超声引导下改良塞丁格技术行PICC置管两种扩皮角度的比较

目的比较超声引导下改良塞丁格技术行PICC置管两种扩皮角度的临床效果。方法将100例PICC置管患者随机分为两组各50例。成功置入导丝后,纵切组90°扩皮即刀刃向上与皮肤垂直扩皮,横切组180°扩皮即刀刃与皮肤平行扩皮。结果纵切组扩皮后即刻、置管后24h及7d出血量显著少于横切组,扩皮后疼痛程度显著轻于横切组(均P0.01);纵切组一次送鞘成功率(100%)高于横切组(90.0%)。结论超声引导下改良塞丁格技术行PICC置管扩皮时采用纵切法可有效减少扩皮后出血,减轻患者疼痛,提高一次送鞘成功率。     

超声引导和改良塞丁格技术置入PICC的研究进展

阐述了超声引导和改良塞丁格技术的相关概念和起源,总结了国内外的研究情况,并提出超声引导和改良塞丁格技术行PICC置管的要求,以期为提高置管成功率、减少并发症、做好导管维护等提供参考。     

腔内心电图定位在乳腺癌化疗病人上臂植入式输液港中的应用

目的探讨腔内心电图定位在乳腺癌化疗病人上臂植入式输液港中的临床应用。方法接受超声引导下联合腔内心电图定位经上臂植入式输液港的乳腺癌化疗病人80例,X线确定导管尖端位置,明确心电图定位达标效果。结果所有病人均一次性置入成功,除1例到达对侧头臂静脉,无其他相关并发症发生,导管尖端位置均到达上腔静脉。结论腔内心电图定位经上臂植入式输液港导管尖端定位准确,成功率高,操作简便,经济。     

心理干预在超声引导改良塞丁格穿刺法用于老年患者行PICC置管的临床应用

超声引导改良塞丁格穿刺法用于老年患者行PICC置管具有准确定位拟穿刺血管、提高穿刺成功率、缩短穿刺时间、减少并发症、降低局部组织损伤发生率等优势,尤其对老年患者因外周浅静脉不可视而又触摸不到,超声引导改良塞丁格穿刺法更能体现其实用性和优越性[1].但由于PICC的技术性、专业性,患者往往对其及超声引导改良塞丁格穿刺技术行PICC置管不了解,容易心理恐惧、紧张、害怕、不配合等影响穿刺的成功率.因此,在行PICC的过程中,对患者进行必要的心理干预是提高穿刺成功率的重要环节.     

乳腺癌化疗患者两种臂式输液港植入方式效果比较

目的 比较乳腺癌化疗患者2种臂式输液港植入方式的效果，为选择适宜植入方式及维护提供参考。方法 比较原位植入港座227例(原位组)与隧道式植入港座195例(隧道组)手术时间、感染、血栓、输液功能障碍、淤血消散时间等指标。结果 原位组手术时间显著短于隧道组，疼痛评分、输液港功能障碍、淤血发生率及淤血消散时间显著高于(长于)隧道组(均P<0.01);输液港感染及血栓发生率两组差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论 原位输液港植入操作时间较短，隧道输液港港座植入患者疼痛及出血情况较轻、输液功能障碍发生率低。可视患者具体情况合理选择。     

经颈内静脉完全植入式输液港在乳腺癌化疗中的应用

目的总结经颈内静脉放置全植入式输液港(TIVAP)作为乳腺癌化疗静脉输液通路的使用经验。方法对2013年6月~2015年12月486例行输液港植入术的乳腺癌化疗患者进行回顾性研究,观察其术后及远期并发症。结果全部病例均在术中成功完成输液港植入。l例出现心悸不适,2例穿刺点周围局部血肿,1例囊袋内港体周围血肿,2例气胸,3例导管相关性感染,2例导管堵塞,1例导管断裂。至末次随访,65例带管时间4~30个月,中位带管时间15个月。本组未出现导丝断裂、pinch-off综合征等严重并发症。结论经颈内静脉放置全植入式输液港是乳腺癌化疗安全、有效的输液途径。     

安全型留置针穿刺结合改良塞丁格技术经外周置入中心静脉导管在艾滋病患者中的应用

目的探讨解决为艾滋病患者建立一条安全静脉输液途径,同时降低医护人员职业暴露风险。方法总结应用22G直型安全型留置针穿刺结合改良塞丁格技术成功经外周置入中心静脉导管（PICC）60例艾滋病患者的临床资料。结果置管成功率98．33％（59／60）,无1例发生职业暴露,无1例发生严重并发症。结论无血管超声引导的情况下,应用22G直型安全型留置针穿刺结合改良改良塞丁格技术为艾滋病患者置入PICC导管,置管成功率高,医护人员职业暴露风险小。     

高龄患者视锐V引导下行PICC置管的护理

目的探讨视锐V引导下进行上臂外周中心静脉置管在高龄患者中的应用及护理措施。方法对19例高龄患者应用超声引导下结合改良的塞丁格技术进行上臂外周中心静脉置管。结果 19例高龄患者均一次置管成功,X线拍片示导管末端位于上腔静脉,导管保留时间52～380 d。结论利用视锐V行上臂外周中心静脉置管,同时实施一系列的程序化护理,可提高置管成功率,减少机械性静脉炎、穿刺点感染等并发症,还减少了因手臂活动而导致的导管意外滑出,减轻患者的痛苦,利于抢救,延长患者生命。     

乳腺癌经上臂植入中心静脉输液港25例临床研究

目的 探讨经上臂植入中心静脉输液港的临床适应证及技术操作细则。方法 回顾性分析北京大学第一医院乳腺疾病中心经上臂植入中心静脉输液港的25例乳腺癌病人临床资料,对照同期经颈内静脉植入中心静脉输液港的72例病例,分析经上臂植入中心静脉输液港的临床适应证及技术操作细则。结果 共完成中心静脉输液港植入97例,其中经上臂植入中心静脉输液港25例,经颈内静脉植入中心静脉输液港72例。无失败病例,两组病人手术时间差异无统计学意义［35~55（42.8±4.8）min vs. 35~50（42.4±4.6）min,t=0.342,P=0.733］,短期并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（4.0% vs. 4.1%,P=1.000）。结论 在严格选择适应证人群,注意操作技术细则基础上,经上臂植入中心静脉输液港是一种安全的中心静脉输液港植入方法。     

超声引导和改良塞丁格技术置入PICC的研究进展

阐述了超声引导和改良塞丁格技术的相关概念和起源，总结了国内外的研究情况，并提出超声引导和改良塞丁格技术行PICC置管的要求，以期为提高置管成功率、减少并发症、做好导管维护等提供参考。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.