阻断胸交感神经干治疗头面部多汗58例随访结果报告

目的:评价胸腔镜下阻断胸交感神经干夹闭术治疗头面部多汗的远期疗效。方法:双腔或单腔气管插管全麻,患者取侧卧位,单肺通气,取腋中线第2~3肋间、腋后线4~5肋间穿入7mm与4.5mm Trocar,放入手术器械与胸腔镜光学视管,找到交感神经链,用钛夹夹闭T2、T2下缘、T3或T4处交感神经干。膨肺,缝合或粘合切口。将体位改为右侧卧位,改变体位行对侧手术。电话随访术后1个月后的患者。结果:58例头面部多汗患者,手术时间30~130m in,平均(63.1±20.1)m in。25例患者术中发现有神经侧支,做了相应的侧支切断或夹闭术,术后2~3d出院。对术后超过1个月的54例患者进行随访,共随访到47例(87.0%),随访时间1~18个月,平均随访6.2个月。随访术后头汗、鼻部出汗、手汗、脚汗、腋汗、脸红、颈部出汗的消失率分别为97.9%、100%、100%、75%、60%、91.7%、100%。1例复发经再次手术治愈。术后代偿性出汗的总发生率为95.7%。后背、前胸、小腿、大腿、腹部、脚、腋下代偿性出汗的发生率分别为89.4%、87.2%、51.1%、44.7%、12.8%、6.4%、4.3%。对手术效果“非常满意”、“满意”、“不满意”分别为34.0%、63.8%、2.1%。总的满意率接近98%。术后7~10d均能恢复正常学习工作和体育锻炼。结论:胸腔镜下用钛夹夹闭第2肋表面胸交感神经干治疗头面部多汗,手术成功率高,手术安全,远期随访满意率高。     

夹闭胸交感神经治疗头面部多汗症失败再手术1例报告

胸腔镜胸交感神经阻断术已经被用来治疗头面部多汗[1],我们在连续100例手术中出现1例第1次术后左侧手术无效,经第2次手术后达到双侧有效的病例,这种病例文献中尚未见报道,现报道如下。患者男,50岁。2005年4月因“头面部多汗,手汗,颜面潮红40余年”收入我院,患者自幼在紧张、运动和环境温度较高时头面部会立刻出现大量的汗珠,沿面颊流下,并伴手汗和脸红。病情随年龄逐渐加重至青春期后稳定。近20余年来症状无明显加重或减轻。中西医治疗多年无效。入院次日行手术治疗。双腔气管插管全麻,先左侧卧位,消毒铺单,左侧单肺通气,取腋中线第3~4肋间…     

电视胸腔镜胸交感神经干切断术治疗手汗症50例

目的探讨电视胸腔镜胸交感神经干切断术治疗手汗症疗效。方法双腔气管插管全麻,45°半坐位,两臂外展90°固定。术侧腋中线第5肋间做0.5~1.5 cm切口为胸腔镜观察孔,腋前线第3肋间胸大肌后做0.3~0.5 cm切口为操作孔,电视胸腔镜下行T2~T4交感神经干切断术。结果50例术后双手立即干燥、红润,手温升高0.2~4.6℃。3例术后少量气胸(肺压缩10%~20%),未发生霍纳综合征等严重并发症。31例术后3~15 d出现代偿性多汗,轻度11例,中度20例,多汗部位前胸13例,后背11例,腹部2例,大腿4例,小腿1例。50例随访1~14个月,平均7个月,无复发。结论电视胸腔镜胸交感神经干切断术是治疗手汗症安全、可行、有效的方法。     

