机器人与腹腔镜保脾胰体尾切除术经济效益的对比

目的:从经济效益角度探讨机器人与腹腔镜保脾胰体尾切除术的可行性。方法:回顾分析2015年1月至2015年12月收治的55例胰腺良性或交界性肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中41例行机器人胰体尾切除术(机器人组),14例行腹腔镜胰体尾切除术(腹腔镜组)。对比分析两组患者年龄、性别、体重指数、ASA分级、诊断及肿瘤直径等一般资料。分析两组保脾手术的术中出血量、手术时间、术后住院时间、主要并发症、住院费用、手术费用及西药费用等情况。结果:机器人组保脾32例,腹腔镜组保脾12例,两组保脾率、保脾手术方式、术后住院时间、术后出血及胰瘘等指标差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。但机器人组术中出血量少于腹腔镜组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与腹腔镜组相比,机器人组的住院总费用、手术费用明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:对于拥有丰富的机器人、腹腔镜胰腺手术经验的中心而言,机器人与腹腔镜保脾胰体尾切除的有效性、安全性并无差异。机器人在高难度及复杂的保脾胰体尾切除术中可能更具优势,但目前机器人手术成本较高,限制了机器人手术的推广应用。     

达芬奇机器人“3+2”模式在胰体尾切除术中的应用

目的:探讨达芬奇机器人"3+2"模式胰体尾切除术的可行性、安全性及临床应用价值。方法:回顾分析2017年6月—2018年12月60例行达芬奇机器人胰体尾切除术患者的临床资料,其中,30例行"3+2"模式机器人胰体尾切除术(观察组),即3个机械臂(2个操作臂,1个镜头臂)和2个助手,由第二助手替代经典模式下的机器人3号臂;30例行经典模式下机器人胰体尾切除术(对照组),对比两组的相关临床指标。结果:两组的基本临床资料具有可比性。两组的术中出血量、中转开腹率、输血率、术后排气时间、术后住院时间以及并发症的发生率以及计划保脾患者中的保脾率均无明显差异(均P0.05),但观察组的手术时间及手术费用较对照组均明显减少(均P0.05)。结论:采用达芬奇机器人"3+2"模式行胰体尾切除术可增强手术视野的显露,加强助手的配合,降低手术费用、缩短手术时间及学习曲线,且具有与经典模式机器人手术相似的临床疗效,该模式的远期临床疗效尚需更多的研究进一步证实。     

腹腔镜远端胰腺切除

目的 比较不同方式腹腔镜胰腺远端切除术的安全性、可行性.方法 2005年9月至2012年10月,57例胰腺体尾部肿物患者接受腹腔镜胰腺远端切除术.根据手术方式将患者分为远端胰腺及脾切除组、保留完整脾动静脉的保脾远端胰腺切除组、不保留脾动静脉的保脾远端胰腺切除组及中转开腹组.记录4组患者术中情况(包括手术时间、术中出血量、输血量等)、术后恢复情况(包括术后住院天数、并发症发生率等)以及病理资料,并进行对比分析.结果 57例患者中,5例中转开腹,52例完成腹腔镜手术(其中1例为手助).保脾手术22例(39％),非保脾手术30例(61％).4组患者手术时间、术中出血量,术后住院时间差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).无手术死亡病例,术后B级胰漏2例,无C级胰漏.结论 不同术式的腹腔镜远端胰腺切除术均是安全的,应根据患者的具体情况选择不同术式.     

保留脾脏的胰体尾切除术17例临床分析

目的 探讨保留脾脏的胰体尾切除术在治疗胰腺远端肿瘤的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2014年2月施行的17例保留脾脏的胰体尾切除术患者的资料.结果 6例患者未能成功保脾,开腹与腹腔镜手术各3例;11例患者成功行保留脾脏胰体尾切除术,其中6例行开腹手术（1例术中行脾动脉修复,1例行Warshaw法保脾）;5例行腹腔镜手术成功保脾（1例中转开腹）.保脾成功组中腹腔镜与开腹手术后发生胰漏各2例,均经保守治疗痊愈.患者均获得随访,随访时间2个月到3年,均无脾血管栓塞、脾梗死、肿瘤复发.结论 保留脾脏的胰体尾切除术是安全可靠的,值得临床进一步推广.     

