不同统计学指标评价体外循环心内直视术后患者早期认知功能障碍的比较

目的 通过神经心理测验观察体外循环心内直视术前、术后患者认知功能的变化，比较不同统计学指标评价体外循环心内直视术后早期认知功能障碍的发生率，为临床应用提供参考。方法 择期体外循环心内直视术患者47例，ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级，年龄15～45岁。分别在术前第1天和术后第7天行神经心理测验。另选取健康志愿者40名，间隔7d行神经心理测验2次，作为对照，采用标准差指数（SDI）、可信改变指数（RCI）和改良可信改变指数（MRCI）评价各项测验中认知功能损害的发生率及总认知功能障碍的发生率。结果 采用SDI、RCI和MRCI判断的总认知功能障碍发生率分别为14．9％、8．5％、19．1％，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。与SDI比较，视觉再生测验中RCI和MRCI评价的认知功能损害发生率降低，数字符号测验中MRCI评价的认知功能损害发生率升高（P〈0．05）；与MRCI比较，数字符号测验中SDI、RCI评价的认知功能损害发生率降低（P〈0．05）。结论 对体外循环心内直视术患者，MRCI是分析术后早期认知功能较合理的统计学指标。     

利多卡因对心脏手术后病人早期认知功能障碍发生率的影响

目的评价术中应用利多卡因能否减少冠脉分流手术后病人早期认知功能障碍的发生率。方法118例择期体外循环下行冠状动脉分流术的病人随机分为两组。利多卡因组(n=57)在切开心包后静注利多卡因1.5 mg/kg,继以4 mg/min持续输注至术毕,体外循环预充液中另加4mg/kg;对照组(n=61)给予等量生理盐水。分别在术前1 d和术后第9天对病人进行神经精神功能9项测验。各测验项目术后值与术前值相比功能降低等于或超过全部病人该项目术前值的1个标准差判断该项测验出现术后功能恶化;一个病人有2个或2个以上的测验项目术后出现功能恶化判断该病人发生了术后认知功能障碍。结果 88例病人全部完成手术前后神经精神功能测验,其中对照组45例、利多卡因组43例。术后认知功能障碍发生率对照组为42.2％(19例)、利多卡因组为20.9％(9例),利多卡因组明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论术中给予利多卡因可明显降低体外循环下冠脉分流手术后病人早期认知功能障碍的发生率。     

右胸前外侧小切口心内直视术102例

目的　总结选择性应用右胸前外侧小切口在体外循环 (CPB)下行心内直视手术的临床经验。　方法　对10 2例先天性心脏病及风湿性二尖瓣病变患者均采用右胸前外侧小切口进行心内直视手术。　结果　全组无手术死亡 ,术后 6例发生少量胸腔积液 ,出院时自然吸收 ,无其它并发症发生。术后胸腔引流量 4 0～ 32 0 ml,平均 14 0 .0±2 1.5 ml,较同期同类手术患者胸腔引流量少。　结论　右胸前外侧小切口行心内直视手术是一种安全可靠的微创手术 ,易掌握 ,但不适用于复杂的心内直视手术。     

静脉复合麻醉在体外循环心脏手术的应用(附47例小结)

我院自1982年以来应用普鲁卡因,芬太尼,琥珀酰胆硷复合麻醉在体外循环心内直视手术施行47例,现小结如下:临床资料47例,男25例,女22例,年龄3(9/12)～48岁,体重11～50公斤。手术名称:房,室间隔缺损修补术27例,法乐氏三联征矫治术1例,法乐氏四联征矫治术7例,二尖瓣置换术7例,二尖瓣直视分离术1例,右室双出口畸形矫治术1例。心功能Ⅱ-Ⅲ级26例,Ⅳ级8例。心胸比率80％以上3例。体外循环时间最长135分钟,最短40分钟。外主动脉阻断最长92分钟,最短12分钟。     

心内直视术对先天性心脏病与风湿性心脏病患者脑组织损伤的对比研究

目的观察和比较接受心内直视手术的先天性心脏病与风湿性心脏病患者围手术期血浆神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、S-100b蛋白的含量和脑电图(EEG)的变化,探讨心内直视手术对不同疾病患者脑损伤的差异. 方法选择心内直视手术患者40例,按疾病种类不同分为两组,A组:室间隔缺损患者20例;B组:风湿性心脏病患者20例.两组均在浅低温心脏不停跳下施行手术.所有患者均在术前、体外循环(CPB)开始后20分钟、CPB结束后1、24小时采集血样本,用酶联免疫吸附法测定血浆中NSE和S-100b蛋白含量.结合患者术前与术后7天的EEG检查,比较两组患者术后脑组织损伤的程度.结果 CPB 20分钟A组血浆NSE水平较术前明显升高(P<0.01),CPB后1小时达峰值,以后逐渐下降,至CPB后24小时接近术前水平(P>0.05);CPB20分钟B组患者血浆NSE水平较术前升高(P<0.05),CPB后1小时明显高于术前,至CPB后24小时仍高于术前(P<0.01). CPB20分钟两组患者血浆S-100b蛋白均明显升高,持续至CPB后24小时仍高于术前水平(P<0.01);A组S-100b蛋白升高程度较B组明显.术后两组患者EEG的异常率差别无显著性意义(P>0.05).结论心内直视手术对先天性心脏病患者脑组织的损伤较风湿性心脏病患者更明显.     