胸腔镜联合腹腔镜行胸段食管癌手术8例

1999年我们采用电视胸腔镜 (ＶＡＴＳ)联合腹腔镜行胸段食管癌手术 8例 ,效果良好。现报告如下。临床资料　本组中男 6例 ,女 2例 ;年龄 45～ 6 9岁 ,平均5 5岁。上段食管癌 1例 ,中段食管癌 5例 ,下段食管癌 2例。肿瘤长度 2 0～ 7 0ｃｍ。病理分期ＩＩａ期 3例 ,ＩＩｂ期 4例 ,ＩＩＩ期 1例。手术方法　胸部操作行双腔气管插管单肺通气 ,左侧90°卧位 ,右胸入路。于腋中线第 3肋间和第 7肋间、腋前线第 4肋间、腋后线偏后第 6肋间作 4个套管孔。胸腔镜探查决定能根治后 ,用内镜分离钳尽可能长的游离奇静脉并离断 ,两断端双重钛夹钳夹和丝…     

电视纵隔镜胸交感神经链切断术治疗手汗症55例报告

目的探讨电视纵隔镜胸交感神经链切断术治疗手汗症的可行性. 方法双腔气管插管全麻,30°～45°半坐位,两臂外展90°,电视纵隔镜从腋前线第3肋间小切口置入,电钩切断T2～T4交感神经链. 结果手术时间20～40 min,平均30 min.单纯手汗合并而部及腋窝多汗均消失,双手温度上升1.5～3 ℃,温暖而干燥.住院3～7 d,平均4 d.无严重并发症发生,轻度皮下气肿伴气胸3例,背部代偿性多汗5例. 结论电视纵隔镜胸交感神经链切断术治疗手汗症可行.比常规电视胸腔镜减少1～2个切口,操作简单,病人易于接受,可部分取代电视胸腔镜手术.     

针型胸腔镜胸交感神经干切断术治疗手汗症

目的 探讨针型胸腔镜胸交感神经切断术治疗手汗症的安全性和有效性.方法 2004年3月-2005年4月,采用2 mm针型胸腔镜和器械治疗手汗症患者62例,其中男性23例、女性39例,年龄12～53岁,平均23岁.16例患者为手掌中度出汗,46例为重度出汗;8例合并明显腋下出汗.全身麻醉双腔气管插管,依次完成双侧胸交感神经干切断术,对单纯手汗症,仅将位于第2和第3肋骨头表面的交感神经干切断;对合并腋下多汗者,同时切断第4肋骨头表面的交感神经干,术中通过手掌温度和血流量监测判断疗效.结果 全组手术顺利,术毕患者手掌多汗的症状即消失,术中监测交感神经干切断前后手掌温度平均升高2.4℃,手掌血流量明显增加.术后平均住院1.2 d.54例（87%）患者1周内恢复正常的学习、工作或生活.随访1～13个月,平均6.3个月,手汗症状无一例复发,足底多汗和腋下出汗均有明显好转,26例（42%）患者出现代偿性多汗,均能耐受.结论 针型胸腔镜胸交感神经干切断术治疗手汗症安全、有效,较常规胸腔镜手术更为微创.     

胸外科

连枷胸的机械通气治疗；兔胸部撞击伤后呼吸功能的改变；重组人生长激素在胸部外伤伴有呼吸困难老年病人中的应用；胸腔镜钛夹夹闭胸交感神经干治疗头面部多汗10例报告；电视胸腔镜辅助胸腺切除术；先天性食管闭锁及气管食管瘘16例临床分析；食管结核的电视胸腔镜诊断与治疗（附8例报告）；电视胸腔镜食管癌切除术；电视胸腔镜食管下段肌层切开术（改良Heller术）治疗贲门失弛缓症（附21例报告）；纵隔镜及腹腔镜下食管癌切除术（附两例报告）；腹腔镜食管裂孔疝修补7例分析；血管内皮生长因子反义核糖核酸对人肺癌的抗血管生成作用；肺癌相关基因LSCC-3的差异性表达及其与临床和病理的关系；多基因表达预测可手术ⅢA期非小细胞肺癌新辅助化疗疗效的探讨；126例Ⅲa期非小细胞肺癌的外科治疗；电视胸腔镜辅助胸壁小切口肺叶切除术；电视胸腔镜手术治疗转移性肺肿瘤；电视胸腔镜手术治疗自发性气胸150例；电视胸腔镜辅助胸部小切口在肺大疱切除中的应用；气管、支气管成形肺切除术治疗中央型肺癌；心包内处理肺血管全肺切除治疗中晚期肺癌；全肺切除术后围手术期并发症的临床分析；胸骨下段正中小切口在心脏外科的应用。[编者按]     

