终末期肾衰竭透析患者血脂改变的临床观察

目的：观察连续性非卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)和维持性血液透析(MHD)患血脂水平改变。方法：对634例CAPD和45例MHD患血脂水平进行测定，并以40例正常人作对照。结果：CAPD和MHD患血TG和apoB显增高，血HDL—c、apoAl、apoAl／apoB均显低于正常，以上指标在血、腹透组之间部分存在显性差异。CAPD组在发生腹膜炎后血LDL—c、apoB较未发生之前显增高。结论：CAPD和MHD患脂质紊乱相当常见，以前更为突出。当发生腹膜炎时脂质代谢紊乱更加严重。     

慢性肾功能衰竭患者血清脂蛋白(a)水平的变化及其与心脑血管疾病的关系

目的：研究慢性肾功能衰竭（CRF）患者血清脂蛋白（a)[Lp(a)]水平的变化及其与心脑血管疾病的关系。方法：对333例CRF患者的临床及实验室资料作回顾性研究，分析血Lp(a)与其他相关因素特别是心脑血管事件的关系。结果：CRF患者无论透析与否，其血Lp(a)水平均较对照组显著性升高（P＜0．05），而腹透组血Lp(a)水平较其他各组更高（P＜0．05）、血透组与非透析组比较则无显著性差别。血Lp(a）水平与超声心动图异常（P＜0．01）、血总胆固醇（Chol)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL－C）浓度（P＜0．001）、载脂蛋白（Apo)B100浓度（P＜0．05）、血浆纤维蛋白原及iPTH（P＜0．05）呈正相关；而与血浆白蛋白浓度（P＜0．001），24h腹水Lp(a)浓度（P＜0．05）、血ApoA浓度（P＜0．05）呈负相关。结论：CRF患者血Lp(a)水平显著升高，血Lp(a)水平的升高与超声心动图异常、ECG异常及心脑血管事件的发生呈正相关。Lp(a)升高的原因部分可能与其代谢受肾功能的影响有关，与CRF患者血浆蛋白浓度低刺激肝脏合成增加有关。Lp(a)水平的升高可能伴随纤溶功能的低下，因此可能是CRF患者并发心脑血管事件的危险因素之一。     

肾移植患者的血脂改变

目的 研究肾移植患者的血脂变化。方法 对上海市8家医院174例肾移植的资料进行调查分析。结果 与正常对照组相比，肾移植患者术前血胆固醇（Tch)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL－ch)显著增高，血甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL－ch)、极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（VLDL－ch)与正常对照组的差异无显著性；载脂蛋白Al(Apo A1)及卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶（LCAT）均低于正常对照组，脂蛋白（a)[Lp(a)]的水平显著高于正常对照组；肾移植患者手术前后上述各指标的变化不显著。结论 肾移植患者脂质紊乱相当常见，应高度重视。     

肾移植患者低密度脂蛋白受体TaqⅠ位点基因多态性及血脂水平检测

目的 探讨肾移植患者脂代谢紊乱的一般特征及低密度指蛋白受体（LDLR）TaqⅠ基因多态性对血脂水平的影响。方法 选择105例肾移植患者为病例组，60例血脂正常的健康人作为对照。检测空腹血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDLC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（DLC）、载脂蛋白及脂蛋白（a）[Lp(a)]水平。采用聚合酶链反应－限制性长度片段多态性方法检测LDLR TaqⅠ基因多态性。结果 病例组于移植后3个月血脂水平即显著增高，于移植后6个月及1年时进一步升高；移植前血清TC、TG高于正常者仅占2.9%和7.6%，移植后3个月增高至28.6%和46.7%（P＜0.01）。移植后6个月升高至40.0%和59.0%，1年时升高至42.9%和62.9%，较3个月时显著升高（P＜0.05）。以TaqⅠ＋／－型人数最多，TaqⅠ＋／＋型最少；对照组Taq基因型分布与病例组的差异无显著性（P＞0.05）；不同基因型的受者血脂水平有所不同，多数指标依TaqⅠ－／－、TaqⅠ /-和TaqⅠ / 顺序递减；对照组因LDLR TaqⅠ基因型的不同，血清TC、LDLC水平的差异具有显著性，病例组除TC和LDLC外，TG、HDLC和Lp(a)的差异也有显著性。结论 肾移植术后易发生脂代谢紊乱，等位基因LDLR TaqⅠ是代谢紊乱发生的危险因子。     

