腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除加原位膀胱重建术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的疗效观察(附26例报告)

目的:总结26例腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除、标准淋巴结清扫加尿流改道术的临床经验,评价此术式肿瘤学结果与功能性结果。方法:2005年8月～2011年5月对26例肌层浸润性膀胱肿瘤患者实施腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除、标准淋巴结清扫加原位膀胱重建术,包括13例T型原位回肠膀胱、11例Studer原位回肠膀胱与2例乙状结肠原位回肠膀胱,对手术时间、清扫淋巴结数量、围手术期并发症、术中出血量、输血量、上尿路形态与功能、术后原位膀胱控尿情况进行分析。结果:平均手术时间为6.24(4～8)h,平均出血量为397(100～800)ml,平均输血量为109(0～800)ml,平均清扫淋巴结数15(5～30)个,1例淋巴结阳性,无围手术期死亡。围手术期并发症发生率为16.7%(4/26),其中1例术后血肌酐上升至214.9μmol/L,6天后下降至正常范围;2例新膀胱尿道吻合口漏,经引流治愈;1例输尿管新膀胱吻合口漏行手术修补。随访19.9(1～67)个月,生存率为92.3%(24/26);1例鳞癌死于广泛转移,1例于术后55个月因急性心肌梗塞死亡。原位膀胱重建患者日间完全控尿率达88%(22/25);夜间完全控尿率60%(15/25),小于1块尿垫24%(8/25)。上尿路检查提示19.2%(5/26)术后45天内出现双侧肾盂及输尿管轻度暂时性扩张,其中2例有暂时性血肌酐升高,但均在3个月之内恢复到正常范围。结论:腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除、标准淋巴结清扫加下腹壁小切口行尿流改道术取得了满意的肿瘤学与功能性结果;其长期疗效需要进一步随访。     

机器人辅助全腹腔镜下"紫砂壶型"原位回肠新膀胱的临床疗效分析

目的探讨机器人辅助全腹腔镜下"紫砂壶型"原位回肠新膀胱患者的尿控和肿瘤学预后。 方法以2017年5月至2019年6月连续进行的10例机器人辅助根治性膀胱切除+回肠原位新膀胱术患者为研究对象，男9例，女1例，年龄（63±11）岁，极高危非肌层浸润膀胱癌5例，肌层浸润性膀胱癌5例；术后随访时间为12～37个月。记录手术视频、术后90 d内并发症、随访期间患者的尿控恢复、分肾功能、上尿路影像学结构改变以及肿瘤学预后。 结果10例患者均顺利完成全腹腔镜下机器人辅助根治性膀胱切除回肠原位新膀胱手术，手术时间（584±56）min，出血量（655±275）ml，术后进食时间1～3 d；1例患者术后6个月行切口疝修复术，其余无Ⅲ级以上并发症。5例（50%）患者术后6～12个月尿流动力学检查提示最大尿流率及平均尿流率分别为（6.3±4.5）ml/s、1.80（0.30）ml/s，术后新膀胱充盈尿量及残余尿量分别为（525±273）ml、161（227）ml，患者日间完全控尿9例（90%），夜间完全控尿8例（80%）。随访期间，发现4侧肾盂轻度扩张，监测分肾功能正常。1例患者术后18个月出现肺转移，其余患者未发现局部复发及转移。 结论"紫砂壶型"回肠原位新膀胱是在Studer型、VIP型回肠新膀胱基础上的储尿囊成型技术改进，术后新膀胱功能良好，能有效保护上尿路形态，恢复排尿功能。     

腹腔镜根治性全膀胱切除回肠新膀胱术治疗浸润性膀胱癌（附30例病例报告）

目的 探讨腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术的手术方法及临床疗效。方法 收集2007年5月至2011年10月应用腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术的浸润性膀胱癌患者30例。对其临床资料进行回顾性分析和总结。结果 所有手术均获得成功,无中转开放,手术时间180～360 min(平均240 min),术中出血量150～450 ml(平均220 m1)。术后4～8d恢复肠道正常蠕动功能,随访时间6～60个月,中位随访时间26个月。30例术后均能恢复较满意的控尿功能,平均膀胱容量约398ml,平均夜尿1～3次;1例出现夜间遗尿; 2例出现尿漏;膀胱镜检查无尿道肿瘤复发;2例死于原发病转移。其余患者术后随访6个月血生化指标均正常,B超检查未见上尿路扩张积水。结论 腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术具有创伤小、出血少、盆腔淋巴结清扫彻底、术后恢复快．术后控尿满意等优点,是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的一种理想手术方式。     

