吲哚菁绿联合医用胶在胸腔镜下肺小结节手术定位中的应用

目的探讨吲哚菁绿(indocyanine green,ICG)联合医用胶在胸腔镜下肺小结节手术定位中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2018年2月～2019年2月68例术前定位并接受胸腔镜下肺小结节(直径0.7～2 cm)切除术的病例资料,2个手术组分别采用联合注射ICG加医用胶(A组,30例)或单纯注射医用胶定位(B组,38例),2组性别、年龄、病灶直径、结节距胸膜距离和结节密度无统计学差异,比较2组定位成功率、定位时间、结节切除时间、并发症发生率和病理结果。结果 A组定位成功率[100%(30/30)]高于B组[84.2%(32/38)](Fisher精确检验,P=0.031),胸腔镜肺结节切除时间A组[(19.5±3.8)min]短于B组[(44.3±15.2)min](t=-9.655,P=0.000),2组病灶定位时间[(19.7±4.3)min vs.(18.7±2.8)min],气胸发生率[6.7%(2/30)vs. 10.5%(4/38)],定位后胸痛视觉模拟评分(Visual Analogue Score,VAS)[(1.4±1.2)分vs.(1.3±1.3)分],术后病理恶性占比[73.3%(22/30) vs. 63.2%(24/38)]无统计学差异(P0.05),无严重并发症发生。结论与医用胶定位相比,ICG联合医用胶在胸腔镜下肺小结节手术定位中能提高定位成功率,缩短手术时间,安全性良好。     

医用胶在肺微小结节术前定位中的应用

目的探讨医用胶用于肺微小结节术前定位的临床价值。方法 2013年3月至2015年3月兰州大学第二医院胸外科25例患者的28处肺内微小结节病灶经术前定位后行胸腔镜手术切除,其中男18例、女7例,年龄23~67(43.00±3.54)岁。所有患者均在CT引导、局部麻醉下用23G穿刺针行经皮肺穿刺注射医用胶进行肺结节定位。定位当日或次日行胸腔镜手术切除。结果全组2 8处肺内微小结节病灶直径0.42~1.34(0.82±0.12)cm,距离脏层胸膜1.51~3.26(2.31±0.42)cm,均成功实施经皮肺穿刺并于结节周围注射医用胶,定位成功率100.0%。定位并发症包括无症状气胸5例,疼痛2例,均不需特殊处理。术前定位后,肺内微小结节的切除成功率为100.0%,其中2例因结节同肺内动脉、支气管毗邻而直接行肺叶切除术。术后病理提示原发性肺癌12例,结核瘤8例,机化性肺炎2例,转移癌、错构瘤、肺内淋巴结各1例。结论医用胶术前定位肺内微小结节是一种安全、有效、简单的方法,定位后可提高胸腔镜下肺内微小结节的手术切除率。     

肺内小结节的术前定位在胸腔镜外科手术中的应用价值

目的探讨肺内小结节电视胸腔镜手术(video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS)术前采用CT引导下Hook-wire或亚甲蓝定位的临床价值。方法 90例肺内小结节手术患者共94枚小结节,VATS术前均行CT引导下Hook-wire或亚甲蓝定位。评价术前定位的成功率、并发症、转开胸手术发生率、术后病理类型等。结果 Hookwire钢丝定位72枚,成功率91.7%;亚甲蓝注射定位22枚,成功率86.4%。穿刺后发现并发少量血胸6例(6.4%),并发少量气胸8例(8.5%)。转开胸手术4例,占4.4%。术后经病理证实良性病灶36枚,占38.3%,恶性病灶58枚,占61.7%。结论术前CT引导下Hook-wire或亚甲蓝定位肺内小结节方法准确率高,并发症少,能提高VATS手术成功率,对肺内小结节的胸腔镜手术诊治具有很好的临床价值。     

