肿瘤科护士死亡焦虑现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解肿瘤科护士死亡焦虑现状及影响因素,为针对性干预提供参考。方法 采用一般资料调查表、死亡焦虑量表、自尊量表及死亡应对能力量表对河北省7所医院的441名肿瘤科护士进行调查。结果 肿瘤科护士死亡焦虑总分为7.66±1.91;死亡焦虑与自尊及死亡应对能力呈负相关（均P＜0.05）。多因素分析结果显示,薪资、参加死亡教育、自尊及死亡应对能力是死亡焦虑的主要影响因素（均P<0.05）,可解释总变异的59.0%。结论 肿瘤科护士死亡焦虑处于较高水平,受多种因素的影响;医院管理者应予以重视,并制订和落实针对性干预方案以缓解肿瘤科护士死亡焦虑情绪。     

医联体医院护士静脉治疗核心能力现况及影响因素研究

目的 调查医联体医院护士静脉治疗核心能力现状,分析影响因素,以完善其静脉治疗培训方案、 提高护士核心能力。 方法 采用方便抽样法,选取陕西省8所医联体医院2 405名护士为研究对象。采用一般资料调查表、护士静脉治疗核心能力评价量表及一般自我效能感量表进行调查。 结果 2 405名医联体医院护士静脉治疗核心能力总分为115.67±22.78,一般自我效能感总分为32.20±6.13;多元线性回归结果显示,是否参加过静脉治疗相关培训及一般自我效能感是护士静脉治疗核心能力的影响因素（均P＜0.05）,共解释总变异的43.0%。 结论 医联体医院护士静脉治疗核心能力处于中等偏上水平,参加过静脉治疗相关培训和一般自我效能感较高的护士其静脉治疗核心能力较好。护理管理者可加强相关培训,并通过提升护士的一般自我效能感,进而提高其静脉治疗核心能力。     

肿瘤科护士正念自我照护现状及影响因素调查

目的 探索肿瘤科护士正念自我照护现状及其影响因素，为构建正念自我照护方案以改善肿瘤科护士心理健康提供参考。 方法 采用便利抽样法抽取辽宁省锦州市、沈阳市、大连市14所三甲医院的371名肿瘤科护士作为研究对象，采用一般资料调查表、中文版心理健康素养量表、领悟社会支持量表、自我同情量表和中文版简短正念自我照护量表进行调查，采用多因素分层回归分析探索影响肿瘤科护士正念自我照护水平的关键因素。 结果 肿瘤科护士的正念自我照护总分为（59.30±10.70）分；正念自我照护总分及其各维度得分与其心理健康素养、领悟社会支持、自我同情总分呈正相关（均P＜0.05）；控制一般资料后，心理健康素养、领悟社会支持、自我同情是影响肿瘤科护士正念自我照护水平的独立因素，能解释了39.6%的变异量（均P＜0.05）。 结论 肿瘤科护士正念自我照护水平处于较低水平，护理管理者应针对主要影响因素加以教育干预，以进一步提升肿瘤科护士的正念自我照护水平。     

肿瘤科护士角色清晰度对体面劳动感的影响研究

目的 探讨肿瘤科护士角色清晰度对体面劳动感的影响,为采取针对性措施提高护士体面劳动感提供参考。方法 采用一般资料问卷、角色清晰度量表、体面劳动感知量表对湖南省5所三级医院336名肿瘤科护士进行调查。结果 肿瘤科护士角色清晰度得分（30.50±5.16）分、体面劳动感得分（47.98±6.09）分。角色清晰度与体面劳动感呈正相关（r=0.257,P＜0.05）,分层回归分析显示,是否接受过灵性教育培训、月收入、角色清晰度是肿瘤科护士体面劳动感的影响因素（均P＜0.05）,其中角色清晰度可独立解释5.4%体面劳动感的变异。结论 肿瘤科护士体面劳动感处于中等水平。管理者应及时引导护士,形成对自身角色的正确认知,提高其体面劳动感。     

肿瘤科护士自杀“守门人”培训效果评价

目的 探讨肿瘤科护士自杀“守门人”培训效果,以提高护士预防患者自杀能力。方法 选择56名肿瘤科护士作为研究对象,成立培训小组,根据自杀“守门人”Living Works培训体系,参考自杀学和肿瘤心理学相关文献制订培训方案,并对其进行自杀预防基础知识概述、自杀风险评估、自杀干预训练、随访与事后成长4次培训。结果 培训后,肿瘤科护士的自我效能感、自杀警告信号意识总分及各维度评分显著高于培训前,且自杀预防知识正确率显著高于培训前(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论 自杀“守门人”培训有利于提升肿瘤科护士的自我效能感,增强识别自杀警告信号能力,并提高肿瘤科护士的自杀预防知识。     