腹腔镜根治性全膀胱切除回肠新膀胱术治疗浸润性膀胱癌（附30例报告）

目的 探讨腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术的手术方法及临床疗效.方法 收集2007年5月至2011年10月应用腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术的浸润性膀胱癌患者30例.对其临床资料进行回顾性分析和总结.结果 所有手术均获得成功,无中转开放,手术时间180～360 min（平均240 min）,术中出血量150～450mL（平均220 mL）.术后4～8d恢复肠道正常蠕动功能,随访时间6～60个月,中位随访时间26个月.30例术后均能恢复较满意的控尿功能,平均膀胱容量约398mL,平均夜尿1～3次;1例出现夜间遗尿;2例出现尿漏;膀胱镜检查无尿道肿瘤复发;2例死于原发病转移.其余患者术后随访6个月血生化指标均正常,B超检查未见上尿路扩张积水.结论 腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术具有创伤小、出血少、盆腔淋巴结清扫彻底、术后恢复快、术后控尿满意等优点,是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的一种理想手术方式.     

腹腔镜与开放根治性膀胱全切-回肠原位新膀胱术的疗效对比

目的 比较开放及腹腔镜根治性膀胱全切-回肠原位新膀胱术的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析我院自2010年9月至2014年3月行开放(ORC)及腹腔镜(LRC)根治性膀胱全切-回肠原位新膀胱术患者的资料,其中ORC组13例,LRC组21例。对两组患者的术前基本资料、围术期数据、术后并发症情况、术后控尿情况及肿瘤学随访数据进行对比分析。结果 LRC组较ORC组具有术中出血量少(P=0.013)、术后恢复进食时间短(P=0.001)、住院时间短(P=0.005)的特点。两组在术后并发症发生率方面无明显差异(P=0.725)。所有患者术后切缘均为阴性,两组患者在淋巴结清扫个数(P=0.393)以及淋巴结阳性率(P=0.562)方面无统计学差。中位随访时间28.5个月(8~47个月)。在术后1年内,LRC组与ORC组在日间控尿率(88.2%vs.84.6%,P=0.773)及夜间控尿率(70.6%vs.76.9%,P=0.697)无明显差异。在随访过程中,4例患者发生肿瘤复发或转移,其中盆腔复发2例,脑转移1例,肺转移1例。3例患者死亡。LRC组与ORC组在肿瘤特异性生存率及无复发生存率上无统计学差异(P均>0.05)。结论 与开放手术相比,腹腔镜根治性膀胱全切-回肠原位新膀胱术具有术中出血少、术后恢复快的特点,其术后控尿功能及肿瘤学结果与开放手术疗效相当,因此应作为首选手术方案。     

腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术加原位回肠代膀胱术32例临床分析

目的 总结腹腔镜下根治性膀胱术加原位回肠代膀胱术的临床经验.方法 2005年5月至2012年5月对32例膀胱癌患者采用腹腔镜下行根治性膀胱切除术＋原位回肠代膀胱术.结果 全部患者术后随访4 ～60个月,平均34个月,均原位排尿,未发生水、电解质及酸碱平衡紊乱,肾功能正常,无肾积水及输尿管扩张.结论 腹腔镜下行根治性膀胱切除,创伤较小、术野清晰、操作方便、淋巴清扫彻底.原位回肠代膀胱通过负压和尿道的协同作用,可实现原位排尿,发生尿路损害及电解质紊乱的概率低,不失为膀胱根治性切除后尿流改道的较好方法.     