心内直视下AtricureTM双极射频消融改良迷宫手术治疗心房颤动的临床应用

目的评价心内直视下AtricureTM双极射频消融(BRFA)改良迷宫手术治疗心房颤动(AF)的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年8月至2009年9月共66例器质性心脏病合并AF病人接受心内直视手术加BR FA手术资料,随访比较手术前后心电图、超声心动图检查等临床资料。结果全组手术均顺利完成,体外循环时间(107.5±25.6)min,主动脉阻断时间(68.7±22.4)min,BRFA时间(17.9±2.5)min。术后均立即恢复窦性心律。无高度房室传导阻滞发生,2例死于低心排(3.03%),余痊愈出院。平均住院(10.2±3.4)d。术后随访64例,平均随访(9.7±2.5)个月,AF消除率87.5%(58/64.),窦性心律恢复率81.25%(52/64),心脏超声心动图检查提示LAD、LVEDD较术前明显缩小(P0.05),LVEF较术前增加(P0.05),心功能明显改善,无远期死亡、脑卒中及肢体栓塞发生。结论心内直视下AtricureTM BRFA手术治疗AF安全、有效,值得临床推广应用,     

心脏不停跳体外循环心内直视手术脑氧饱和度和测定

选择２０例心脏不停跳体外循环心内直视手术病人，术中动态监测病人脑氧饱和度的变化，以了这种新术式对病人大脑功能的影响情况。结果表明：心脏不停跳体外循环心内直视手术时病人ｒＳＯ２的变化不大，均在正常值范围，提示术中只要维持ＭＡＰ＞６．６５ｋＰａ，同时超常规量提高转流量，这种新技术式并没有造成对病人大脑功能的影响及脑损害。     

体外循环手术中循环恢复后胃粘膜pH的变化

胃粘膜ｐＨ(ｐＨｉ)是反映内脏组织缺血缺氧敏感的指标。我们测定了心内直视手术病人在循环恢复后 ｐＨｉ的变化 ,以评估组织氧供需状况。资料与方法择期非紫绀心内直视手术病人 10例 ,其中男 3例 ,女 7例。年龄 13～ 5 2岁。体重 5 4 1± 14 5ｋｇ ;术前心功能Ⅱ～Ⅲ级。手术种类 :室缺修补术 1例 ,房缺修补术 3例 (心脏不停跳 ) ,肺静脉畸形引流矫治术 1例 ,二尖瓣并主动脉瓣置换术 1例 ,二尖瓣置换术 3例 ,主动脉瓣置换术 1例。病人术前肌注吗啡 0 2ｍｇ/ｋｇ、东莨菪碱 0 0 0 6ｍｇ/ｋｇ ,口服雷尼替丁 5 0～ 15 0ｍｇ[1] 。用咪唑安…     

直视微创心脏外科手术临床应用108例

目的 总结直视微创心脏外科手术临床应用的初步效果和优点.方法 2010年4月至2011年8月,完成直视微创心脏外科手术108例,其中男44例,女64例;平均年龄(44.3±16.4)岁;平均体重(60.0±12.0)kg.二尖瓣置换(MVR) 29例,主动脉瓣置换(AVR) 17例,二尖瓣成形术(MVP)5例,MVR+ AVR 6例,室间隔缺损修补术(VSD)12例,房间隔缺损修补术(ASD) 23例,不停跳直视微创冠状动脉旁路移植术( M1DCAB)9例,MVR+ CABG术1例,部分型心内膜垫缺损矫治术(PECD)2例,Ebstein畸形矫治术1例,三尖瓣隔叶腱索断裂修复术1例.同期手术包括三尖瓣成形术(TVP) 19例,射频消融术11例.除MIDCAB术外,其余手术均在闭式体外循环下完成.2例中转常规开胸完成.结果 体外循环36～260 min,平均(104.4±59.3) min;主动脉阻断0～204.0 min,平均(66.7±52.8)min.心脏停跳下实施手术80例,术后自动复跳74例;气管插管2.0～90.0 h,平均(14.5±11.9)h;ICU 停留4.0～138.0h,平均(18.8±15.3)h;术后住院3.0～24.0天.平均(6.9±2.9)天;切口长度3.5～10.0 cm,平均(5.3 ±1.2) cm;术后第1天引流量(337.6±240.9)ml;未输血者72例,围手术期及出院后近期无死亡,无二次开胸止血和胸骨切口感染者.出院时心功能Ⅰ级94例、Ⅱ级8例、Ⅲ级6例.结论 直视微创心脏外科手术的近期效果良好,手术安全性高,适用范围广;具有创伤小,出血和输血少,切口美观,无胸骨感染,并发症和病死率少等优点.     

心内直视术后并发晚期心脏压塞病人的护理

体外循环心内直视术后并发心脏压塞是一种严重并发症，多见于术后（24-48h）出血造成急性心脏压塞，但也有少数病例发生在术后1周至数周之内，为晚期心脏压塞[1]，临床上较易忽视。我院1993年11月至1997年6月施行体外循环心内直视手术504例，术后并发晚期心脏压塞10例，护理如下。116床资料10例中男6例，女4例。年龄9-54岁。先天性心脏病（法洛氏四联症）行法洛氏四联症纠正术3例，风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄行二尖瓣置换术4例，二尖瓣狭窄伴主动脉瓣关闭不全行二尖瓣与主动脉瓣同时置换术3例。10例术前心功能均为m-IV级，体外循环总转流时间7…     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.