腹膜透析对视黄醇结合蛋白清除作用的初步研究

目的：测定腹膜透析对视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP）的清除作用。方法：采用酶联免疫法分别测定持续性非卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）组、维持性血液透析（MHD）组透析前后,以及正常对照组患者血清RBP,检测CAPD组24h腹膜透析置换液中RBP值及MHD组透析废液RBP值。结果：CAPD、MHD及正常对照组患者的血清RBP值分别为（74.67±17.23）mg/L、（100.84±2.95）mg/L及（37.89±3.21）mg/L,三组血清RBP有统计学意义（P〈0.001）;进行两两比较,正常组与CAPD组、正常组与MHD组、CAPD与MHD组比较,均有统计学意义（P〈0.001）。结论：维持性透析患者血清RBP明显高于正常人,其中CAPD患者血清RBP水平明显低于MHD患者;CAPD患者对于RBP的清除量和清除率明显高于MHD组,CAPD能清除血清中RBP,血液透析前后血清RBP无变化,HD对血清RBP基本无清除作用。     

维持性血液透析和维持性腹膜透析患者脂代谢特征及其与营养状况关系的临床研究

目的：比较维持性血液透析（MHD）和维持性腹膜透析（CAPD）患者脂代谢紊乱的异同,探讨各自脂代谢紊乱的特征及其与营养状况的关系。方法：选取2009年7月～2009年10月门诊行MHD的124例患者和行CAPD的65例患者为研究对象。观察指标包括：（1）脂代谢指标：包括胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、载脂蛋白A（Apo-A）和载脂蛋白B（Apo-B）;（2）营养指标：包括营养不良炎症评分（MIS）、肱三头肌皮褶厚度（TSF）、中臂围（MAC）、中臂肌围（AMC）和血清白蛋白（Alb）。结果：（1）MHD患者高TG的发生率为25%,低HDL和低Apo-A发生率分别为72.58%和67%;CAPD组高TC、TG、LDL发生率分别为32.31%、38.46%和35.38%,低LDL、HDL和Apo-A发生率分别为43.08%、73.85%和55.38%;（2）CAPD组的TC、TG、LDL和Apo-A均高于MHD组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。（3）MHD组MIS低于CAPD组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;MHD组MAC、MAMC和Alb高于CAPD组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,两组间TSF差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。（4）MHD组TG、HDL和Apo-A与MIS显著负相关（P〈0.05）,与Alb和HDL显著正相关（P〈0.05）。PD组脂代谢指标与MIS和Alb等营养指标无相关性（P〉0.05）。结论：脂代谢紊乱是MHD和CAPD患者常见的并发症。MHD患者脂代谢紊乱的特征是高TG、低HDL和低Apo-A,而高TC却不常见。CAPD患者脂代谢紊乱特征是高TC、高TG和高LDL并存,低LDL、低HDL和低Apo-A并存。CAPD患者脂代谢紊乱和营养不良较MHD患者严重。TG、HDL和Apo-A是可用来评价MHD患者营养状况的指标,而脂代谢指标不能放映PD患者的营养状况。     