机器人辅助腹腔镜体内原位U形回肠新膀胱术的临床疗效观察及尿动力分析

目的探讨采用da Vinci Xi机器人系统完成机器人辅助腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除（RARC）加体内构建原位U形回肠新膀胱术的临床疗效,并结合术后尿动力分析评价该术式对排尿的影响及可能机制。 方法以2020年6月至2021年3月连续进行的8例机器人辅助腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除+体内原位U形回肠新膀胱术患者为研究对象,其中男7例,女1例,年龄63（18）岁,极高危非肌层浸润膀胱癌1例,肌层浸润性膀胱癌7例,术后随访时间为3~12个月。记录随访期间患者的尿控恢复、分肾功能、上尿路影像学结构改变以及肿瘤学预后。 结果8例手术均成功完成,并发症发生率37.5%,术后3个月日间完全尿控率87.5%,夜间功能性尿控率75.0%,术后6个月尿动力分析示：最大尿流率和平均尿流率分别为19.8（3.97）ml/s、5.05（0.94）ml/s,最大尿道压81.5（28.75）cm H₂O,新膀胱顺应性26.5（12.75）ml/cm H₂O。 结论RARC术后实施体内原位U形回肠新膀胱术是可行的,具有可重复性,是一种疗效确切、尿控恢复理想的膀胱根治性切除术后新膀胱替代方案。     

经腹腔镜根治性全膀胱切除回肠原位代膀胱术11例

目的探讨腹腔镜技术在根治性全膀胱切除回肠原位代膀胱术中的应用价值。方法本组11例均为膀胱尿路上皮癌,TNM分期为T2aN0M07例、T3aN0M03例、T3bN0M01例,麻醉选择气管插管全身麻醉,采用五点穿刺法置入腹腔镜,手术方式为根治性全膀胱切除回肠原位代膀胱术。结果本组11例均手术顺利,无一例中转开放。手术时间为5～8h,平均7h;出血150～450ml,平均350ml。术后肠道功能恢复时间为2～5d,2例出现漏尿,均在14d内消失。术后随访时间为6～12个月,平均10个月。所有病例控尿情况均较理想,超声检查均未发现输尿管扩张、肾积水,2例代膀胱残余尿>100ml,均未发现复发及转移。结论根治性全膀胱切除回肠原位代膀胱术是膀胱癌治疗的一种有效方法。目前膀胱癌根治性切除术有开放性手术和经腹腔镜手术两种,与开放性手术比较,经腹腔镜手术虽具有诸多优势,但仍有必要对一些热点问题进行探讨,寻找更为合理的手术步骤、技巧和方法,从而进一步推动该项技术的发展。     

膀胱根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术的腹腔镜与开放手术疗效比较

目的 比较腹腔镜与开放性膀胱根治性切除.原位回肠新膀胱术的临床疗效.方法 对我院施行的膀胱根治性切除-原位同肠新膀胱术171例进行随访,其中开放手术组63例,腹腔镜手术组108例,对两种术式的嗣手术期情况、术后并发症、新膀胱功能、肿瘤治疗效果等进行比较分析.结果 与开放手术组相比,腹腔镜组平均手术时间稍长(330 min比310 min,P>0.05),平均出血量明显较少(320 mi比1100 ml,P<0.001),术后肠道功能恢复时间较短(2.4 d比4.5 d,P<0.001),术后并发症发牛率较低(18.5%比30.0%,P<0.05).术后12个月日间/夜问尿控率相当(90.7%/82.6%比88.3%/81.6%,P>0.05).术后2年两组同一分期、分级无瘤生存率相当(P>0.05).结论 腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术比开放性手术出血少,肠道功能恢复快,并发症少,术后控尿效果及初期肿瘤根治效果相当,长期肿瘤根治效果需要进一步随诊观察.     

膀胱癌根治术后原位新膀胱的研究进展

尿流改道手术力求使病人接近生理性排尿,原位新膀胱手术(OrthotopicNeobladder)近年来得到迅速发展。任何行膀胱根治性切除的病人都有可能行原位新膀胱术,在选择病人时应考虑疾病分期、全身情况、本人意愿及依从性等。原位新膀胱在选材时既应考虑到所选材料对机体的生理影响,又应考虑到新膀胱的功能情况。目前最为常用的原位回肠新膀胱手术方式主要有Hautmann术式、Studer术式、半Kock新膀胱、T型回肠新膀胱。原位新膀胱较其他尿流改道术有很多优越性,但标准的膀胱癌根治术加上原位新膀胱术是一个复杂的手术,有一定的并发症和死亡率,而且,原位新膀胱是再造的膀胱,在储尿、排尿及控尿方面存在着这样那样的问题。     

