腹腔镜手术与射频消融治疗肝血管瘤的临床疗效对比分析

目的评价腹腔镜手术与射频消融治疗肝血管瘤的临床疗效对比研究,探讨其临床适用性。方法 2009年5月至2014年5月就诊的57例肝血管瘤患者随机分为腹腔镜组29例和射频消融组28例,采用SPSS13.0进行数据统计,手术时间、住院时间和术中出血量,治疗前后疼痛评分比较采用t检验;术后并发症比较采用χ~2检验,P0.05时差异具有统计学意义。结果对于直径在5~10 cm的肝血管瘤,射频消融组患者的手术时间和术中出血量均明显低于腹腔镜组,差异有统计学意义(t=30.131、47.868,P=0.000);治疗后疼痛评分两组均明显改善,且腹腔镜组患者的改善情况优于射频消融组(t=7.918,P=0.000)。射频消融组患者并发症发生率为14.28%(4/28),腹腔镜组患者并发症发生率为13.79%(4/29),差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.00,P=0.957 3);对于直径在10 cm以上的肝血管瘤,射频消融组所有患者均需进行2次的射频消融术,其中1例患者因首次手术后发生溶血性黄疸未进行第2次手术,腹腔镜组患者1例出现大出血而中转开腹手术。所有患者均未出现肝功能衰竭、腹腔出血等严重并发症,未出现死亡病例。结论两种手术方法在治疗较小的肝血管瘤方面疗效相当,但腹腔镜手术较射频消融术术后疼痛明显轻,对于较大的肝血管瘤腹腔镜手术相对有优势。     

腹腔镜加强型射频消融治疗直径》5cm肝血管瘤的临床疗效分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜加强型射频消融术治疗直径〉5 cm肝血管瘤的疗效和技术要点.方法 22例肝血管瘤（直径〉5 cm）应用最新的加强型射频消融电极[StarBurst（R） Xli-enhanced RFA]进行腹腔镜射频治疗,采用腹腔镜超声定位穿刺血管瘤主要供血区域,逐步法张开电极,改变射频电极位置,治疗范围以覆盖整个瘤体及周边0.5～1 cm正常肝组织为标准.结果 22例均安全地完成腹腔镜射频消融术,单个病灶射频消融时间为（81.9±18.5） min,手术时间为（96.5±15.4） min,出血量为（74.7±32.8） ml.术后2例出现明显血红蛋白尿,未发生腹腔出血、胃肠道损伤、膈肌损伤及肝衰竭等并发症.术后1个月螺旋CT增强扫描证实,瘤体完全消融率达95.5%.术后无症状再发,复查B超见病灶明显缩小,血供完全消失,定期复查B超未见血管瘤复发.结论 腹腔镜加强型射频消融术治疗直径〉5 cm肝血管瘤是安全有效的治疗方法,可进一步扩大射频消融术的手术指征.     

腹腔镜与CT引导下射频消融治疗横膈下肝血管瘤的对比研究

目的 比较CT和腹腔镜路径射频消融(radiofrequency ablation,RFA)治疗横膈下方肝血管瘤的安全性和有效性.方法 回顾性分析RFA治疗43例患者的43个膈下肝血管瘤的临床资料,19例接受CT引导下经皮RFA治疗(CT组),24例接受腹腔镜路径RFA治疗(腹腔镜组).结果 43例肝血管瘤的直径为6.0～11.8cm,平均(9.4±1.7 cm).2组患者血管瘤直径差异无统计学意义(t=0.42,P＞0.05).所有患者均顺利完成RFA治疗,无技术失败.两组消融时间差异无统计学意义(t=0.07,P＞0.05).CT组和腹腔镜组完全消融率分别为94.7％(18/19)和91.7％(22/24)(Fisher,P＞0.05).RFA治疗后,15例患者发生21例次胸部并发症,其中CT组13例患者(68.4％,13/19),腹腔镜组2例患者(8.3％,2/24)(Fisher,P＜0.05).2例出现严重并发症(胸腔积液和膈肌破裂,Ⅲ级),均发生在CT组,其余为轻微并发症(Ⅰ级).所有轻微并发症经保守治疗痊愈,2例严重并发症分别通过胸腔引流和胸腔镜手术治愈.结论 腹腔镜路径下RFA治疗膈下肝血管瘤可明显降低胸部并发症发生率,是膈下肝血管瘤首选的治疗方案.     

