选择性肝血流阻断技术在肝肿瘤切除术中的应用

目的 探讨选择性肝静脉血流阻断术(SHVE)在复杂肝肿瘤切除术中的有效性和安全性.方法 在246例复杂肝肿瘤切除手术中采用选择性肝血流阻断技术,统计分析患者术前一般情况、术中情况、病理诊断、术后并发症等.结果 从2000年1月～2007年7月,在复杂肝肿瘤切除手术中246例肿瘤采用了选择性肝血流阻断技术.根据肝血流阻断方法的不同,完全SHVE(阻断第一肝门和所有主肝静脉,Total SHVE)145例,部分SHVE中阻断第一肝门和右肝静脉54例,阻断第一肝门和左中肝静脉47例.3例因术中发现瘤体侵犯下腔静脉壁而改为全肝血流阻断.结果 显示血流阻断过程中患者均保持血流动力学稳定,仅外周循环阻力和肺循环阻力轻度升高.术后患者无死亡发生,总并发症率为24.8%,平均住院天数为9.6 d.结论 选择性肝血流阻断技术是一种安全、有效的血流阻断技术,尤其适合用于位于第二肝门未侵犯下腔静脉的肿瘤切除.     

肝静脉阻断技术在肝切除术中的应用(附105例报道)

目的探讨肝静脉阻断技术在复杂肝脏肿瘤切除术中防止肝静脉破裂大出血及空气栓塞的作用。方法对105例肝脏肿瘤手术切除患者施行了1根以上主肝静脉阻断。所有肿瘤均位于第二肝门并侵犯或压迫1根以上主肝静脉。肝静脉阻断方法采用绕线结扎、血管带阻断或血管夹及心耳钳夹闭法。结果105例中无一例肝静脉分离破裂。施行半肝全血流阻断41例（右侧27例，左侧14例），交替半肝全血流阻断4例，第一肝门阻断加部分肝静脉阻断45例，第一肝门阻断加全部肝静脉阻断（不阻断下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断）15例。其中46例同时行第三肝门分离。105例肿瘤顺利切除。结论肝静脉阻断技术是一种安全、有效的血流阻断技术。不阻断下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断术既能控制术中出血，又能保证全身血流动力学稳定。     

保留腔静脉血流肝脏去血管化在肝切除术中的应用

控制出血仍然是肝切除术的关键问题。在绝大多数肝切除术中需要肛门或选择性阻断入肝血流。但这种方法不能避免肝静脉回流出血，应用肝脏去血管化可以解决这个问题。经典的肝脏去血管化（HVE）包括肛门阻断、下腔静脉（IVC）肝上段及肝下段阻断。EliS等提出了保留腔静脉血流肝脏去血管化（HVEPC），包括阻断肝门及主要肝静脉。HVEPC与HVE相比，可以避免HVE阻断IVC所引起的血流动力学紊乱，并能间断或持续应用。40例患者在肝切除术中应用HVEPC，HVEPC的适应征为肝病＞10cm，肿瘤侵犯主要肝静脉，没有侵犯下腔静脉，预计出血较…     

肝静脉阻断技术在肝切除术中的应用

目的 探讨肝静脉阻断技术在复杂肝脏肿瘤切除术中防止肝静脉破裂大出血及空气栓塞的作用。方法 对71例肝脏肿瘤手术切除病例施行了1根以上主肝静脉阻断。所有肿瘤均位于第二肝门并侵犯或压迫1根以上主肝静脉。肝静脉阻断方法采用绕线结扎、血管带阻断或血管夹及心耳钳夹闭法。结果 71例中无1例肝静脉分离破裂，行肝静脉结扎28例，血管带阻断26例，血管夹阻断17例；阻断右肝静脉34例，右肝静脉＋中肝静脉2例，左、中肝静脉共干24例，左、中肝静脉分干2例，左、中、右三干9例。施行半肝全血流阻断35例（右侧24例，左侧11例）。交替半肝全肝血流阻断4例，第一肝门阻断加部分肝静脉阻断23例。第一肝门阻断加全部肝静脉阻断（不阻断下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断）9例。71例肝肿瘤均顺利切除。结论 肝静脉阻断技术是一种安全、有效的血流阻断技术。不阻断下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断术既能控制术中出血，又能保证全身血流动力学稳定。     