Orthotopic bladder substitute in renal transplant recipients: experience with Studer technique and literature review

Renal transplant recipients with high‐risk bladder cancer following cystectomy need a urinary diversion preserving the renal function and possibly maintaining body image, while still offering the best oncological outcome. The aim of this report is to describe our experience of radical cystectomy and orthotopic ileal neobladder with Studer technique in this population, and to review the literature. We performed radical cystectomy and Studer ileal neobladder in four male patients (median age 67 years) after median time of 9.5 years following renal transplantation. Pathology revealed pT1HGN+ transitional cell carcinoma in one case, pT1HGN0 in two and pT3aHGN0 in one. Two patients presenting aggressive disease (N+ and pT3a) died of tumour progression after 20 and 14 months, respectively, while the other two are alive after 56 and 36 months of follow‐up with no evidence of disease, stable serum creatinine (2.29 and 1.6 mg/dl) and mild metabolic acidosis. Day and night‐time urinary continence were satisfactory in all patients. Good functional outcomes have been reported in the 20 cases of ileal orthotopic neobladder with different techniques published so far and the global experience of 24 cases with a median follow‐up of 39 months documents a cancer specific survival of 62.5%.     

Laparoscopic radical cystectomy and continent orthotopic ileal neobladder performed completely intracorporeally: the initial experience

PURPOSE: We introduce the operative technique of laparoscopic radical cystectomy and orthotopic ileal neobladder with a Studer limb performed completely intracorporeally. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The procedure was performed in 1 man and 1 woman. Using a 6 port transperitoneal approach, radical cystectomy in the female patient and radical cystoprostatectomy in the male patient were completed laparoscopically with the urethral sphincter preserved. Bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy was done. A 65 cm. segment of ileum 15 cm. from the ileocecal junction was isolated, and ileo-ileal continuity was restored using Endo-GIA staplers (U.S. Surgical, Norwalk, Connecticut). The distal 45 cm. of the isolated ileal segment were detubularized, maintaining the proximal 10 cm. segment intact as an isoperistaltic Studer limb. A globular shaped ileal neobladder was constructed and anastomosed to the urethra. Bilateral stented ureteroileal anastomoses were individually performed to the Studer limb. All suturing was done exclusively using free-hand laparoscopic techniques and the entire procedure was completed intracorporeally. An additional case is described of Indiana pouch continent diversion in which the pouch was constructed extracorporeally. RESULTS: Total operative time for laparoscopic radical cystectomy and orthotopic neobladder was 8.5 and 10.5 hours, respectively, with a blood loss ranging from 200 to 400 cc. Hospital stay was 5 to 12 days and surgical margins of the bladder specimen were negative in each case. Both patients with orthotopic neobladder had complete daytime continence. Postoperative renal function was normal and excretory urography revealed unobstructed upper tracts. During followup ranging from 5 to 19 months 1 patient died of metastatic disease, while the other 2 are doing well without local or systematic progression. CONCLUSIONS: Laproscopic radical cystectomy and orthotopic ileal neobladder performed completely intracorporeally are feasible.     

The "B-bladder"-an ileocolonic neobladder with a chimney: surgical technique and long-term results

OBJECTIVES: A modified version of the "Le Bag" ileocolonic neobladder with a "Studer"-like ileal chimney (B-bladder) is presented. The surgical technique, perioperative complications, and long-term results, including cancer control and continence, are described. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients underwent radical cystectomy and urinary diversion to an orthotopic ileocolonic neobladder with an ileal chimney. All operations were done by a single surgeon. Preoperative, perioperative and postoperative data were recorded. Median duration of follow-up was 3.4 years. RESULTS: The operation was technically successful in all cases. Late complications included recurrent urinary tract infection (17%) and uretero-neobladder anastomotic stricture (3%), both at acceptable rates. Postoperative daytime continence was excellent. Cancer control was satisfactory during follow-up; 11 patients (38%) died of disease progression with distant metastases. Median survival was 71.1 months. CONCLUSIONS: The B-bladder maintains the simplicity of preparation of the original "Le-Bag" neobladder while gaining the advantages of ureteral anastomosis to an ileal chimney. The incidence of perioperative complications is low and long-term results with regard to cancer control, continence, and complications are excellent.     