微波消融与肝动脉栓塞治疗肝血管瘤的对照研究

目的:比较微波消融与肝动脉栓塞治疗肝血管瘤的疗效.方法:对2009年1月-2012年4月院收治的70例肝海绵状血管瘤患者随机分为消融组(37例,在局部麻醉B超引导下穿刺定位或全麻后腹腔镜直视下穿刺肝血管瘤微波消融治疗)和栓塞组(33例,采用超选择性肝血管瘤动脉注射平阳霉素碘油乳剂栓塞治疗),对比观察两种治疗方法的效果.结果:术后6个月,消融组有9例(24.32％)血管瘤残留血供,进行第2次微波消融治疗;栓塞组有18例(54.55％)血管瘤残留血供,进行2次治疗(肝动脉栓塞治疗13例,微波消融治疗5例).术后12个月随访,消融组31例(83.78％)瘤体缩小幅度达75％以上,瘤体血供完全消失,6例(16.22％)瘤体缩小＜75％,瘤体血供大部分消失;栓塞组15例(45.45％)瘤体缩小达75％以上,瘤体血供完全消失,18例(54.55％)进行2次治疗后瘤体缩小＜75％,瘤体血供大部分消失,两组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论:微波消融治疗肝海绵状血管瘤效果可靠,且在缩小瘤体和减少病灶血供上优于肝动脉栓塞术.     

联合射频电波刀治疗的改良大汗腺清除术临床效果观察

目的 探讨联合射频电波刀治疗的改良大汗腺清除术和大汗腺清除术治疗腋臭的疗效差异.方法 将105例210侧腋臭患者,随机分为两组,A组(38例,76侧)采用大汗腺清除术治疗,B组(67例,134侧)采用联合射频电波刀的改良大汗腺清除术治疗,观察两组切口愈合及并发症情况,并于术后6个月至1年比较两组的临床疗效.结果 两组术后均未发生皮瓣坏死等严重并发症.腋臭治愈率A、B两组分别为82.89％ (63/76)和92.54％(124/134),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);腋毛明显减少的有效率A、B两组分别为42.1％和59.7％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组术后血肿发生率则无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组复发率比较,A组为9.21％,B组为1.49％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 应用联合射频电波刀的改良大汗腺清除术,可以最大限度暴露顶泌汗腺组织,清除顶泌汗腺和毛囊更彻底,术后腋毛明显减少,可降低腋臭的复发率.     

射频止血系统在腹腔镜肝血管瘤剥离术中的应用

目的探讨射频止血系统在肝血管瘤剥离术中应用的可行性及效果。方法回顾性分析2016年8月至2018年3月在十堰市太和医院行腹腔镜肝血管瘤剥离术治疗的37例病人的临床资料。根据术中是否使用射频止血系统分为A、B两组,A组为利用射频止血系统行瘤体剥离(25例),B组常规使用超声刀行剥离术(12例),比较两组病人术中出血及术后恢复情况。结果两组中3例未能成功行腹腔镜肝血管瘤剥离术,中转开腹行肝血管瘤切除术(A组2例,B组1例),余均成功行腹腔镜肝血管瘤剥离术。A组手术时间较B组明显延长[(240±20) min比(198±11) min,P0.05],术中出血量A组为(412±220) ml,B组为(550±372) ml,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。而两组肝门阻断时间、术后肝功能情况无明显差异;B组术后引流量为(288±62)ml,多于A组的(211±41) ml(P0.05)。A组术后引流管拔管时间短于B组(P0.05);术后胃肠功能恢复时间A组为(2.1±1.5) d,快于B组的(4.3±2.7) d(P0.05)。两组病人术后未发生腹腔出血、肝衰竭及死亡。结论应用射频止血系统行肝血管瘤剥离术,能够减少术中出血及创伤,加快术后康复。     

