膝关节镜术后再次手术的原因

目的探讨膝关节镜术后再次手术的原因。方法对25例膝关节镜术后再次手术者行膝关节镜术16例,开放性滑膜切除术7例,全膝关节置换术2例。分析其再手术原因。结果软骨剥脱、滑膜病变残留或滑膜炎复发、漏诊半月板或交叉韧带损伤以及关节游离体是再手术中见到的主要病变。随访6个月-2年,16例膝关节镜术后机械性交锁症状均消失,7例行滑膜切除、2例人工全膝关节置换术者术后肿胀疼痛均消失。结论误漏诊、术前查体不细、适应证选择及手术处理不当是膝关节镜术后再次手术的主要原因。提高术前诊断水平、术中关节镜操作技术是减少再手术的关键。     

关节镜治疗膝关节弥漫色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎

目的探讨关节镜下手术切除膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的方法与疗效。方法2004年2月至2006年11月，对17例睬关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎，采用标准膝前内、外侧入路并辅以髌上外侧入路行关节镜下膝前间室滑膜全切，后内、外侧入路行膝后间室滑膜全切，并用射频治疗仪辅助清理十字韧带、关节软骨和半月板表面的滑膜，电凝止血。结果本组17例，4例流动人口失去联系，13例获得14-33个月，平均21．6个月随访。术后2个月，2例有轻度疼痛，2例有轻度肿胀，1例关节置换术后及1例开放手术后复发患者膝关节屈曲小于120°。术后1年，13例均无肿胀及积液，3例有轻度疼痛，2例膝关节屈曲仍小于120°，但不影响日常生活。采用Lysholm评分方法评定膝关节功能，术前Lysholm评分为（38．6±4．5）分。最后随访时，13例无一例复发，Lysholm评分为（87．3±5．6）分。结论关节镜下治疗膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎，具有手术切口小、组织损伤少、术后痛苦少、可早期进行功能锻炼、避免关节黏连引起的功能障碍等优点，且术中病变滑膜切除彻底，术后不易复发。该术式早中期疗效肯定，远期疗效有待进一步观察。     

膝骨性关节炎关节镜下清理术的指征及疗效

关节镜检查,对观察膝关节软骨面、半月板和滑膜病变的作用非常明确.在膝骨性关节炎的诊断中起着重要的作用但在治疗上存在着异议.尽管关节镜手术治疗膝骨性关节炎并不能都能取得满意疗效,但与截骨术、全膝置换相比,具有费用低、创伤小、恢复快、可重复、并发症少等优点.虽然关节镜手术不能阻止骨性关节炎的发展,但有些因素可预示手术疗效的好坏:①有膝内翻、膝外翻畸形的患者疗效差于没有畸形的;②短期机械性紊乱者明显优于慢性持续疼痛者;③已经历过一次关节镜手术的疗效差于初次接受关节镜手术者;④在退变早期阶段进行手术疗效明显优于晚期阶段.     