护士临床沟通能力调查及相关因素分析

目的了解护士临床沟通能力的现状并分析其相关因素,为临床护士沟通能力培训提供依据。方法采用分层整群抽样法抽取长沙市二、三级医院临床护士1 009名,采用护士临床沟通能力量表及一般自我效能量表进行调查。结果护士临床沟通能力得分为3.93±0.49,其一般自我效能得分为26.03±5.06。不同医院级别、工作时间、职称、学历、职务、沟通知识储备及沟通培训次数的护士临床沟通能力评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。一般自我效能、沟通知识储备、沟通培训次数、职务、医院级别是影响护士临床沟通能力的主要因素(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论护士临床沟通能力有待进一步提高,护士需接受更多沟通能力培训;在进行护士临床沟通能力培训时应根据不同的工作时间、职称、职务、学历分层次培训,培训中应注意提高护士的自我效能,同时应将困难情景沟通作为培训的重点。     

肿瘤科护士自我关怀干预方案设计及实施

目的 评价肿瘤科护士自我关怀干预方案的干预效果。方法 基于自我关怀存在理论设计自我关怀干预方案,用于30名肿瘤科护士。在干预前、干预后即刻、1个月、3个月使用护士自我关怀量表、自我同情量表、注意觉察量表对护士进行调查,以评价干预效果。结果 肿瘤科护士4个时间点自我关怀总分及自我关怀意识、知识的掌握、健康自我保持维度评分比较,差异有统计学意义,自我同情总分及孤立感、自我评判、过渡沉迷维度评分比较,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）,且干预后的评分显著高于干预前。结论 自我关怀干预有利于提高肿瘤科护士的自我关怀水平,增强护士的自我同情,改善护士的心理健康。     

肿瘤科护士的心理压力分析与应对措施

目的:为了解肿瘤科护士工作压力来源,探讨其工作压力的相关因素,以期提出减轻肿瘤科护士工作压力,维护其群体心理健康的有效措施,增强护士的工作能力和应激能力,不断提高护理质量.方法:通过对我院肿瘤科护士实际工作中压力状况及来源进行分析,提出有针对性的应对措施.结果:肿瘤科护士的压力源主来自患者,环境,工作本身,工作量等方面.     

自我效能感在护士感知的高绩效工作系统与工作幸福感间的中介作用

目的 探讨护士感知的高绩效工作系统、一般自我效能感及工作幸福感之间的关系。方法采用感知高绩效工作系统量表、一般自我效能感、工作幸福感量表,对327名护士进行调查。结果护士感知的高绩效工作系统得分为（64.21±9.54）分,一般自我效能感得分为（30.61±6.57）分;护士工作幸福感中积极情感和工作满意度维度与感知的高绩效工作系统呈正相关（均P<0.05）;积极情感和工作满意度维度与一般自我效能感呈正相关（均P<0.05）;感知的高绩效工作系统与一般自我效能感呈正相关（P<0.05）,一般自我效能感是护士感知的高绩效工作系统和积极情感的中介变量,中介效应占总效应的17.25%,一般自我效能感是护士感知的高绩效工作系统和工作满意度的中介变量,中介效应占总效应的27.65%。结论护士感知的高绩效工作系统和一般自我效能感影响护士的工作幸福感水平,医院建立一套科学合理的高绩效工作系统可以提高护士的工作幸福感,同时自我效能的提高也会使护士的工作幸福感提高。     

合同护士工作倦怠影响因素的相关性研究

目的了解合同护士工作倦怠现状及相关影响因素。方法采用护士工作倦怠问卷、护士工作压力源量表、简易应对方式问卷、社会支持评定量表、明尼苏达满意度问卷（压缩版）对130名合同护士进行问卷调查。结果合同护士情感衰竭、去人性化维度得分显著高于国内护士（均P〈0.01）,而个人成就感维度得分显著低于国内护士（P〈0.01）;合同护士情感衰竭的主要影响因素为患者护理方面的问题、消极应对、积极应对、总体工作满意度;去人性化的主要影响因素为患者护理方面的问题、支持利用度;个人成就感的主要影响因素为积极应对、患者护理方面的问题及客观支持。结论管理者应关注合同护士工作倦怠的状况,通过缓解工作压力,提高积极应对能力、社会支持水平及其工作满意度,降低合同护士的工作倦怠水平。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.