Orthotopic ileal neobladder: the influence of reservoir volume and configuration on urinary continence and emptying properties

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the volume and configuration of the neobladder on urinary continence and reservoir emptying in orthotopic urinary reservoirs using intestinal segments for bladder replacement after radical cystectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-nine patients who had had a radical cystectomy and urinary reconstruction with an orthotopic ileal neobladder were followed for > or = 1 year; 27 (group 1) had the ileal neobladder created with a shorter intestinal segment (40 cm) in an elongated shape ('J'), and 32 (group 2) had their reservoir made more spherical with a longer ileal loop (60-65 cm). The rates of urinary continence, enuresis, neobladder capacity and postvoid residual urine were evaluated first at 3-6 months and again 1 year after surgery in both groups. RESULTS: At 3-6 months after surgery urinary incontinence and enuresis were more common in group 1, but at 1 year had the same frequency in both groups, at respectively 11% and 44% in group 1, and 13% and 47% in group 2 (P > 0.05). The neobladder capacity and postvoid residual urine were significantly higher in group 2, at > 600 mL and > 100 mL, respectively, in 14% and 14% of the patients in group 1 and 57% and 52% of those in group 2 (P < 0.05). Urinary retention requiring intermittent catheterization did not occur in group 1 but did in 19% of group 2. CONCLUSION: The orthotopic spherical ileal neobladder with a large initial volume is apparently not associated with better continence rates and is prone to developing progressive enlargement, which can lead to neobladder atony and progressive emptying failure, increasing the chance of complete urinary retention.     

腹腔镜膀胱癌根治—原位回肠新膀胱术(附5例报告)

目的探讨腹腔镜膀胱癌根治—原位回肠新膀胱术的临床疗效。方法 2008年11月至2011年4月,采用5点穿刺经腹入路,先行腹腔镜下膀胱癌根治,继而体外构建回肠新膀胱,最后腹腔镜下行新膀胱尿道吻合,实施腹腔镜膀胱癌根治—原位回肠新膀胱术5例。皆为男性,平均年龄67岁。结果手术时间420～600min,平均480min,术中失血量350～800ml,平均400ml。术后淋巴结及手术切缘均阴性。随访3～24个月,除1例有轻度夜间尿失禁外,其余患者均昼夜控尿良好。代膀胱充盈良好,容量200～350ml,平均270ml。平均最大尿流率12ml/s。1例出现勃起功能障碍。结论腹腔镜膀胱癌根治—原位回肠新膀胱术创伤小、出血少、并发症少且疗效满意。     

Radical cystectomy with orthotopic neobladder reconstruction following prior radical prostatectomy

Purpose

To review the perioperative and follow-up outcomes of patients undergoing radical cystectomy with orthotopic neobladder reconstruction for bladder cancer after prior radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer.

Methods

A retrospective review of more than 1,900 patients treated with radical cystectomy at USC between 1990 and 2011 was conducted. Fifty-six patients were identified who were previously treated with RP for prostate cancer. Twenty-four of these patients (43?%) underwent orthotopic neobladder reconstruction. Perioperative data and follow-up including postoperative continence were analyzed.

Results

The median age at cystectomy for these 24 patients was 68?years (range 55?C89). The types of neobladder reconstruction were Kock neobladder in 3, Sigmoid reservoir in 1, Studer neobladder in 12, and T-pouch ileal neobladder in 8 patients. There were no major intraoperative complications. Of 19 patients eligible for evaluation of post-cystectomy urinary control, 11 patients (57.9?%) with good continence (0?C1 pad/day) after RP regained preoperative level of urinary control after cystectomy within 1?year. The continence rate of 13 post-RP patients with good continence was 84.6?%. Among the 4 patients who received adjuvant radiotherapy after RP, 1 regained good continence. One with poor continence after prostatectomy had an artificial urethral sphincter (AUS) placed 2?months after cystectomy, and 2 with fair and poor continence after prostatectomy had an AUS placed at the time of cystectomy.

Conclusions

Patients undergoing radical cystectomy after prior RP pose a challenge to urologists. Those who are continent post-RP have a fair chance of regaining good urinary control with neobladder reconstruction. Adjuvant radiotherapy for prostate cancer may have a negative impact on continence with neobladder reconstruction.     