微炎症反应对维持性血液透析患者血脂水平的影响

目的 观察维持性血液透析(maintained hemodialysis,MHD)患者血脂水平以及微炎症反应对血脂的影响.方法 选取2009年7月至2014年3月MHD患者90例,诊断均符合慢性肾脏疾病5期的诊断标准.记录患者一般临床资料,检测入院时的血脂、血沉(erythrocyte sedimentation tate,ESR)、超敏C反应蛋白(high-sensitivity C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)和白细胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)水平,分析上述炎症指标对血脂及血浆致动脉粥样硬化指数(AIP)的影响.结果 (1)90例患者中,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇升高26例(占28.9％),三酰甘油升高37例(占41.1％),总胆固醇升高31例(占34.4％),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低62例(占68.9％).(2)高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低组ESR、hs-CRP和IL-6明显高于正常组(P＜0.01).低密度脂蛋白胆固醇升高组ESR、hs-CRP和IL-6高于低密度脂蛋白胆固醇正常组(P＜0.05).三酰甘油和总胆固醇升高组和正常组ESR、hs-CRP和IL-6差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(3)多元线性回归分析显示:ESR、hs-CRP和IL-6与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平呈负相关(r =-0.263,P＜0.05),ESR、hs-CRP和IL-6与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈正相关(r =0.413,P＜0.05),hs CRP和IL-6与AIP呈正相关(r=0.289,P＜0.05),ESR与AIP无相关性(r=0.046,P=0.725),上述炎症指标未见与三酰甘油和总胆固醇有关(r=0.038,P＞0.05).结论 MHD患者体内的微炎症反应可能影响其血脂水平.     

透析患者脂蛋白(α)水平变化及临床意义

目的：研究血液透析（HD）与腹膜透析（PD）患者血清脂蛋白（α）[Lp（α）]水平的变化及其与心脑血管事件的关系。方法：75例HD患者及50倒PD患者的临床及实验室资料作研究，比较两种透析方式对血LD（α）及脂质水平影响的差别，分析血Lp（α）与其他相关因素特别是与心脑血管事件的关系。结果：PD和HD患者血甘油三酯（TG）和载脂蛋白B（ApOB）均呈显著性增高，血高密度脂蛋白（HDL—C）显著低于正常，以上指标在血、腹透组之间无统计学差异。HD与PD患者血Lp（α）水平均较对照组呈显著性升高（P〈0．05），其中PD组较HD组更高（P〈0．01）；皿与PD患者血Lp（α）水平与超声心动图异常（P〈0．05）、EcG异常（P〈0．001）及心脑血管事件的发生（P〈0．01）、血总胆固醇（TC）及低密度脂蛋白（LDL—C）浓度（P〈0．05）呈正相关；而与血浆白蛋白浓度（P〈0．05）呈负相关。结论：HD与PD患者脂质代谢紊乱相当常见，以后者更突出，其中以血Lp（α）、TG、HDL—C变化尤为显著，Lp（α）有可能是透析患者并发心脑血管事件的危险因素之一。     

终末期肾脏病维持性血液透析患者微炎症与贫血、营养不良及左心室功能的关系

目的：探讨终末期肾脏病维持性血液透析（MHD）患者超敏C-反应蛋白（hs-CRP）与贫血、营养不良及左心室功能间的关系。方法：将患者分为微炎症组（hs-CRP〉3 mg/L）和非微炎症组（hs-CRP≤3 mg/L）,检测91例MHD患者hs-CRP、血清白蛋白（Alb）、三酰甘油（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、脂蛋白（a）[Lp（a）]、血肌酐（Scr）,测定血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞压积（Hct）;用彩色超声多普勒显像仪测定左心房前后径（LAD）、左心室前后径（LVD）、左心室舒张期后壁厚度（LVPW）、室间隔厚度（IVST）、左室射血分数（EF）,舒张早期左室充盈峰速率（E）与心房收缩期左室充盈峰速率（A）比值（E/A）、计算左心室质量指数（LVMI）,测不同时间5次血压并取均值,分析hs-CRP与上述各参数间的关系。结果：（1）微炎症组Hb、Hct、Alb明显低于非微炎症组,LP（a）高于非微炎症组,有统计学差异;（2）微炎症组LAD、LVD、LVPW、I VST、LVMI明显高于非微炎症组,EF、E/A比值下降,有统计学差异;（3）相关分析表明血清hs-CRP浓度与Hb、Hct、Alb呈负相关（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）、与LP（a）呈正相关（P〈0.01）,与LVD、IVST、LVMI呈显著正相关（P均〈0.05）,与EF、E/A呈显著负相关（P值均〈0.01）;（4）hs-CRP、Hb、Hct、Kt/V、Alb、Lp（a）、SBP、PP是MHD患者心脏结构及功能异常危险因素。结论：MHD患者存在微炎症状态时hs-CRP升高,hs-CRP可预测MHD患者的贫血程度、营养状态,并可用来评价左心室结构和功能,且是左心室结构和功能异常的独立危险因素。     

