Characteristics of the receptors in the isolated capsule of the hip in the cat

Summary The properties of the afferent fibres from the capsule of the hip joint have been studied in the cat in situ, in relation to joint rotation, and in an isolated capsule preparation which was opened and stretched directly with an actuator.In situ two types of afferent fibres were found, those having a full range of sensitivity and others having only a limited range in response to the joint rotation. When studied in isolated tissue the afferent fibres of the capsule were uniform in threshold and sensitivities, and no full range receptors were found. We conclude that the full range receptors which enter the articular nerve of the hip are spindle afferents and not capsule receptors. On the basis of these and previous results in animals and man the role of joint receptors in kinaesthesia and position sense is discussed.

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Résumé Les auteurs ont étudié les propriétés des nerfs afférents à la capsule de la hanche, chez le chat en imprimant à l'articulation des mouvements de rotation et sur des préparations de capsule isolée et ouverte en l'étirant directement grâce à un dispositif mécanique.In situ, on a trouvé deux types de nerfs afférents, les uns ayant en réponse à la rotation articulaire une étendue complète de sensibilité et les autres seulement une sensibilité limitée. Sur la capsule isolée les nerfs afférents sont indentiques en ce qui concerne le seuil et la sensibilité et on ne trouve aucun récepteur complet. On en conclut que les récepteurs de toute l'étendue de la sensibilité qui pénètrent les nerfs articulaires de la hanche sont des fibres en fuseau d'origine musculaire et non des récepteurs capsulaires. Sur ces bases et sur les résultats précédemment obtenus chez l'animal et chez l'homme, les auteurs discutent le rôle des récepteurs articulaires dans la cénesthésie et le sens des positions.

     

On the measurement of the functional properties of the CFTR

A number of methods are currently employed to assess the functional properties of CFTR channels and their response to pharmacological potentiators, correction of the defective CFTR trafficking, and vectorial introduction of new proteins. Here we review the most common methods used to assess CFTR channel function. The suitability of each technique to various experimental conditions is discussed.     

带蒂皮瓣蒂部及供瓣区处理方法的改进

目的介绍带蒂皮瓣蒂部及供瓣区封闭方法及临床应用。方法临床应用102例患者,带蒂皮瓣切取后,供瓣区直接缝合或采用邻近皮瓣修复,然后将供受区创缘缝合串联在一起,再将带蒂皮瓣转位覆盖。结果术后带蒂皮瓣成活良好。供瓣区直接缝合者86例,采用邻近皮瓣修复供瓣区者16例9,9例（97.1%）所有切口均一期愈合。结论采用本方法有利于供瓣区的封闭及皮瓣成活,操作简单,后期较为美观。     

胫骨平台骨折与膝关节功能关系的研究

目的探讨胫骨平台骨折复位后的骨折位置情况与膝关节功能的关系。方法对46例胫骨平台骨折患者治疗前后进行螺旋CT三维重建检查,了解关节面损伤、复位情况并作出相应的影像学评分（包括胫骨平台移位程度评分、损伤面积评分、粉碎程度评分、总评分）,治疗后6、12、18个月随访并对膝关节功能进行评价。将影像学评分与膝关节功能评分进行相关性分析。结果胫骨平台骨折移位程度评分为15.09分±2.19分,损伤面积评分为3.60分±0.98分,粉碎程度评分为2.18分±0.21分,总评分为20.55分±3.91分。膝关节功能评分为27.7分±3.14分。结论在胫骨平台骨折中,就骨折因素而言,膝关节的功能与平台治疗后整个的位置情况相关。在膝关节稳定情况下,胫骨平台一定范围的骨折移位（塌陷或增宽〈10 mm）在近期内对膝关节的功能影响不大。     

The Central Role of the Nose in the Face and the Psyche: Review of the Nose and the Psyche

Background According to statistics released by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons in 2006, rhinoplasty is one of the most sought after aesthetic surgeries by ethnic patients and teenagers. It also is the most requested aesthetic operation by patients with body dysmorphic disorder. The psychosocial aspect of rhinoplasty is undeniable. Tagliacozzi in 1567 and Joseph more than a century ago were already aware of this aspect. Methods Using the terms “rhinoplasty,” “patients selection,” “psychological aspect,” and psychological outcome,” 30 studies were selected through searches of the MEDLINE, PUBMED, and EMBASE databases,. This review aimed to analyze how the most acknowledged experts of psychology, facial plastic surgery, and plastic surgery who have worked on the psychological outcome for rhinoplasty during the past century considered the nose–psyche relationship and the influence of rhinoplasty at the psychological level. Results The link between rhinoplasty, psychology, and social environment has been discussed by many important authors during the past century. All of them, independently of their field of study, have stressed that it is critical for surgeons to be aware of their responsibility regarding both the physical and emotional levels. There is evidence that an official preoperative interview is lacking. Conclusions To recognize the importance of rhinoplasty’s psychological implications, it is critical to make a good selection of patients seeking this operation and to have a good outcome. To this end, the preoperative interview is fundamental. Surgeons should be competent at both the psychological and surgical levels.     