超声引导下射频消融术与乙醇消融术治疗良性甲状腺囊实性结节效果对比研究

目的比较超声引导下射频消融术与乙醇消融术治疗良性甲状腺囊实性结节的效果。方法前瞻性纳入2017-01—2019-01间于黄河水利委员会黄河中心医院行超声引导下良性甲状腺囊实性结节消融术的62例患者,按照消融方法不同分为乙醇组(行乙醇消融)和射频组(行射频消融),各31例。比较2组并发症发生率,术后6个月不同体积结节体积缩小率,术后1、3、6个月结节体积缩小率。结果 2组并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。射频组术后6个月不同体积结节体积缩小率高于乙醇组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);射频组术后1、3、6个月结节体积缩小率高于乙醇组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论超声引导下射频消融术和乙醇消融术治疗良性甲状腺囊实性结节患者的安全性差异无统计学意义,其中射频消融术可促进结节消融,但仍需随机、前瞻性、大样本对照研究予以证实。     

肝细胞癌切除术后复发的RFA微创治疗

目的:探讨肝细胞癌切除术后复发患者采用射频消融术(RFA)治疗的临床效果。方法:选取2008—2012年收治的97例肝细胞癌切除术后复发患者作为观察对象,其中再次治疗采用射频消融术者58例(射频组)、选择采用无水酒精注射治疗者39例(无水酒精组),比较两组肿瘤复发治疗效果。结果:病灶≤3 cm和3 cm者,射频组的治疗次数均低于无水酒精组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);病灶≤3 cm者,射频组灭活率为90.24%,无水酒精组为80.00%,组间比较无统计学差异(P0.05);病灶3 cm者,射频组病灶灭活率明显高于无水酒精组(82.61%vs.50.00%,P0.05)。射频组并发症率低于无水酒精组但无统计学差异(31.03%vs.41.03%,P0.05);射频组末次治疗后的1、2、3年存活率分别为84.48%、62.07%、43.01%均明显高于无水酒精组的64.10%、42.03%、20.51%,差异均有统计学意义(P005);射频组总生存中位时间明显长于无水酒精组(18个月vs.13个月,Log-rankχ2=5.566,P=0.018)。结论:肝细胞癌切除术后复发采用射频消融术治疗临床疗效良好。     

冲击波联合局部注射治疗腰背肌筋膜疼痛综合征

目的 观察冲击波联合局部注射治疗腰背肌筋膜疼痛综合征的疗效.方法 将66例腰背肌筋膜疼痛综合征患者分为三组:冲击波治疗组(A组),局部注射治疗组(B组),冲击波联合局部注射组(C组).记录三组治疗前后的VAS评分.结果 A、B组间的疗效差异没有统计学意义,A、C组间疗效差异具有统计学意义(P=0.015);B、C组间疗效比较差异具有统计学意义(P=0.003).结论 冲击波联合局部注射治疗腰背肌筋膜疼痛综合征较单纯应用冲击波和单纯注射治疗的疗效更好.     

经皮射频消融治疗肝脏巨大血管瘤疗效观察

[摘 要] 目的 观察经皮射频消融术（PRFA）治疗肝脏巨大血管瘤（5 cm≤直径≤15 cm）的安全性及可行性。方法 回顾性分析2014年6月至2017年6月于达州市中心医院行手术治疗的78例肝巨大血管瘤患者的病例资料,其中42例行PRFA治疗（A组）,36例行传统开放手术治疗（B组）,通过比较手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、住院费用、术后临床治愈率等指标,评价两种方案的疗效,观察两组患者在治疗过程中出现的不良反应或并发症,评估治疗安全性。结果 所有患者在治疗过程中均未发生严重的并发症,无一例死亡。两组术后1个月、6个月临床治愈率、术后并发症发生率无统计学差异（P > 0.05）;但两组在手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、住院费用上存在差异,且具有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。结论 PRFA和传统开放手术治疗肝巨大血管瘤疗效相当,均具有较好的安全性;经皮射频消融术治疗肝巨大血管瘤具有微创、痛苦小、出血量少、手术时间短、住院费用低的优点。严格掌握手术适应证,选择个体化治疗方式,PRFA可为肝巨大血管瘤患者的治疗提供一种替代选择途径。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.