微弹簧圈定位在胸腔镜肺小结节切除术中的应用

目的探讨术前CT引导下微弹簧圈定位在胸腔镜孤立性肺小结节切除术中的应用价值。方法 2014年5月~2016年4月,对21例单发肺部小结节病灶经术前定位后行胸腔镜手术切除。结节直径7~21(10.3±8.0)mm,距离脏层胸膜深度5~23(10.2±4.3)mm。术前1日在CT引导下行"拖尾法"微弹簧圈术前定位,胸腔镜下行病灶楔形切除术,送冰冻病理,如为恶性继续行胸腔镜下肺叶切除加纵隔淋巴结清扫术。结果全组21例肺小结节均成功经皮肺穿刺置入微弹簧圈。定位并发症为无症状气胸3例,均无需处理。胸腔镜术中发现微弹簧圈脱位3例,定位成功率85.7%(18/21)。21例均行胸腔镜手术切除。病理确诊原位癌5例,腺癌11例,非典型腺瘤样增生1例,炎症2例,炎性假瘤1例,肺内转移瘤1例。结论 CT引导下微弹簧圈定位用于肺内小结节术前定位是一种简单、直观、有效、精确的方法,值得推广。     

CT引导下Hook-wire定位在肺结节胸腔镜手术中的作用

目的探究在CT引导下Hook-wire定位对肺结节胸腔镜手术的价值和意义。方法回顾性收集2017年6月～2019年4月期间在我院行肺结节胸腔镜手术的22例患者资料,所有患者在术前行CT引导下Hook-wire定位,再行电视胸腔镜下肺结节部位楔形切除术,切除标本送快速冰冻切片病理分析。统计结节定位的准确率、切除准确率、术后并发症发生率等。结果①CT引导下Hook-wire肺结节定位的准确率为100%。肺结节胸腔镜切除术成功率为100%,结节平均直径为(15.07±3.16)mm,平均定位时间为(15.88±1.25)min;②有1例患者出现了轻微气胸(4.5%),但无需进行额外治疗;未出现中等量气胸、对侧气胸、血胸等并发症,且所有患者在手术过程中未发生定位针脱落和移位。结论 CT引导下Hook-wire肺结节定位在胸腔镜切除术中具有定位准确率高、切除准确率高、定位时间短和术后并发症发生率低的特点,值得在肺结节胸腔镜手术中推广使用。     

电视胸腔镜手术前SPECT/CT引导Sens-cure针穿刺定位肺小结节

目的观察电视胸腔镜手术(VATS)前SPECT/CT引导Sens-cure针穿刺定位肺小结节(直径≤10 mm)的价值。方法对19例肺小结节患者行SPECT/CT引导下经皮穿刺定位,共定位21个肺小结节;之后行VATS,根据定位器位置寻找靶病灶,并予以局部楔形切除。观察定位成功率、穿刺定位时间、肺结节大小、胸膜下距离、并发症及病理类型等。结果经皮穿刺定位肺小结节成功率100%,平均定位时间(15.0±3.1)min;病灶最大径(7.1±1.8)mm,胸膜下距离(17.8±5.8)mm;而后均成功完成VATS,完整切除靶病灶,无脱靶。术后病理诊断其中16个(16/21,76.19%)为病变恶性。穿刺后并发症包括少量出血2例、少量气胸3例。结论VATS术前SPECT/CT引导Sens-cure针穿刺定位肺小结节安全有效,可提高VATS成功率。     

移动CT在肺小结节术前及术中定位中的价值

目的探讨移动CT(mobile CT,MCT)在肺小结节术前及术中定位中的价值。方法 2017年9月～2018年1月我们对50例62个肺小结节术前在MCT引导下用Hook-wire定位针进行肺小结节定位,根据定位行肺小结节切除术,所有肺小结节均送术中冰冻病理检查,若Hook-wire脱落或移位术中再次利用MCT扫描定位。结果 62个肺小结节术前定位成功59个,2个脱钩,1个移位,成功率95. 2%(59/62),脱落、移位率4. 8%(3/62),术中再次利用MCT扫描定位,最终62个肺结节病灶均成功切除。术中冰冻病理结果显示肿物距离切缘2 cm。定位时间(15. 2±5. 1) min。定位后少量气胸11例,肺出血1例,肋间血管出血1例,均未特殊处理。结论 MCT在肺小结节术前及术中定位准确、快速,值得推荐。     

