远端通过导管推越技术机械取栓治疗大脑中动脉M1段急性闭塞

目的 观察将治疗时间窗延长至16 h并以远端通过导管推越(ADVANCE)技术机械取栓治疗大脑中动脉M1段急性闭塞的效果。方法 回顾性分析60例因大脑中动脉M1段或颈内动脉合并大脑中动脉M1段闭塞(发病至介入治疗动脉穿刺时间≤16 h)而接受数字减影血管造影(DSA)引导下机械取栓治疗的急性缺血性脑卒中患者,其中28例以ADVANCE技术首次取栓(观察组)、32例以血栓抽吸术取栓(对照组),对比组间疗效及并发症。结果 观察组术后血管再通成功率[89.29%(25/28)]与对照组[93.75%(30/32)]差异无统计学意义(P=0.876)。观察组首过效应(FPE)率高于对照组,首次血管再通取栓次数及穿刺至血管开通时间均少于对照组(P均＜0.05)。术后1周美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分及术后90天预后良好率组间差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。观察组术中血管痉挛发生率低于对照组(P＜0.05),2组颅内出血、远端栓塞、新发梗死及死亡率差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。结论 将治疗时间窗延长至16 h,以ADVANCE技术机械取栓治疗大脑中动脉M1段急性闭塞安全、有效。     

动脉内机械取栓治疗急性后循环缺血性脑卒中临床效果及预后影响因素

目的探讨机械取栓治疗急性后循环缺血性脑卒中患者的临床效果及预后影响因素。方法对15例急性后循环缺血性脑卒中患者行动脉内机械取栓治疗,统计血管成功再通率,并观察术后24 h内脑出血、脑梗死等不良反应发生情况。术后3个月随访,以改良Rankin量表(mRS)评估患者预后;对比预后良好(mRS评分0～2分)与不良(mRS评分3～6分)患者间基线资料及治疗相关指标的差异。结果对15例患者均成功开通闭塞血管,血管成功再通率100%(15/15)。术后24 h内1例发生脑出血,5例发生大面积脑梗死。术后3个月9例患者预后良好,5例预后不良,1例死亡。与预后不良患者比较,预后良好患者发病至入院时间更短(t=-2.435,P=0.030),入院时后循环Alberta卒中项目早期CT评分(pc-ASPECTS)更高(t=5.925,P0.001),术前美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分更低(t=3.053,P=0.009)。结论动脉内机械取栓治疗急性后循环缺血性脑卒中效果好且安全性高;发病至入院时间、术前NIHSS评分及pc-ASPECTS是影响患者预后的因素。     

择期植入动脉支架治疗机械取栓后颅内靶血管残余重度狭窄

目的探讨对机械取栓成功后颅内靶血管残余重度狭窄患者行择期动脉支架植入治疗的可行性。方法对4例成功机械取栓后颅内靶血管残余重度狭窄患者行择期动脉支架植入术。结果取栓术后4例闭塞血管均成功复流,靶血管均残余≥70%的重度狭窄,但可维持稳定前向血流。2例取栓术后72 h内MRI显示脑梗死面积较大,分别于取栓后48天和27天行支架植入;2例脑梗死面积小且神经功能恢复良好,分别于取栓术后12天和4天行支架植入。支架释放后4例血流均通畅,未见并发症,术后90天改良Rankin评分(mRS)均≤2;末次随访时支架位置均良好,血管通畅。结论对于机械取栓成功后靶血管残余重度狭窄,根据取栓后脑梗死面积及神经功能恢复情况择期植入动脉支架是相对安全有效的治疗方案。     

颅内自膨胀支架植入术治疗急性前循环觉醒型卒中

目的探讨颅内自膨胀支架治疗急性觉醒型卒中的有效性和安全性。方法对16例急性前循环系统觉醒型卒中患者行颅内自膨胀支架治疗。于术前及术后24h行美国国立卫生院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分,术后14天及3个月分别行改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分,评估临床预后。结果 16例患者术前NIHSS评分为7~28分,中位数为18分;术后11例血管再通,8例术后24h内NIHSS评分改善大于4分,3个月随访10例临床预后良好(mRs≤2);1例症状性颅内出血,2例死亡。结论颅内自膨胀支架治疗急性前循环觉醒型卒中安全有效。     

缺血后处理技术在中动脉急性闭塞脑梗死患者血管介入中的应用

目的探讨缺血后处理技术在中动脉急性闭塞脑梗死患者血管介入中的应用效果。方法选择2017年5月至2019年6月在本院就诊的90例中动脉急性闭塞脑梗死患者,根据治疗方法不同将其分为观察组(血管内介入+缺血后处理治疗)和对照组(血管内介入治疗),两组各45例。比较两组患者治疗前后的脑梗死体积变化、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、90天mRS评分、死亡率、血管再通率以及症状性颅内出血情况。结果两组患者发病1天后脑梗死体积明显大于术前,且观察组脑梗死体积显著小于对照组(P0.05)。两组患者术前和术后即刻的NIHSS评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但患者术后1天、术后7天和术后14天的NIHSS评分均下降,且观察组患者NIHSS评分显著低于对照组患者(P0.05)。观察组患者术后90天良好预后率和血管再通率均显著高于对照组,死亡率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。两组患者症状性颅内出血比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论缺血后处理技术在中动脉急性闭塞脑梗死患者血管介入中可以改善脑梗死体积和神经功能,提高血管再通率,降低死亡率,具有更好的预后效果。     