肝切除术中肝血流阻断技术的合理应用

血流阻断是肝肿瘤切除术中减少及控制出血的重要手段,但血流阻断也会在不同程度上影响血流动力学的变化,因此,在肝切除手术中必须合理、灵活地运用肝血流控制方法。Pringle第一肝门血流阻断法是目前肝脏切除中最常用的肝血流阻断方法,对肿瘤巨大需行半肝切除术、合并严重肝硬化或肝储备功能严重不足者可考虑用半肝血流阻断法,以避免残留肝脏因血流阻断缺血和再灌注受到伤害;对位于肝静脉主干,如肝、腔静脉结合部病变切除,各种全肝血流阻断方法因对血流动力学的严重影响而被逐渐慎用,目前以选择性血流性出入血流阻断法为首选。SHVE方法的应用完全改变了以往因害怕损伤肝、腔静脉而放弃手术切除的消极局面。笔者认为只要熟练掌握肝静脉和腔静脉的解剖特点,分离阻断右肝静脉及左、中静脉干并非难事,采用SHVE血流阻断技术对于第二、三肝门部肝肿瘤的手术切除是安全可行的血流阻断方法。     

解剖性肝脏区域血流阻断在肝癌切除术中的应用

目的探讨解剖性肝脏区域血流阻断在肝癌切除术中的效果。方法将95例进行肝切除术的原发性肝癌患者分为第一肝门阻断组(Pringle′s)和解剖性肝脏区域血流阻断组(anatomical regional vascular occlusion),比较两种不同的肝脏血流阻断对手术及病人术后恢复的影响。结果95例病人中行常规的肝门阻断60例,解剖性肝脏区域血流阻断35例,全部病人肿瘤均获完整切除,术后肝功能及康复情况,两组间差异存在统计学意义。结论两种不同的入肝血流阻断均能有效地控制出血,解剖性肝脏区域血流阻断更安全,对肝功能恢复的不良影响更小,更适合于在肝硬化及肝功能不良的肝癌患者中使用。     

选择性肝血流阻断切肝术(附213例报道)

目的分析选择性肝血流阻断切肝术在防止术中肝脏大出血及术后肝功能衰竭方面的作用。方法根据肿瘤部位、大小及肝硬化情况,采用半肝血流阻断,半肝全血流阻断,交替半肝血流阻断,交替半肝全血流阻断,单纯门静脉阻断及肝褥式缝合等区域性肝血流阻断技术切除肝肿瘤共213例。观察肝门阻断时间、出血量、术后肝功能恢复情况及并发症发生率。结果半肝血流阻断144例,其中左肝门阻断32倒,右肝门阻断112例。半肝全血流阻断39例,其中右肝门 右肝静脉阻断26例,左肝门 左、中肝静脉阻断13例。交替半肝血流阻断7例,交替半肝全血流阻断5例,单纯门静脉阻断8例,局部褥式缝扎10例。肿瘤切除率100%, 第一肝门及肝静脉分离均成功。无一例发生肝静脉破裂出血及空气栓塞,术后无一例发生肝功能衰竭。术后胆漏6例,保守治疗痊愈。结论区域性肝血流阻断切肝术是一种安全、简便的方法,对防止肝静脉破裂出血,降低术后肝功能衰竭发生率具有重要作用。     

肝切除术中肝脏血流阻断技术的研究进展

目的复习肝切除术中肝脏血流阻断技术的研究进展。方法对相关文献进行分析与综述。结果肝脏血流阻断方法多，最常用的和研究最多的是半肝（或选择性）血流阻断法和间歇性人肝血流阻断法，有损伤肝静脉和（或）腔静脉风险时启用肝血流隔离法，极少采用全肝血流阻断法和其他方法。结论根据病情，巧妙选用肝血流阻断技术，可减少肝切除术中出血和保证患者安全。     