左旋卡尼丁治疗维持性血液透析患者微炎症状态的初步研究

目的:通过观察静脉注射左旋卡尼丁对维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者相关营养和炎症指标的影响,探讨左旋卡尼丁对MHD患者微炎症的治疗作用.方法:选择透析龄超过6个月的MHD患者62例,随机分为治疗组和对照组,已排除急性感染及其他活动性疾病,每次透析结束后,治疗组给予静脉注射左旋卡尼丁1 g,进行为期3个月随访,分别检测治疗前、治疗1月后、治疗3月末患者的主要人体学指标、改良SGA评分、血生化指标、C反应蛋白(CRP)、透析充分性(Kt/V)和蛋白分解代谢率(PCR).结果:(1)治疗组1月后,MHD患者的干体重、上臂肌围(MAMC)就有上升;治疗组3个月后,患者平均干体重、MAMC平均值较治疗前显著升高(均P＜0.05).改良SGA评分较治疗前明显下降(P＜0.01);对照组以上各项均无变化,治疗组与对照组比较有统计学差异(均P＜0.05).(2)治疗组3个月后,MHD患者的血白蛋白(Alb)(P＜0.05)、前白蛋白(PA)和血红蛋白(Hb)(均P＜0.01)较治疗前明显升高;对照组以上各项均无变化,治疗组与对照组比较有统计学差异(均P＜0.05).(3)治疗组CRP平均值较治疗前明显下降、与对照组相比差异十分显著(P＜0.01).(4)两组血总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和脂蛋白(a)[Lp(a)]水平治疗前后无统计学差异(P＞0.05).(5)治疗组PCR值较治疗前明显上升,与对照组相比有统计学差异(均P＜0.01);两组Kt/V治疗前后无明显变化(P＞0.05).结论:左旋卡尼丁可明显改善患者的营养状态,同时降低血CRP浓度及微炎症状态,这种作用可能通过调整由前炎症因子和氧化应激造成的特异性胞内信号传导级联的激活,从而提高细胞对慢性炎症和氧化应激的防御功能.     

透析患者脂蛋白A升高的意义

高脂血症是引起心血管和脑血管疾病的危险因素，为了解透析患者体内的血脂变化，测定了５０例维持性血液透析（ＨＤ）和３８例连续非卧床腹膜透析（ＣＡＰＤ）患者及５０例正常人的脂蛋白Ａ［Ｌｐ（ａ）］及其他血脂。结果ＨＤ组及ＣＡＰＤ组的Ｌｐ（ａ）均显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），两组患者的甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、载脂蛋白ＡＩ／载脂蛋白Ｂ、载脂蛋白ＡＩ、载脂蛋白Ｂ均有异常。两组患者Ｌｐ（ａ）的升高与其他异常血脂之间无相关性。３５例非糖尿病ＣＡＰＤ者Ｌｐ（ａ）升高与空腹血糖、血浆白蛋白无相关性。结果提示透析患者动脉粥样硬化的危险性可能增加。     

Plasma and Lp(a)-associated PAF-acetylhydrolase activity in uremic patients undergoing different dialysis procedures