A three-centre experience of orthotopic neobladder reconstruction after radical cystectomy: initial results

OBJECTIVE: To assess, in a retrospective three-centre series, the initial experience and results of patients undergoing radical cystectomy and orthotopic neobladder reconstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The medical records were retrospectively reviewed for 104 suitable consecutive patients undergoing radical cystectomy and orthotopic neobladder reconstruction between June 1994 and April 2003. The initial histology, operating times, transfusion rates, complications, mortality rates, continence rates, potency rates, and cancer control rates were recorded. RESULTS: The median (range) follow-up was 48 (6-113) months; 90 patients had a reconstruction with a 'Studer' neobladder, 12 with a 'Hautmann W pouch' and two with a 'T pouch' ileal neobladder. There were 24 early complications, and in eight patients re-operation was required; there was one death after surgery. There were 14 late complications and 10 patients required re-operation. The daytime continence rate was 99% and the nocturnal continence rate 78%. Five patients required intermittent self-catheterization. Twenty-two patients died from local and/or distant recurrences, and four from other causes. CONCLUSIONS: Orthotopic neobladder reconstruction provides excellent continence rates, and both acceptable complication and mortality rates. Suitable patients undergoing radical cystectomy should be offered orthotopic neobladder reconstruction.     

腹腔镜下全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱重建术(附5例报告)

目的:介绍腹腔镜下全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱重建术的经验。方法:采用腹腔镜下全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱重建术治疗浸润性膀胱癌患者5例。方法是经腹壁小切口取出切除物,行回肠去管成形新膀胱,然后在腹腔镜下将新膀胱与尿道连续吻合。结果:5例患者手术成功,手术时间4.5~7.2h。腹腔镜手术中以超声刀及双极电凝行膀胱侧韧带、前列腺血管蒂及前列腺尖部切断止血,未使用钛夹、术中出血量180~550ml,平均输血400ml。术后4~5天恢复饮食,3周拔除输尿管支架管,4周拔除尿管。患者白天可完全控制排尿,2例夜间偶有尿失禁。1例术后尿漏,经引流治愈。结论:腹腔镜下全膀胱切除术具有创伤小、出血少、恢复快等优点;而回肠新膀胱和尿道连续吻合具有操作方便、省时、缝合紧密、可防止尿漏等优点。     

Pubovaginal slings for stress urinary incontinence following radical cystectomy and orthotopic neobladder reconstruction in women

PURPOSE: We evaluated the clinical efficacy of pubovaginal slings for new onset stress urinary incontinence following radical cystectomy and orthotopic lower urinary tract reconstruction in women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between June 1990 and July 2002, 101 female patients with primary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder were treated with radical cystectomy and orthotopic ileal neobladder reconstruction. Four patients 61 to 73 years old underwent pubovaginal slings (autologous rectus fascia in 2 and dermal graft in 2) for stress urinary incontinence persisting 9 to 20 months following reconstruction with a Studer (2) or T pouch (2) ileal neobladder. Pre-cystectomy continence was excellent in 3 patients, while 1 had mild stress incontinence. All patients had high grade, muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma and/or carcinoma in situ with negative urethral margins and 3 of the 4 had lymph node negative disease on pathological examination. Two patients were treated with transurethral bulking material 4 to 5 months prior to the sling procedure without noticeable improvement. RESULTS: Two patients who underwent autologous pubovaginal slings had significant complications arising from dissection in the retropubic space, including 1 entero-pouch fistula and 1 enterotomy resulting in an enterocutaneous fistula, sepsis and subsequent death. These 2 patients had persistent stress incontinence despite the sling procedures and they ultimately underwent conversion to continent cutaneous urinary diversions. Two patients were treated with a dermal graft sling using infrapubic bone anchors through a transvaginal approach, obviating the need to enter the pelvis. These patients had uneventful postoperative courses and they are currently hypercontinent, performing intermittent catheterization with complete daytime continence and only occasional nighttime leakage 3 and 9 months following sling surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Pubovaginal sling procedures for incontinence following orthotopic neobladder reconstruction in women may be complicated due to extensive pelvic surgery. Dissection in the retropubic space should be avoided because potentially fatal complications may occur. Slings using infrapubic bone anchors may provide the best option in such patients in whom conservative management has failed because the pelvis need not be violated.