肝门区肿瘤切除中肝脏血流阻断方法的探讨

目的 探讨肝脏血流阻断技术在肝门区肿瘤切除中的合理应用.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2008年3月采用第一肝门阻断法(Pringle法)和常温下全肝血流阻断技术(NHVE)相结合切除16例肝门区肿瘤的临床资料,分析肿瘤和肝门区血管的毗邻关系、阻断次数、阻断时间、术中出血量、输血量、术后并发症等指标.结果 本组16例患者采用Pringle法与NHVE相结合技术切除肿瘤,Pringle法平均阻断(3.8±1.6)次,平均阻断时间(46.6±28.8)min;NHVE平均阻断(1.6±0.4)次,平均阻断时间(23.5±8.2)min;术中出血量平均(1250±320)ml,输血量平均(860±245)ml;术中修补下腔静脉损伤4例,肝静脉损伤2例,门静脉主干损伤2例;术后均有肝脏酶学指标、胆线素不同程度的升高,经保肝等治疗后恢复正常,未发牛肝功能衰竭等严重并发症.结论 Pringle法与NHVE技术分步结合使用可减少全肝血流阻断时间、增加肝门区肿瘤切除的安全性.     

肝静脉阻断技术在紧邻第二肝门部肝肿瘤切除术中的应用

目的评估肝静脉主干血流控制在第二肝门部肿瘤切除中的作用和意义。方法回顾分析2008年1月至2009年9月在我科实施第二肝门部肿瘤切除患者的临床资料,术前肝功能Child-PughA级9例,B级2例,单独阻断肝右静脉6例,左中肝静脉共干3例,阻断肝右静脉+左中肝静脉共干1例,阻断肝右静脉+下腔静脉1例。结果 11例患者术中失血量在300～2000ml,住院天数13.5±2.1天,术中血管阻断时间29±10.1min。术后并发症:胸腔积液1例,胆漏1例,腹水2例。11例患者随访时间2～18月,目前无患者死亡。结论熟练掌握和应用肝静脉主干阻断技术,可以提高复杂肝脏肿瘤切除的安全性。     

第二肝门区域肿瘤切除中两种肝血流阻断方法的比较

目的比较入肝血流加肝静脉血流阻断术与单纯第一肝门阻断术在第二肝门区域肿瘤切除中的作用。方法从2000年1月至2005年10月,共施行2100例肝脏肿瘤切除术,其中235例肿瘤紧贴或压迫1根以上主肝静脉,根据肝血流阻断方法的不同,将235例患者分为两组：选择性肝血流阻断组（SHVE组,125例）和第一肝门阻断组（Pringle组,110例）。分析两组患者的术中及术后情况。在SHVE组,完全SHVE（阻断第一肝门和所有主肝静脉）25例,部分SHVE（阻断第一肝门和部分主肝静脉）100例。肝静脉阻断方法有3种：丝线结扎肝静脉,止血带阻断和辛氏钳阻断。结果两组间年龄、性别、肿瘤大小、肝硬化发生率、HBsAg阳性率、术中热缺血时间和手术时间的差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。SHVE组的术中失血量及输血量明显少于Pringle组（P〈0．05）。Pringle组有17例发生主肝静脉破裂,其中大出血14例,空气栓塞3例。而SHVE组无1例肝静脉破裂、大出血或空气栓塞发生。Pringle组术后再出血、再次手术和肝功能衰竭等并发症发生率高于SHVE组,ICU时间和住院时间长于SHVE组（P〈0．05）。结论SHVE较Pringle法能更有效地控制术中大出血,防止肝静脉破裂导致的大出血和空气栓塞,降低术后并发症和手术病死率。用辛氏钳阻断肝静脉较结扎法和止血带阻断法更安全和简便。     

