麻恢复期BIS值。     

丙泊酚联合七氟烷麻醉对全麻下扁桃体切除术患儿苏醒期躁动的影响

目的观察丙泊酚联合七氟烷麻醉对全麻下扁桃体切除术患儿苏醒期躁动的影响。方法随机将行扁桃体切除术的94例患儿分为2组,各47例。对照组实施七氟烷麻醉,观察组采取丙泊酚联合七氟烷麻醉。观察2组麻醉苏醒时间、手术时间、不良反应、苏醒期躁动发生情况等。结果 (1)观察组Watcha评分、苏醒期躁动发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)2组麻醉苏醒时间、手术时间、不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论丙泊酚联合七氟烷麻醉有助于提升全麻下扁桃体切除术患儿镇静效果,减少苏醒期躁动发生率,安全性较高。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.