急性脑梗死支架取栓术后蛛网膜下腔出血影响因素

目的探讨急性脑梗死患者接受支架取栓术后发生蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的影响因素。方法回顾性分析88例经支架取栓治疗的急性大脑中动脉(MCA)闭塞患者,对比分析术后发生SAH(SAH组)与未发生SAH者(无SAH组)的差异。结果 88例均成功经支架取栓。术后14例出现SAH,74例无SAH。2组患者性别、年龄、基础疾病、入院时美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分等一般资料,术中所用取栓支架长度及直径、血管痉挛发生率、行挽救性血管成形术比例、术后改良脑梗死溶栓(mTICI)分级差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05);SAH组取栓次数、支架释放于M2段内长度、MCA顶-底距离(D-TB)均高于无SAH组(P均0.05)。结论 MCA纡曲、多次取栓、M2段取栓及支架释放于M2段较长可能增加急性脑梗死患者支架取栓术后SAH风险。     

动脉取栓联合支架植入术治疗长段髂动脉闭塞

目的 探讨动脉取栓联合支架植入术治疗长段髂动脉闭塞的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2005年7月至2007年10月动脉取栓联合支架植入术治疗长段髂动脉闭塞26例患者的临床资料.结果 24例患者成功行动脉取栓联合支架植入术,2例由于动脉管腔完全硬化闭塞而无法行介入手术,成功率为92.3%.有3例同时行对侧髂动脉支架植入术.术后患者症状均有明显改善或消失,围手术期无死亡.踝肱指数(ABI)平均增加0.52.随访时间4～30(平均22)个月.4例患者分别于术后25天、40天及12个月、21个月再次出现下肢缺血症状,给予对症治疗后症状改善.结论 动脉取栓联合支架植入术治疗长段髂动脉闭塞安全、疗效肯定,但应掌握其适应证,远期疗效需进一步观察.     

不同方法治疗急性大脑中动脉M2段闭塞效果

目的对比常规治疗、经静脉溶栓和血管内治疗对急性大脑中动脉M2段(MCA-M2)闭塞的临床疗效。方法76例急性MCA-M2闭塞患者分别接受常规治疗(常规组,n=31)、静脉溶栓治疗(溶栓组,n=27)和血管内治疗(血管内组,n=18),比较3组疗效相关指标。结果治疗后24 h,血管内组美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分较基线下降≥4分者占比(83.33%)显著高于常规组(48.15%,校正前及校正后P均<0.01)。随访90天,相比常规组,溶栓组和血管内组良好预后率均提高、死亡率均降低,非症状性颅内出血发病率增加(校正前P均<0.05);经年龄、基线NIHSS评分、发病至入院时间校正后差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。溶栓组1例出现症状性颅内出血。血管内组血管再通率94.44%。结论对于MCA-M2闭塞性急性脑梗死患者,急诊血管内治疗安全、有效,可早期快速改善神经功能。     

Solitaire AB支架取栓治疗急性脑动脉闭塞患者的护理

对11例急性脑动脉闭塞患者行Solitaire AB支架取栓治疗,结果11例患者闭塞动脉均完全再通,临床症状较治疗前有不同程度改善;基本治愈7例,显效2例,有效1例,1例术后第2天死亡。提出在急性脑动脉闭塞患者的Solitaire AB支架取栓治疗中,积极为取栓争取时间,术前快速做好手术准备,术中加强配合,术后严密监测病情变化、加强穿刺侧肢体护理、抗凝治疗的护理、积极预防和处置并发症是其护理要点。     

颅内动脉机械取栓装置取栓研究

目的 观察国产颅内动脉机械装置取栓的有效性及安全性.方法 临时阻断颈总动脉血流并注入凝血酶制作60只适合机械取栓的兔急性血管栓塞模型,按随机数字表法分为非治疗组、3h溶栓组、3、6、8、12h取栓组,取栓组应用颅内动脉机械取栓装置取栓,3h溶栓组应用尿激酶溶栓,取、溶栓前后行数字减影血管造影(DSA)观察血管再通,行经颅多普勒(TCD)记录大脑中动脉平均流速(VMCA)变化,行磁共振弥散成像(MR-DWI)描述不同时段取栓表观弥散系数(ADC)的变化.结果 3h取栓、溶栓组的血管再通率分别是80％、20％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),治疗后VMCA的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);非治疗组、12 h取栓组ADC值逐渐降低,而3、6、8h取栓组ADC值逐渐上升;栓塞后24 h与非治疗组和12h取栓组比较,3、6、8h取栓组ADC值较高,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 颅内动脉取栓装置取栓有效地提高了闭塞血管的再通率,迅速恢复血流,适当延长了血管内治疗的时间窗.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.