完全胸腔镜下纵隔肿瘤切除术45例

目的探讨完全胸腔镜手术在纵隔肿瘤切除术中的应用。方法完全胸腔镜下行纵隔肿瘤切除术45例。全麻,双腔或单腔插管。根据肿瘤所在的部位不同,体位采用健侧卧位或患侧抬高30°卧位。后纵隔肿瘤镜孔位置位于第7、8肋间腋中线,操作孔在第3、4或5肋间腋前线和腋后线。前纵隔肿瘤镜孔位于第5肋间腋后线,操作孔位于第3肋间以及第5肋间腋前线。手术孔的长度约1.5cm。首先做一镜孔,插入30°腔镜探查,根据肿瘤位置,分别做一主操作孔和一辅助操作孔,3个手术孔成一个三角形。经操作孔分离胸腔内粘连,钝性加锐性分离肿瘤,滋养血管镜下丝线结扎或钛夹夹闭。肿瘤置于标本袋内取出胸腔。结果 45例均在完全胸腔镜下完成纵隔肿瘤切除术,不需要辅助小切口,无中转开胸。手术时间20～230min,平均110.4min。39例术后胸腔闭式引流管放置时间18～94h,平均26.7h;其余6例未放胸腔闭式引流管。术后住院时间1～12d,平均4.5d。无肺炎、肺不张等肺部并发症。术后病理:神经源性肿瘤18例,胸腺瘤12例,畸胎类肿瘤5例,淋巴性肿瘤4例,囊肿4例,脂肪瘤1例,平滑肌瘤1例。30例随访3～23个月,平均11个月,复发1例。结论完全胸腔镜下可以对纵隔肿瘤完成分离、切割、缝合、打结等操作,安全可行,纵隔肿瘤应首选完全胸腔镜手术。     

电视辅助胸腔镜钳闭治疗动脉导管未闭

目的总结电视辅助胸腔镜钳闭未闭动脉导管的经验。方法用电视辅助胸腔镜技术对130例动脉导管未闭患儿进行了手术。在全麻和单侧肺通气的情况下,在左侧第3肋间脊柱肩胛骨旁做2cm的切口,用以导入器械。在左侧第4肋间腋中线做相似的切口以导入镜头。在左侧第3肋间胸骨旁2cm和左侧第4肋间胸骨旁1cm各做1孔,用以放入长而钝的神经钩暴露术野。通过器械窗导入持Ethicon1cm钛夹的持夹器钳闭未闭的动脉导管。整个手术过程在电视荧屏上观看,食管B超和床边B超监测术中和术后的效果。结果本组患儿,平均年龄（2.8±1.2）岁,平均体重（7.9±4.5）kg,平均肺动脉压（35±7）mmHg。合并心内畸形包括房间隔缺损2例,室间隔缺损3例。平均动脉导管直径（6.8±3.1）mm。手术平均时间（30±19）min。术后残余分流4例,开胸结扎残余分流导管3例,喉返神经麻痹3例,5例转为开胸结扎。本组无手术死亡病例,无术后出血、手术输血、乳糜胸患儿。结论电视辅助胸腔镜钳闭未闭的动脉导管是治疗动脉导管未闭的一种较好方法,具有安全、快速、费用少、效果好、易学的特点。     

胸腔镜下胸交感神经干切断术的临床研究(附200例报告)

目的总结胸腔镜胸交感神经干切断术200例的临床经验.方法分析2003年1月～2005年4月经胸腔镜胸交感神经干T2～T4切断术治疗手汗症的临床资料.结果200例手术均获成功,术后患者手掌多汗症状消失,双手转为干燥温暖状,术后掌温升高(3.1±0.9)℃;192例术后随访1～28个月,平均18.4月,无一例复发,术后转移代偿性多汗52例(27.1%).结论胸交感神经干切断术是治疗手汗症安全、微创和有效的方法.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.