The Measurement of the Inclination Angle of the Hamate and Analysis of the Inclination Angle for the Rotation Deformity of the Little Finger in the Fixation of the Carpometacarpal Joint

ObjectiveComplex base fractures of the fifth metacarpal bone and dislocation of the fifth carpometacarpal joint are more prone to internal rotation deformity of the little finger sequence after fixation with a transarticular plate. In the past, we have neglected that there is actually a certain angle of external rotation in the hamate surface of transarticular fixation. This study measured the inclination angle of the hamate surface relative to the fifth metacarpal surface for clinical reference.MethodsIn a prospective single‐center study, we investigated the tilt angle of 60 normal hamates. The study included thin‐layer computed tomography (CT) data from 60 patients from the orthopaedic clinic and inpatient unit from January 2017 to March 2020, including 34 men and 26 women who were 15~59 years old, average 35 years old. The CT data of 60 cases in Dicom format of the hand was input into Mimics and 3‐Matics software for three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction and measuring the angle α between hamate surface and the fifth metacarpal surface. According to the possible placement of the transarticular plate on the fifth metacarpal surface, we measured the angle β between the hamate surface 1 and the fifth metacarpal surface and the angle γ between the hamate surface 2 and the fifth metacarpal surface.ResultsThe average angle between the hamate surface and the fifth metacarpal surface was 11.66°. The hamate surfaces 1 and 2 have an external rotation angle of 7.30° and 7.51° on average with respect to the fifth metacarpal surface, respectively. There is no statistically significant difference in the angles between the two groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionsThe horizontal angle of the dorsal side of the hamate is different from the back of the fifth metacarpal surface, and the hamate has a certain external rotation angle with respect to the fifth metacarpal surface. No matter how the transarticular plate is placed, the plate always has a certain external rotation angle relative to the fifth metacarpal surface. When the fixation is across the fifth carpometacarpal joint, if the plate does not twist and shape, it will inevitably cause internal rotation of the fifth metacarpal, resulting in internal rotation deformity of the little finger sequence.     

缺血后处理对保护皮瓣的作用机制研究

目的：缺血后处理已经在心、肾等器官上广泛应用,进行相关研究进一步探究缺血后处理对皮瓣有否保护作用。方法：健康成年新西兰大白兔,分为3组。A组为给予缺血后处理;B组为再灌注前5min给予A2A阻滞剂SCH58261＋缺血后处理。C组,直接应用微血管夹阻断腹壁浅血管持续缺血6h后,恢复正常血供。分别进行中性粒细胞浸润,MPO含量和皮瓣存活率检测。结果：新西兰大白兔完全存活。B、C组相比较,中性粒细胞计数以及MPO含量也未见统计学差别（P〉0.005）。实验组皮瓣存活面积比较,B与C相比较,无统计学意义（P〉0.005）,但是A与B、C相比较,上述指标两两之间都有统计学意义差别（P〈0.005）。结论：缺血后处理对皮瓣再灌注损伤有保护作用,该作用可能和A2A受体性质有关。     

眼轴线后部眶容积值的CT测量

目的:通过对20例头颅标本后部眼眶填砂CT扫描测量和量筒测量的对比,观察CT影像测量的精确度;进一步应用CT影像技术测定正常成年人后部眶容积正常值。方法:从备用的20例颅骨标本中随机选择5例标本进行2mm层厚、13组不同窗宽和窗位组合的CT冠状扫描测量后部眼眶容积并与量筒直接测量法进行对比,选择出误差最小、最精确的窗宽和窗位组合,以此组合对所余颅骨标本的后部眼眶容积进行扫描,将所得值和量筒直接测量值进行比较研究。对30例(男15、女15)正常成年人(年龄24～45岁)后部眶容积值进行测量。结果:20具颅骨标本后部眼眶CT测量法平均值为(15.91±1.62)ml,量筒直接测量法为(15.87±1.70)ml,两种方法对比无明显差别(P>0.05);量筒直接测量法左眼为(16.04±1.84)ml,右眼为(15.70±1.62)ml,左、右眼无显著性差异(P>0.05);正常人男性后部眶容积值为(18.58±1.47)ml、女性为(16.84±1.53)ml,统计学上有显著性差异(P<0.01);左眼为(17.70±1.74)ml,右眼为(17.72±1.73)ml,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:采用三维螺旋CT测量标本眼眶中砂子体积时,窗宽和窗位1600HU和500HU为最佳组合;左、右眼后部眶容积值无明显差异;三维螺旋CT是测量眼眶容积值的一种精确、可靠的测量方法。依据患者的健侧眼眶和正常人的后部眼眶容积值对患侧眼眶的眶容积做出判定,以指导眼眶疾病的早期诊断、病情预测和治疗。     