Plasma and Lp(a)-associated PAF-acetylhydrolase activity in uremic patients undergoing different dialysis procedures. BACKGROUND: Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent inflammatory mediator associated with several physiopathological conditions, including renal diseases. PAF is degraded to the inactive metabolite lyso-PAF by PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), which is considered as a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic enzyme associated with lipoproteins. In this study, we evaluated the plasma- and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]-associated PAF-AH activity in relationship to plasma lipid parameters and Lp(a) isoform size in patients with mild/moderate chronic renal failure (CRF), as well as in hemodialysis (HD) and chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. METHODS: We studied 74 patients undergoing maintenance HD, 44 patients undergoing CAPD, 56 patients with mild/moderate CRF, and 98 healthy subjects whose lipid profile, as well as plasma and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated PAF-AH activity, was determined. Moreover, the effect of Lp(a) plasma levels on the distribution of PAF-AH among plasma lipoproteins, as well as the specific activity and kinetic properties of PAF-AH on two different Lp(a) isoforms, was measured in each studied group. RESULTS: The plasma PAF-AH activity in all studied groups was significantly higher than in controls, and the increase was more profound in CAPD patients. The HDL-associated PAF-AH activity, expressed per milliliter of plasma, was similar among all studied groups; however, when it was expressed as either per milligrams of HDL cholesterol or per milligrams of plasma apolipoprotein (apo) AI, the PAF-AH activity was significantly higher in all patient groups compared with controls. All patient groups had significantly elevated plasma Lp(a) levels, which altered the distribution of PAF-AH among the plasma lipoproteins compared with that observed in subjects with very low plasma Lp(a) levels (<8 mg/dl). Additionally, in each studied group, the specific activity as well as the apparent Km and Vmax values of the 19K4 apo(a) isoform were significantly higher (P < 0.01) compared with the values of the 23K4 isoform. However, the specific activity, as well as the Km and Vmax values on either the 19K4 apo(a) isoform or the 23K4 isoform, was significantly higher in CAPD patients compared with the other three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma PAF-AH activity is increased in uremic patients. This elevation is more profound in CAPD patients, who also exhibit a more atherogenic lipid profile and more pronounced alterations in the specific activity and the kinetic constants of Lp(a)-associated PAF-AH.     

ApoA- and apoB-containing lipoproteins and Lp(a) concentration in non-dialyzed patients with chronic renal failure

BACKGROUND: End-Stage renal disease is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and a high incidence of cardiovascular disease. METHODS: The serum levels of lipids and apolipoproteins and Lp(a) were determined in 51 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) with various advancement, without interference of factors which might disturb Lp(a) metabolism and with proteinuria less than 0.5 g/24 h. The patients studied were divided into two groups: patients with moderate renal failure (CRF-M) and creatinine levels of 2-6mg/dL n = 27; and predialysis patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) and creatinine levels higher than 8.5 mg/dL n=24. RESULTS: In both studied groups serum concentrations of triglycerides (TG), total apoCIII, apoCIIInonB, apoB:CIII were statistically increased, (except total cholestrol (TC) and LDL-cholestrol (LDL-C), apoB, total apoE, apoEnonB, apoB:E), while the levels of HDL-cholestrol (HDL-C) and apoAl significantly decreased. Lipid and lipoprotein ratios as risk factors of atherosclerosis were similar in both groups. The TC/HDL-C ratio increased, while that of HDL-C/ apoAI and apoAI/apoCIII decreased. Serum Lp(a) concentrations were significantly increased in both studied groups. The medians and ranges of Lp(a) concentration were similar in both groups. Serum Lp(a) levels correlated with total cholesterol (r=0.295; p < 0.05), LDL-C (r = 0.312; p < 0.05) and apoB (r = 0.215; p < 0.05). In addition, no correlation was found between Lp(a) levels and albumin concentrations (r = 0.126; p = 0.421). CONCLUSION: Our results may indicate that the reduced levels of apoA-containing lipoproteins and increased TG-rich apoB-containing lipoproteins and Lp(a) indicated a clear atherogenic pattern in early renal disease. Increased Lp(a) concentration may result in nonspecific synthesis or catabolism disturbances. Measurement and monitoring of lipoprotein family profiles offers a new means for selecting appropriate therapies targeted for normalizing dyslipidemia in non-dialyzed patients.     