跨膝关节后纵隔入路的建立及临床应用

目的 探讨跨膝关节后纵隔入路（ATS）的建立方法及临床应用效果。方法 10具新鲜防腐膝关节标本进行后纵隔的大体解剖,65例行后室关节镜镜下观察,包括类风湿关节炎、色素绒毛结节性滑膜炎、骨性关节炎、后室游离体或异物、后交叉韧带（PCL）损伤或撕脱骨折、半月板后角损伤、不明原因关节肿痛积液、剥脱性骨软骨炎、化脓性关节炎、痛风。2002年1月—2005年6月,我们共采用ATS入路进行关节镜检查和治疗22例。先建立前外侧入路,关节镜监视下建立后外侧入路。同法建立前内侧与后内侧入路。把关节镜置于后内侧入路,从前内侧入路进入刨刀逐步刨除PCL表面的滑膜组织,再把关节镜置于前内侧入路,从后内侧入路引入钝头转换棒,指向PCL后缘中份处的后纵隔,向外侧轻柔地推顶后纵隔。把关节镜置于后外侧入路,镜视下引导穿出钝头转换棒建立ATS。结果后纵隔位于膝关节后室正中,在矢状面上呈幕布状,在横断面上呈三明治样结构。关节镜下见后纵隔表面被覆盖滑膜组织。22例均成功建立ATS入路,占同期膝关节后室治疗的34％（22／65）。行膝关节后室滑膜切除术7例,游离体取出6例,PCL重建术4例,PCL撕脱骨折复位固定2例。骨性关节炎6例中,分别行镜下软骨成形、炎性滑膜切除、半月板成形术。所有病例均未发生血管神经损伤。所有病例临床随访4～45个月,平均20个月,9例患者仍有轻微疼痛或关节肿胀,2例患者疼痛剧烈,已推荐行全膝关节置换术,其余11例患者未见关节肿痛症状复发。结论 ATS入路在镜下视野无盲区,能够跨后纵隔进行手术操作,是一种安全有效诊治膝关节后室疾病的方法。从内侧向外侧建立ATS比较可靠,后交叉韧带可以作为建立ATS时的内标志物。     

射频汽化仪在膝关节镜手术中的应用

目的探讨射频汽化仪在膝关节镜手术中的应用及其疗效。方法利用射频汽化仪对78例不同膝关节疾病患者进行关节镜手术,其中半月板部分切除18例,全切除7例,盘状半月板成形13例,损伤软骨及韧带修整21例,滑膜切除6例,髌骨外侧支持带松解5例,胫骨髁间隆突骨折固定6例,前交叉韧带重建2例。结果术后患侧膝关节肿胀轻,未见明显关节积液、积血。随访3～12个月,75例患者自觉症状良好,关节绞锁、疼痛等症状缓解;3例重度骨性关节炎者症状无缓解,转行人工关节置换术。膝关节功能评定：优46例,良29例,可0例,差3例,优良率96．2％。结论射频汽化仪具有良好的低温切除、止血作用,使用方便,有助于提高膝关节镜手术的效率及疗效。     

膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的关节镜治疗

目的探讨采用关节镜技术治疗膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的方法及其临床效果。方法1999年1月～2001年12月,对32例膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎,在常规关节镜入路的基础上,结合膝关节后内侧、后外侧和跨后纵隔入路,进行滑膜全切。手术时强调对膝关节后内侧室和后外侧室病变滑膜的彻底切除,同时通过辅助切口切除关节外病变组织。术后进行系统的康复训练。通过13～47个月的随访,了解患膝疼痛、肿胀、活动度以及患肢整体功能康复情况。结果术后1年,2例有轻微疼痛,1例有轻度肿胀,均无关节积液;膝关节活动度平均为143°±5.1°。最后随访时,23例行MR检查,1例在内侧半月板后角底面与胫骨平台之间的憩室内发现复发,影像学复发率为4.35%(1/23),但患者无主观症状;其余患者在MRI上无复发现象。术前国际膝关节评分委员会(IKDC)膝关节功能主观评分为(63.4±5.1)分,Lysholm膝关节功能评分为(35.6±4.7)分。最后随访时,IKDC膝关节功能主观评分为(87.9±4.9)分,Lysholm膝关节功能评分为(86.3±5.6)分。3例患者因前十字韧带功能不全,于滑膜切除术后3～5个月进行了前十字韧带重建术。结论通过关节镜能够完成膝关节弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的滑膜彻底切除,有助于滑膜炎的治疗。关节镜手术创伤小,     