超量扩张皮肤的血流量改变与安全性的实验研究

目的通过动物实验，研究不同扩张量的皮肤血流量的变化与皮瓣存活的关系。方法以小型猪（香猪）为动物模型，实验分为7组：①1／2注水量组；②3／4注水量组；③注水满量组；④注水量超50％组；⑤注水量超100％组；⑥埋置扩张器不扩张的延迟对照组；⑦正常皮肤的空白对照组。测量不同注水量时皮肤的血流量及其波幅的变化和皮瓣成活的长度，进行比较和统计学分析。结果随着注水量的增加，扩张皮肤的血流量和皮瓣的成活长度均增加，但微血管的运动波和不稳定性亦同时增加。尤其是超量注水100％后，皮肤的血流量和皮瓣的成活长度反而下降。结论在皮肤软组织扩张术中，适度的超量扩张能增加任意型皮瓣的成活长度，增加修复缺损的面积。但过度扩张，注水量超过100％时皮瓣的成活反而下降，影响修复的效果。     

指动脉中段背侧支岛状皮瓣的设计与应用

目的 探索一种修复第2～5指远节皮肤缺损的方法。方法 以指固有动脉中段背侧支为蒂,设计手指中节指背岛状皮瓣。如需重建指腹感觉,在切取皮瓣时,则应于皮瓣近端保留适当长度的指固有神经背侧支（小指为指背神经）,以便与伤指指固有神经断端吻合。2005年2月至2010年5月,应用此方法修复54例手指远节皮肤缺损,共61指,其中指腹缺损35指,指端缺损26指。结果 皮肤缺损最大面积2.2 cm ×2.5 cm,皮瓣切取最大面积2.4 cm ×2.7 cm。61指皮瓣全部成活,3指术后2天皮瓣远端出现水泡,未予以处理。术后7d水泡开始萎缩吸收,术后14 d水泡消退,皮瓣成活。54例均获得随访。随访时间5个月～1年10个月,平均11个月。皮瓣质地色泽好,外形良好,指腹较饱满,恢复痛温觉,两点辨别距离6～9 mm。按感觉功能评定标准为S4。患指指间关节活动正常。结论 指动脉中段背侧支岛状皮瓣,是一种较理想的修复远节手指皮肤缺损的方法。     

腋窝切口胸大肌下假体隆乳术麻醉方法探讨

目的:通过观察不同麻醉方法的止痛效果,探讨腋窝切口胸大肌下假体隆乳术最佳麻醉方法。方法:74例行腋窝切口胸大肌下假体隆乳术的患者,在低剂量间断氯胺酮复合麻醉的基础上,采用不同的局部麻醉方法。其中23例患者行常规局部浸润麻醉,18例行肋间神经阻滞麻醉,33例行胸大肌下局部肿胀麻醉。结果:全部患者均顺利完成手术,术中无因止痛不完善而导致手术终止的情况发生,但是麻醉效果和病人反应各有不同。结论:从安全性和止痛效果来看,低剂量间断氯胺酮复合麻醉 局部浸润麻醉与低剂量间断氯胺酮复合麻醉 胸大肌下局部肿胀麻醉都可以获得较好的麻醉效果。特别是后者同时减少了术中出血和胸大肌的损伤,对于腋窝切口胸大肌下假体隆乳术是最佳的麻醉方法。     

国产与进口6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4注射液容量治疗疗效和安全性的对比研究

目的 与进口6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4注射液进行对比性研究,评价国产6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4注射液的有效性及安全性.方法 患者随机分为研究组123例,对照组117例,术中输注研究药物或对照药物10 ml·kg-1·h-1,输注时间 2 h,期间观察患者生命体征,记录液体出入量与合并用药,比较术前和输注后血常规、血电解质、凝血功能、肝肾功能、尿常规指标变化;并记录术中不良事件发生与处理.结果 两组患者用药期间BP、HR、SpO2均能维持正常,BP和HR的变化率两组间差异无统计学意义.两组患者术中出入量、应用血管活性药物及应用血液制品人数与用量组间差异无统计学意义.输注后两组Hct、Hb下降幅度一致,血K+、Na+略低于应用前,血Cl-高于应用前,血糖有升高,PT、APTT时间延长,TT时间略缩短.肝功能ALT、AST超过正常值1.5倍的两组各有4例.肾功能BUN、Cr研究组有11例,对照组7例高于正常.结论 国产6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4注射液用于全麻下非心脏外科手术患者术中容量治疗扩容效果安全可靠,与进口6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4注射液作用相似.     