胸腔镜肺段切除术的临床结果分析

目的分析胸腔镜肺段切除术的临床结果,探讨胸腔镜肺段切除手术需要关注的临床问题,为更好开展胸腔镜肺段切除手术及减少围手术期并发症提供参考。方法回顾性分析我科2017年10月至2019年12月开展的计划行胸腔镜肺段切除手术90例患者的临床资料,其中男35例,平均年龄(60.34±9.40)岁;女55例,平均年龄(56.09±12.11)岁。比较患者临床资料,包括肺结节数量及良恶性情况、术前Hook-wire定位情况、术前规划和具体实施的术式、手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量及引流管放置时间、术后住院时间及术后并发症等,总结经验教训。结果计划行胸腔镜下肺段切除的90例患者中,术前Hook-wire定位38例、直接手术52例;在胸腔镜下完成手术87例、中转开胸3例。中转开胸患者中有1例行肺叶切除术,胸腔镜下有3例在完成肺段切除术后被动行肺叶切除手术。全组患者平均手术时间(198.58±56.42)min,术中出血量(129.78±67.51)mL,淋巴结采样数量(6.43±1.41)枚,术后引流管放置时间(2.98±1.25)d,术后引流量(480.00±262.00)mL,术后住院时间(7.60±2.38)d。90例患者中,单发结节患者73例、多发结节患者17例。共切除肺结节113枚,其中良性结节14枚、恶性结节99枚,恶性占比为87.61%。无围手术期死亡及严重并发症。结论对符合指征的肺实质内结节,根据术前薄层CT及三维CT支气管血管重建结果做好规划,可采用胸腔镜解剖性肺段切除术;对肺段间结节、不易扪及的外周纯磨玻璃结节,术前采用Hook-wire定位可保证有效切缘并减少非计划肺叶切除术。     

医用胶标记在肺部小结节胸腔镜手术前定位的应用

目的探讨CT引导下肺穿刺注射医用胶在肺部小结节(small pulmonary nodule,SPN)胸腔镜手术前定位的可行性和临床价值。方法 21例21个肺内孤立性结节病灶,术前均行CT引导下经皮肺穿刺注射医用胶定位标记,术中先行肺楔形切除术切除病灶并根据病理结果决定进一步手术方案。结果术前CT引导下经皮肺穿刺注射医用胶定位成功率100%(21/21)。穿刺定位后出现刺激性咳嗽6例(28.6%),无症状气胸5例(23.8%),无出血、血胸。术中均能准确定位后行肺楔形切除术,病理证实为肺癌15例,良性病变6例。结论胸腔镜术前CT引导下经皮肺穿刺注射医用胶定位SPN快速、安全,值得临床推广使用。     

氩气刀定位法在胸腔镜肺楔形切除手术中的应用

目的探讨氩气刀定位法在胸腔镜肺楔形切除手术中的应用价值。方法 2015年1月～2018年1月,对63例肺部小结节(直径≤2 cm)采用氩气刀定位法实施单操作孔胸腔镜肺楔形切除术。病灶均为单发,最大径0. 8～2 cm,(1. 22±0. 34) cm,均位于肺边缘,CT上测量病灶距离脏层胸膜0. 5～3 cm,(1. 67±0. 54) cm。在CT上确定病灶的肋间层面及钟位方向,在胸腔镜下将病灶虚拟投影在壁层胸膜表面。氩气刀标记投影点,膨肺后再次喷射氩气,标记病灶在肺脏层胸膜表面的投影点,楔形切除病灶,根据冰冻病理结果决定下一步手术方案。结果 61例(96. 8%)在楔形切除标本中找到病灶,2例定位失败。行肺楔形切除53例,解剖性肺段切除2例,肺叶切除8例。术后病理证实肺癌58例,良性病变5例。结论氩气刀定位法对胸腔镜术中肺内小结节的定位实用、可靠,值得临床推广。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.