机器人与腹腔镜胰体尾切除术近期疗效比较的meta分析

目的利用meta分析方法比较机器人胰体尾切除术(RDP)与腹腔镜胰体尾切除术(LDP)的近期疗效。方法计算机检索PubMed、The Cochrane Library、EMbase、中国知网、中国生物医学文献数据库及万方数据库,按文献纳入与排除标准筛选出文献并进行质量评估,提取相关数据,应用Revman 5.3软件进行meta分析。结果共计纳入23篇文献,包含3 487例行胰体尾切除术的患者。meta分析结果显示,与LDP组相比,RDP组患者的手术时间较长[MD=15.52,95%CI为(0.60,30.45),P=0.04],术中出血量更少[MD=–59.18,95%CI为(–111.62,–6.73),P=0.03],术中保脾率更高[OR=1.74,95%CI为(1.02,2.96),P=0.04],术中中转开腹率更低[OR=0.45,95%CI为(0.34,0.60),P0.000 01],术后住院时间更短[MD=–0.90,95%CI为(–1.70,–0.10),P=0.03],而2组患者的术中输血率[OR=0.88,95%CI为(0.60,1.30),P=0.52]、术后总体并发症发生率[OR=0.88,95%CI为(0.68,1.13),P=0.32]、胰瘘发生率[OR=0.91,95%CI为(0.72,1.14),P=0.41]、90 d再次入院率[OR=1.32,95%CI为(0.95,1.83),P=0.10]和90 d再次手术率[OR=0.73,95%CI为(0.40,1.33),P=0.30]比较差异均无统计学意义。结论 RDP具有出血少、术中中转开腹率低及术后住院时间短的优点,但因纳入研究的质量限制,以上结论仍需开展更多高质量的研究予以验证。     

腹腔镜远端胰腺切除的临床应用

目的 总结腹腔镜远端胰腺切除术的临床应用与手术技巧.方法 回顾性分析腹腔镜远端胰腺切除术治疗胰体尾肿瘤10例的临床资料.结果 10例胰体尾肿瘤中8例成功完成腹腔镜远端胰腺切除术,其中1例为保脾远端胰腺切除术,中转开腹手术2例,1例因胰腺癌侵及周围脏器,1例因术中出血.腹腔镜远端胰腺切除术平均手术时间为141±35 min(95～195 min),平均出血263±151 ml(100～600 ml),术后平均住院7±1 d(5～9 d),全部患者均治愈.术后病理诊断实性假乳头状瘤4例、黏液性囊腺瘤3例、胰岛细胞瘤1例,胰腺导管腺癌2例.结论 腹腔镜远端胰腺切除术最佳适应证是胰腺体尾部良性肿瘤及早期恶性肿瘤,具有创伤小、恢复快、并发症少的优点,是治疗胰体尾良性肿瘤及早期恶性肿瘤的安全有效的微创疗法.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the clinical applications and surgical technique of laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP). Method The clinical data of 10 cases of pancreatic body and tail tumors undergoing laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy were retrospectively analyzed.Results Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP) was successfully undertaken in 8 cases (including spleen preserving distal pancreatectomy in one case ). Intraoperatively two cases were converted to open surgery because of peripancreatic organs involvement by cancer in one case and massive bleeding in another case during laparoscopic procedures. The average operation time of LDP was 141 ± 35 min (95 -195 min),mean blood loss was 263 ± 151 ml( 100 -600 ml), average postoperative hospital stay was 7 ± 1 days (5 -9 days ). There was no major postoperative complications and no mortality. Final pathology was solid psedopapillary tumor in 4 cases, mucinous cystadenoma in 3 cases and islet cell tumor in 1 case, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in 2 cases, hence 80% of tumors were benign. Conclusions LDP is indicated for benign body and tail pancreatic tumors and early malignant tumor of pancreatic body and tail. Being less traumatic, and fewer complications, LDP is a safe, effective and minimally invasive therapy.     