Total versus selective hepatic vascular exclusion in major liver resections

BACKGROUND: Total hepatic vascular exclusion (THVE) and selective hepatic vascular exclusion (SHVE) are two effective techniques for bleeding control in major hepatic resections. Outcomes of the two procedures were compared. METHODS: Patients undergoing major liver resection were randomly allocated to the THVE and SHVE groups. Intraoperative hemodynamic changes and the postoperative course of the two groups were compared. RESULTS: During vascular clamping, the THVE group showed a significant elevation in pulmonary vascular resistance, systemic vascular resistance, intrapulmonary shunts, and a significant reduction in cardiac index, compared with the SHVE group (P <0.05). Patients undergoing THVE received more crystalloids and blood, showed more severe liver, renal and pancreatic dysfunction, and had a longer hospital stay than the SHVE group (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both techniques are equally effective in bleeding control in major liver resections. THVE is associated with cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic alterations and may be not tolerated by some patients. SHVE is well tolerated with fewer postoperative complications and shorter hospitalization time.     

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目的对第一肝门阻断和选择性肝血流阻断(SHVE)在肝切除术的疗效进行综合比较及Meta分析。方法对1996年5月至2011年7月通过Medline、Elsevier、中国期刊全文数据库、万方数据检索、Pubmed发表的有关肝切除术中采用第一肝门阻断和SHVE进行肝血流阻断的相关随机对照研究(RCT)文献,采用Cochrance协作网提供的ReMan5.1软件用固定效应模型进行Meta分析。结果按照入选标准,有9项临床试验纳入。Meta结果显示:SHVE组术中出血量较第一肝门阻断组少131.29mL(P<0.001);手术时间SHVE组较第一肝门阻断组延长12.66min;住院时间SHVE组较第一肝门阻断组少2.68d(P<0.001);SHVE组术后肝功能衰竭发生率以及其他并发症(包括大量腹水、胸腔积液、肺部感染等)发生率较第一肝门阻断组明显降低(P<0.05);胆漏发生率两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论肝脏手术中采用选择性肝血流阻断安全可靠,相比传统第一肝门阻断减少了术中出血、缩短术后住院时间,降低了肝功能衰竭等并发症发生率。     

Selective Hepatic Vascular Exclusion versus Pringle Maneuver in Major Liver Resections: Prospective Study

Selective hepatic vascular exclusion (SHVE) and the Pringle maneuver are two methods used to control bleeding during hepatectomy. They are compared in a prospective randomized study, where 110 patients undergoing major liver resection were randomly allocated to the SHVE group or the Pringle group. Data regarding the intraoperative and postoperative courses of the patients are analyzed. Intraoperative blood loss and transfusion requirements were significantly decreased in the SHVE group, and postoperative liver function was better in that group. Although there was no difference between the two groups regarding the postoperative complications rate, patients offered the Pringle maneuver had a significantly longer hospital stay. The application of SHVE did not prolong the warm ischemia time or the total operating time. It is evident from the present study that SHVE performed by experienced surgeons is as safe as the Pringle maneuver and is well tolerated by the patients. It is much more effective than the Pringle maneuver for controlling intraoperative bleeding, and it is associated with better postoperative liver function and shorter hospital stay.     

Resection of hepatic hilar liver cancer

From January 1970 to January 1987, hepatic hilar liver cancer (or central type of hepatic cancer) resection was done in 51 cases. The resection was often extremely difficult, and sometimes complete occlusion of the hepatic blood supply was needed when the tumor lied close to, or already invaded the great blood vessels. The 1-, 3-, and 5- year postoperative survival rates were 65.7%, 45.3%, and 38.8%, respectively, in contrast to 93.8%, 86.1%, and 80.1% (P less than 0.001) obtained in 51 cases of peripheral type liver cancer of similar tumor size during the same period. It is considered that the difficulty involved in the resection of such a cancer, the limited extent of resection, and the easy entrance of tumor cells into the blood stream may explain the poor prognosis.     