膝关节骨性关节炎镜下半月板损伤特征与微创治疗的临床研究

目的探讨膝关节骨性关节炎镜下半月板特征及其对微创手术治疗的指导意义。方法根据关节镜下半月板损伤及其对周围滑膜、关节软骨的影响程度分为4型:Ⅰ型,半月板局限性损伤;Ⅱ型,局限性损伤合并磨损性损伤;Ⅲ型,损伤涉及半月板大部甚至整体,半月板松动;Ⅳ型,半月板磨损合并部分或大部缺如。各型损伤均采用相对应的镜下半月板手术治疗。结果Ⅰ型半月板损伤10例,Ⅱ型20例,Ⅲ型27例,Ⅳ型11例。Ⅰ型损伤:4例行缝合修复手术,6例行镜下半月板部分切除术;Ⅱ型:镜下部分切除18例,次全切除2例;Ⅲ型:清理刨削1例,镜下部分切除5例,次全切除16例,全切除5例;Ⅳ型:次全切除2例,全切除9例。随访平均22个月(6~52个月),劳累后痛7例(Ⅱ型1例,Ⅲ型2例,Ⅳ型4例);绞锁1例(Ⅲ型);关节屈曲受限2例(Ⅲ型1例,Ⅳ型1例)。3例(Ⅲ型2例、Ⅳ型1例)术后2~3年行全膝关节置换术,其余65例Lysholm评分:术前50±12,术后随访时85±8(t=3.521,P<0.01)。结论膝关节骨性关节炎半月板损伤具有一定的镜下特征。膝关节骨性关节炎半月板损伤的镜下分型有助于指导镜下手术,提高膝关节骨性关节炎微创手术治疗的效果。     

骨病

全膝关节表面置换术治疗膝骨性关节炎；急性膝关节痛风性关节炎关节镜下诊断与治疗；人工全膝关节表面置换治疗骨关节疾病52例；镜下清理、刨削、髌外侧减压术治疗膝关节骨性关节炎     

2000ArthroCare System在膝关节镜手术中的应用

目的探讨冷融化技术在膝关节镜手术中方法和前景。方法采用2000ArthroCare System(2000ACS)对221例膝关节病实施手术治疗。关节镜下疾病诊断：骨性关节炎73例，半月板损伤49例，关节软骨软化症29例，滑膜皱襞综合征15例，盘状半月板13例，滑膜炎11例，大骨节病11例，ACL 8例，剥脱性骨软骨炎5例，关节粘连5例，TKA术后松解2例。通过2000ACS做关节镜下的半月板切除、成形，软骨面及韧带修整，滑膜切除，髌外侧支持带松解术等。结果按Lysholm评分，术前平均43．92，术后3个月81．96，术后6个月92．06。结论关节镜2000ACS治疗关节疾病，操作安全，疗效可靠，痛苦少，有利于早期功能锻炼。     

膝关节髌下皱襞的临床意义

目的:观察膝关节镜下髌下皱襞结构的变化,探讨膝关节髌下皱襞的临床意义。方法:回顾性总结分析膝关节镜手术病例400例,男177例,女223例;年龄9~79岁,平均42岁。术前均有膝关节疼痛、肿胀和交锁等现象,保守治疗无效,行膝关节镜检查及镜下手术。术中证实单纯的髌下皱襞病变11例,术前有膝前区疼痛症状者8例,疼痛区域模糊不定者3例,膝关节反复肿胀、积液者2例;术前诊断为半月板损伤4例,关节软骨损伤2例,髌股关节骨性关节炎1例,髌下脂肪垫损伤4例。11例均行膝关节镜下髌下皱襞切除术。结果:400例膝关节镜手术中发现有髌下皱襞结构的284例(71%);有髌下皱襞病变的52例(13%),其中单纯的髌下皱襞病变11例(2.75%)。髌下皱襞病变镜下表现为髌下皱襞肿胀、增厚、纤维化、丧失弹性,与髁间凹产生撞击。11例单纯髌下皱襞病变均行关节镜下髌下皱襞切除术,术后随访9例,2例失访,随访时间3~24个月,平均14个月。疗效评定优7例,良1例,可1例,差0例,优良率88.89%。结论:髌下皱襞具有明确的临床意义,其病变可以引起临床症状。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.