脾结肠韧带入路的腹腔镜或机器人胰尾肿瘤切除术

目的:探讨脾结肠韧带入路的腹腔镜或机器人胰尾肿瘤切除术的临床应用及选择策略。方法:回顾分析2007年9月至2016年9月为22例胰尾良性或交界性占位病变患者经脾结肠韧带入路行腹腔镜与机器人胰尾肿瘤剜除或胰尾切除术的临床资料。结果:22例手术均顺利完成,腹腔镜手术12例,机器人手术10例(1例为单孔机器人胰岛素瘤剜除术),无一例中转幵腹。剜除术13例(59.09%),Kimura术7例(3L82%),胰尾联合脾脏切除术2例(9.09%)。术中出血量平均(77.0±87.67)ml,手术时间平均(122.47±24.02)min,术后平均住院(6.65±2.02)d。术后并发A级胰瘘2例(9.09%),未出现B级或以上胰瘘。结论:脾结肠韧带入路安全、可行,能有效降低微创胰尾手术的技术难度。对于有丰富腹腔镜与机器人胰腺切除手术经验的团队,胰尾的良性或交界恶性肿瘤的微创手术入路可优先选择脾结肠韧带入路。     

腹腔镜胰体尾切除术与开腹胰体尾切除术临床疗效对比分析

目的 对比腹腔镜胰体尾切除术（laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy,LDP）与开腹胰体尾切除术（open distal pancreatectomy,ODP）的疗效,探讨腹腔镜胰体尾切除术的优缺点.方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2014年4月施行的17例腹腔镜胰体尾切除术患者与20例开腹胰体尾切除术患者的临床资料,对比两组患者的手术及术后情况.结果 腹腔镜组术中出血量少于开腹组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜ 0.05）;腹腔镜组术后肛门排气时间、禁食时间、住院时间较开腹组短,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;腹腔镜组手术时间长于开腹组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;两组保脾率、术后并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（P＞ 0.05）,开腹组5例胰漏,1例切口感染、1例肺部感染、1例腹腔感染,腹腔镜组4例胰漏.结论 腹腔镜胰体尾切除术是安全可靠的,短期预后优于开腹组,值得临床进一步推广.     

腹腔镜保脾对比切脾的胰体尾切除术治疗胰腺肿瘤：基于倾向性得分匹配的对照研究

目的探讨腹腔镜保脾胰体尾切除术治疗胰体尾肿瘤的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析宁波市鄞州人民医院肝胆外科于2012年1月至2017年12月行腹腔镜胰体尾切除术的39例患者的临床资料,按照手术方式分为腹腔镜保脾组（n=11）和腹腔镜切脾组（n=28）。经倾向性得分配对后,两组各10例纳入研究,比较两组术中情况及术后近远期并发症情况等。结果保脾组与脾切除组手术时间[（175.3±47.6）minvs（187.6±56.7）min,P=0.15]、切除病灶直径[（31.6±3.7）mmvs（35.8±5.7）mm,P=0.069]差异无统计学意义,但保脾组术中出血量少于切脾组[（45.5±13.4）mLvs（105.9±34.7）mL,P＜0.001]。两组术后近期并发症的发生率（80%vs100%,P=0.531）、胰漏发生率（40%vs50%,P=0.650）无统计学差异。保脾组术后白细胞（WBC）峰值[（10.6±4.7）×10⁹/Lvs（15.3±5.9）×10⁹/L,P＜0.001]以及术后近期血小板（PLT）峰值[（534.0±149.4）×10¹²/Lvs（718.0±200.9）×10¹²/L）,P＜0.001]低于切脾组,生活质量（QOL）评分[（39.3±8.3）vs（27.0±9.5）,P＜0.001]优于切脾组。无一例发生爆发性感染。结论腹腔镜保脾胰体尾切除术和腹腔镜切脾胰体尾切除术具有相同的安全性和可行性,腹腔镜保脾胰体尾切除术后患者生活质量更高,血液稳定性更佳。     

腹腔镜胰体尾切除术18例

探讨腹腔镜胰体尾切除术的临床疗效及应用价值.回顾分析18例行LDP手术治疗的患者资料.其中男性7例,女性11例,平均年龄(54.1±13.6)岁.18例患者中,除1例中转开腹,其余均顺利完成LDP,其中13例行LDP联合脾脏切除术,5例采用Kimura法行腹腔镜保留脾脏胰体尾切除术.平均手术时间(270.8±98.9)...     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.