Comparison of Two Methods of Selective Hepatic Vascular Exclusion for Liver Resection Involving the Roots of the Hepatic Veins

Background  Selective hepatic vascular exclusion (SHVE) is an effective hepatic vascular exclusion in controlling both inflow and outflow without interruption of caval flow, as it combines Pringle maneuver with extrahepatic selective occlusion of hepatic veins. But SHVE has not been widely used due to difficulty in extrahepatic dissection of hepatic veins. When the tumor is very close to the roots of the hepatic veins, dissecting the posterior wall of the hepatic vein may lead to rupture and massive bleeding of the hepatic vein. With our experience, clamping hepatic veins with Satinsky clamps is a safer and easier occlusion method by which the posterior wall of the hepatic veins does not need to be separated and encircled. In this report, we compared the results of selective hepatic vascular occlusion with tourniquet and Satinsky clamp for major liver resection involving the roots of the hepatic veins. Methods  Between January 2003 to June 2006, 180 patients who underwent major liver resection with SHVE were divided into two groups according to different methods of hepatic vascular occlusion: occlusion with tourniquet (tourniquet group, n = 95) and occlusion with Satinsky clamp (Satinsky clamp group, n = 85). In the tourniquet group, the hepatic veins were encircled and occluded with tourniquet. In the Satinsky clamp group, the hepatic veins were not encircled and clamped directly by Satinsky clamp. Results  Intraoperative and postoperative consequences of the patients were analyzed. The dissecting time for each hepatic vein was significantly shorter in the Satinsky group (6.2 ± 2.4 min vs 18.3 ± 6.2 min) than in the tourniquet group. In the tourniquet group, five hepatic veins (one right hepatic vein and four common trunk of left-middle hepatic veins) could not be dissected and encircled because the tumors involved the cava hepatic junction, and another common trunk of the left-middle hepatic vein had a small rupture during the dissection. These six patients then received successful occlusion with Satinsky clamp. There was no difference between the two groups regarding the operation duration, ischemia time, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative complication rate. Conclusion  Both methods of the hepatic vein occlusion have the same effect on controlling hepatic vein bleeding, but occlusion with Satinsky clamp is safer, easier, and consumes less time in dissecting. Li Ai-Jun And Pan Ze-Ya contributed equally to this work.     

Preexcisional artery reconstruction: A new strategy in multiple hepatic artery reconstruction for reducing ischemic injury of the liver

Multiple reconstructions of the hepatic arteries (HA) after cancer resection presents a surgical challenge, not only because it is technically demanding, but also because attention must be paid to potential ischemic injury to the liver caused by the prolonged ischemia. We present a novel “preexcisional artery reconstruction” method for minimizing ischemic injury of the liver. A 65‐year‐old woman presented with cholangiocarcinoma invading the HA. Pancreatoduodenectomy, resection, and multiple reconstruction of the HA were performed. First, the left hepatic artery (LHA) was reconstructed prior to the tumor resection. During this procedure, blood supply was maintained to most of the liver via the right hepatic artery (RHA). Then, resection of the tumor en bloc with the HA was performed, followed by reconstruction of the RHA. During this procedure, blood supply was maintained via the already‐reconstructed LHA, thereby limiting the ischemic area. Use of this method allowed the ischemia time and region to be divided and minimized, thereby leading to a reduced risk of ischemia‐related complications. We believe that this method may be one of the useful approaches in multiple HA reconstruction. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.     

前入路肝切除术治疗右肝巨大肿瘤

目的 评估前入路肝切除技术治疗右肝巨大肿瘤的安全性.方法 在处理右侧肝门之后,与传统肝切除技术不同的是,先沿缺血线离断肝实质,处理肝短静脉和肝右静脉;然后游离肝右叶并处理肝脏与周围结构的粘连或侵犯.结果 自2000年1月至2006年12月共对24例直径大于10 cm右肝巨大肿瘤采用前入路途径行右半肝或扩大右半肝切除术,肿瘤平均直径约15.7 cm,最大26 cm.所有病人均安全完成手术.平均术中估计失血量和术中输血量分别为734 ml和620 ml,平均手术时间296 min,无术后严重并发症和住院病死病例.结论 针对传统手术模式难以切除的右肝巨大肿瘤,前入路技术是一种安全的、应该优先选择的手术方式.