Genetic variation of apolipoprotein E does not contribute to the lipid abnormalities secondary to childhood minimal change nephrotic syndrome

Minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) is a common progressive renal disorder occurring in childhood that is characterized by alterations of permselectivity at the glomerular capillary wall, resulting in its inability to restrict the urinary loss of protein. Hyperlipidemia (HLP) is not only an important clinical manifestation of MCNS but is also involved in cardiovascular disease and in progressive renal damage. ApoE is a polymorphic protein. Besides modulation of lipid metabolism, apoE can also elevate the sulfate-proteoglycan in glomerular filtration membrane and inhibit the proliferation of mesengial cells. The present study aimed mainly to determine whether genetic polymorphism of apoE is involved in the HLP secondary to childhood MCNS. Genomic DNA was extracted from 250 children diagnosed with MCNS and 200 healthy controls. ApoE genotype was determined by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The fasting serum lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1), and apoB were measured. Serum concentrations of Lp(a), TC, TG, HDL-C, nonHDL-C, LDL-C, and apoB were higher in the MCNS than in the control group (P < 0.05). No significant differences in genotypes and alleles frequencies were observed for the apoE Hha I restriction sites in MCNS patients as compared to controls (P > 0.05). No significant differences in serum lipid levels were observed for variant genotypes and alleles of apoE Hha I restriction site in both MCNS and healthy children (P > 0.05). Genetic variation of apoE does not contribute to the lipid abnormalities secondary to childhood MCNS.     

Lp(a) is increased in hemodialysis patients according to the type of dialysis membrane: a 2-year follow-up study

AIMS: Patients with chronic renal failure treated by hemodialysis develop lipoprotein abnormalities that may contribute to their increased risk ofatherosclerosis. This study shows lipid parameter follow-up procedure according to the type of dialysis membrane in an unselected population of 33 hemodialysis patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 33 patients with end-stage renal disease and 110 healthy blood bank donors of Tenon Hospital. Cholesterol and triglycerides were determined by enzymatic methods, apoA-I, apoB by immunoturbidimetry and Lp(a) by immunonephelemetry. Apo(a) phenotyping was performed by agarose gel electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting. Patients and controls subjects were estimated by Student's t- and chi2-tests. RESULTS: Patients dialyzed with low-flux membranes had Lp(a) concentrations higher than patients dialyzed with high-flux membranes. Patients dialyzed with polyacrylonitrile membranes (AN 69) had an apoA-I concentration significantly lower than patients dialyzed with hemophane or polysulfone membranes. We also confirmed some of the lipid abnormalities and high Lp(a) concentrations in ESRD patients. CONCLUSION: These results may contribute to a more rational choice of the dialysis membrane in hemodialysis patients.     

High serum lipoprotein(a) concentrations in uremic patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

We measured serum lipoprotein(a) [Lp (a)] concentrations in 50 uremic patients treated on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and compared them with those in 29 uremic patients on hemodialysis (HD) and those in 62 normal controls. The median values were 47.9 mg/dl in CAPD patients, 25.2 mg/dl in HD patients, and 11.7 mg/dl in controls, respectively. These differences were statistically significant when assessed by Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.0001). Thirty-five out of 50 patients on CAPD (70%) and 12 out of 29 patients on HD (41%) had Lp(a) concentrations above 30 mg/dl, whereas these high values were observed in only 15% of normal controls. This difference in prevalence of high Lp(a) was also significant by 2 x 3 chi-square test (p < 0.01). There was a significant positive correlation between Lp(a) and apolipoprotein B (r = 0.517, p < 0.0001). In CAPD patients, 9 with ischemic heart disease had a significantly higher median Lp(a) than those without it (67.4 vs 40.9 mg/dl, p < 0.01 by Mann-Whitney U-test). These results suggest that high levels of serum Lp(a) might contribute to an increased risk for ischemic heart disease in CAPD patients, and that there may be a relationship between Lp(a) and apolipoprotein B metabolism in CAPD patients.     