胸腰椎骨折椎弓根内固定断裂与植骨融合方式的相关性分析

[目的]探讨胸腰椎骨折椎弓根螺钉内固定系统内固定术后,椎弓根螺钉断裂与植骨融合方式之间的关系,以探讨胸腰椎骨折植骨融合的最佳方式。[方法]回顾性研究1995年5月~2005年12月本院脊柱外科收治的胸腰椎骨折病人197例,其中A组单纯内固定(不植骨)患者14例,B组“H”形椎板植骨21例,C组横突间植骨67例,D组椎间、椎内联合横突间植骨95例。[结果]术后随访6~32个月,内固定断裂12例,其中A组4例,B组3例,C组5例,D组0例,4组中D组内固定断裂率显著低于其他3组(P<0.05)。[结论]椎间、椎体内联合横突间植骨重建脊柱三柱的稳定性,符合人体生物力学原理,能有效降低内固定断裂的发生。     

Study of the correlations between the volumes of the hypophysis, the epiphysis and the subfornical organ to the somatic weight and the volume of the hypothalamus in rodents]

The correlations between volume of the hypophysis, of the epiphysis and of the subfornical organ to body weight and volume of the hypothalamus were studied on 193 rodents belonging to 41 species. Concerning the volume of the hypophyseal lobes the regression slopes of Rodentia occupy an intermediate position between those of Isectivora and Prosimians studied by BAUCHOT. The volume of the epiphysis increases more rapidly with the weight of the body than that of the hypophyseal lobes, the volume of the subfornical organ increases on the contrary more slowly.     

静脉输注甘露醇开放血脑屏障对抗生素透过血脑屏障的影响

目的　通过快速静脉输注甘露醇可逆性开放血脑屏障 (BBB) ,探知此方法能否增加抗生素透过BBB的量 ,在何时达到最高峰 ,其通透量增加后临床上有无不良反应。方法　采用自身配伍设计 ,共 6个样本组。对照组仅使用抗生素 ;其余 5组分别在使用甘露醇前 60、3 0min ,同时使用甘露醇后 3 0、60min使用抗生素 ,各组皆取使用抗生素后 1h的脑脊液测其抗生素浓度。抗生素选用头孢三嗪。结果　测量值经过q检验 ,经 2 0 %甘露醇处理前后的CSF中的头孢三嗪浓度差异有非常显著性。全组患者经临床观察未出现神经系统的不良反应。结论　经静脉快速输注2 0 %甘露醇后可以使透过BBB的水溶性抗生素的量增加 ,两者使用的顺序是在抗生素使用 3 0min内即给予甘露醇快速滴注。该方法不会增加低神经毒性抗生素在中枢神经系统的不良反应。     

Correlative Study of the Ultrastructure and the Physiology of the Seasonal Regression of the Epididymal Epithelium in the Hedgehog Paraechinus Micropus