Serum lipoprotein(a) concentrations and apolipoprotein(a) phenotypes in hemodialysis,chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and post-transplant patients

Serum lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] concentrations and apolipoprotein(a) apo(a) phenotypes were determined in 81 hemodialysis (HD) patients, 37 chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients, 25 post-transplant patients and 99 healthy subjects as the reference group. The CAPD patients had significantly higher serum Lp(a) concentration than HD patients, but both had significantly increased Lp(a) levels as compared with the reference group and post-transplant patients. When all studied groups were divided into two subgroups with at least one low molecular weight (LMW) isoform and with only one high molecular weight (HMW) isoform, they presented a similar distribution. (Pearson's chi-squared = 2,78; df = 3; p = NS). The median serum Lp(a) levels were significantly increased with HMW class versus the reference group and post-transplant patients. In CAPD patients, the LMW phenotypes showed significantly increased median serum Lp(a) concentrations versus the reference group, but they were not statistically elevated in HD patients. In the post-transplant patients, LMW and HMW phenotypes did not differ as compared to the reference group. The elevated Lp(a) levels in HD and CAPD groups were explained by apo(a) type-specific, but not by differences in, isoform frequencies. We conclude that HD and CAPD patients had increased Lp(a) levels compared with the reference group, whereas elevated Lp(a) concentrations were observed mainly in patients with HMW apo(a) phenotypes. Patients after renal transplantation showed a correction of Lp(a) levels mainly in HMW phenotypes. The LMW status corresponding to high Lp(a) levels and apo(a) isoforms could be used together with Lp(a) levels with other risk factors to assess in uremic patients the predisposition to coronary artery disease.     

apoA- AND apoB-CONTAINING LIPOPROTEINS AND Lp(A) CONCENTRATION IN NON-DIALYZED PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE

Background: End-Stage renal disease is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and a high incidence of cardiovascular disease. Methods: The serum levels of lipids and apolipoproteins and Lp(a) were determined in 51 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) with various advancement, without interference of factors which might disturb Lp(a) metabolism and with proteinuria less than 0.5 g/24 h. The patients studied were divided into two groups: patients with moderate renal failure (CRF-M) and creatinine levels of 2–6 mg/dL n = 27; and predialysis patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) and creatinine levels higher than 8.5 mg/dL n = 24. Results: In both studied groups serum concentrations of triglycerides (TG), total apoCIII, apoCIIInonB, apoB:CIII were statistically increased, (except total cholestrol (TC) and LDL-cholestrol (LDL-C), apoB, total apoE, apoEnonB, apoB:E), while the levels of HDL-cholestrol (HDL-C) and apoAI significantly decreased. Lipid and lipoprotein ratios as risk factors of atherosclerosis were similar in both groups. The TC/HDL-C ratio increased, while that of HDL-C/apoAI and apoAI/apoCIII decreased. Serum Lp(a) concentrations were significantly increased in both studied groups. The medians and ranges of Lp(a) concentration were similar in both groups. Serum Lp(a) levels correlated with total cholesterol (r = 0.295; p < 0.05), LDL-C (r = 0.312; p < 0.05) and apoB (r = 0.215; p < 0.05). In addition, no correlation was found between Lp(a) levels and albumin concentrations (r = 0.126; p = 0.421). Conclusion: Our results may indicate that the reduced levels of apoA-containing lipoproteins and increased TG-rich apoB-containing lipoproteins and Lp(a) indicated a clear atherogenic pattern in early renal disease. Increased Lp(a) concentration may result in nonspecific synthesis or catabolism disturbances. Measurement and monitoring of lipoprotein family profiles offers a new means for selecting appropriate therapies targeted for normalizing dyslipidemia in non-dialyzed patients.