Korrelierende Studie der Ultrastruktur und der Physiologie der jahreszeitlichen Rückbildung des Nebenhodenepithels beim Igel Paraechinus micropus Die jahreszeitlichen Schwankungen der Ultrastruktur und Physiologie des Nebenhodens beim Igel wurden in bezug auf die Reproduktionsfunktion untersucht. 5 ausgewachsene männliche Igel wurden während eines Jahres einen über den anderen Monat lang getötet. Der Nebenhoden wurde für die Lichtmikroskopie fixiert in Bouin's Zenker und Formalin-Calcium, in für die Elektronenmikroskopie kaltgepuffertem Glutaraldehyd, dann in Osmiumtetraoxid. Das Nebenhodenepithel setzt sich aus vier Zellarten zusammen: der Hauptzelle, der Apicalzelle, der Dunkel- und Basalzelle. Die Hauptzellen enthalten - wie andere Steroide synthetisierende Zellen - einen ausgedehnten Golgiapparat, das glatte und rauhe endoplasmatische Retikulum, die sekretorischen Bläschen und die Lipidgranula während der Brutzeit, aber praktisch fehlen alle diese Zellorganellen während der Regression, abgesehen von einem verzögerten Golgiapparat und einem schwach ausgeprägten rauhen endoplasmatischen Retikulum. Andererseits zeigen sich in den Basalzellen während der Regression Lipide und gut entwickelte Organellen, jedoch schlecht entwickelte Strukturen beim sexuell aktiven Igel. Möglicherweise üben sie eine Funktion aus, da die Zellen während der Regression Lipide speichern, die später bei der Reaktivierung nach dem Winter-schlaf benötigt werden. Das Nebenhodenepithel erneuert sich gemeinsam mit dem Epithel der Samenkanälchen bevor die Spermatozoen das Nebenhodenlumen erreichen, wohingegen die akzessorischen Geschlechtsdrüsen, die auch zu den androgenabhängigen Organen außerhalb der Hoden gehören, noch zurückgebildete Strukturen zeigen. Somit geht aus den ultrastrukrurellen und physiologischen Beobachtungen hervor, daß die Hauptzellen möglicherweise der Ort der Androgensynthese sind und sie vollständig entwickelt werden gemeinsam mit den Zellen des Hodens nach Stimulation aus der Hirnanhangdrüse zu Beginn des Wieder-erwachens.     

关节融合术治疗拇指第一腕掌关节炎的疗效

目的 探讨关节融合术治疗拇指第一腕掌关节炎的临床疗效。方法 选择自2011年5月至2017年4月,通过关节融合治疗第一腕掌关节炎患者31例,男8例,女23例,年龄在42~55岁,平均48岁。术前依据影像学Eaton-Little分期：Ⅱ期5例,Ⅲ期26例.所有患者均行克氏针固定。术后定期复查X线片观察第一腕掌关节融合情况,分别测量每组握力、指间捏力及痛觉视觉模拟评分（VAS）,对上述结果进行统计学分析。结果 所有患者术后平均随访26.3月。术后X线显示所用关节均融合良好,握力和指间捏力较术前增加,VAS评分较术前下将,差异均有统计学意义。结论 关节融合术是治疗拇指第一腕掌关节炎的有效方法之一。     

On the origins of the sensory output from the bladder: the concept of afferent noise

For many people a recurrent strong desire to void, sometimes with incontinence, diminishes their quality of life. At present there are few insights into what underlies these problems. The condition is described as the ‘overactive bladder symptom complex’ but this definition is proving to be unhelpful. It focuses on overt bladder contractions rather than the main problem, which is altered and heightened sensation. Also, current approaches that describe bladder sensations as episodic and leading to voiding as ‘first and second sensation to void’ might also be misleading if they are taken too literally and used to suggest mechanisms. Current research is beginning to focus on the mechanisms that generate afferent information from the bladder and how it can become altered. As these views develop it is crucial that we appreciate the diversity of the bladder afferent system and distinguish between afferent and sensory information; in this review we explore this underlying complexity. The central nervous system (CNS) receives vast amounts of information from the bladder, which arises from different locations, uses different fibre types and involves different methods. The CNS is continually being bombarded with ‘afferent noise’. The challenge now is to understand the nature and components of this ‘afferent noise’ and which components are essential to sensation. The emerging picture is complex, but this complexity must not be negated or oversimplified. It must be embraced and incorporated it into thinking when designing experiments, analysing data, diagnosing patients and evaluating treatment.     

Numerical evaluation of the correlation between the normal variation in the sagittal alignment of the lumbar spine and the spinal loads

We present a numerical approach to reproduce various patterns of spino‐pelvic organization. We wanted to predict the spinal loads in two static conditions (standing and holding a weight in the hands) based on parameters describing the shape of the lumbar spine: type following Roussouly classification, sacral slope, apex, inflection point and lumbar lordosis. Four hundred eighty finite element models including trunk muscles and representing the entire range of normal variability were created. The models predicted that, in the case of a moderate external load of 50 N, a lordotic and well balanced spine (e.g., type 3) could reduce the muscle activation in comparison with a more lordotic (type 4) spine, with negligible differences compared to a more straight spine (type 2). However, such a sagittal configuration was not correlated with a minimization of the loading state in the intervertebral discs, especially regarding anteroposterior shear loads. In the standing posture without any additional load, a less lordotic and more vertical spine (e.g., types 1 and 2) was sufficient to ensure a condition of minimal spinal loads. Despite a number of limitations, inverse statics numerical models of spine biomechanics including trunk muscles appear to be a promising tool to fill the knowledge gap between the clinical observations of the correlations between the spino‐pelvic organization and the consequent spinal disorders. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:537–544, 2014.