钉道设计在颈椎椎弓根固定中的应用

[目的]探讨钉道设计在颈椎椎弓根固定中的应用.[方法]2006～2009年16例患者在本院接受下颈椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术,术前采用颈椎螺旋CT三维重建,测量该组患者颈椎椎弓根的长度、宽度、高度、向内侧倾斜、向头侧倾斜、向尾侧倾斜角度的数据,以此为指导行术中置入椎弓根螺钉.术后半月内采用与术前程序一致的螺旋CT三维重建及钉道扫描,观察椎弓根螺钉与椎弓根各壁的关系.[结果]颈椎弓根变异较大.本组共置钉66枚,57枚螺钉完全位于椎弓根内,9枚螺钉穿破椎弓根外侧皮质壁,其中5枚穿破距离为1 mm,4枚螺钉穿破距离为2～3 mm,无椎动脉和脊髓损伤发生,置钉准确率为93%.[结论]钉道设计对术中个体化置入颈椎弓根螺钉有重要意义.     

颈椎弓根螺钉置钉并发症原因分析及预防

目的回顾性分析颈椎弓根螺钉置钉术中并发症原因及对策。方法颈椎骨折脱位患者600例采用颈椎弓根螺钉内固定技术治疗,发生置钉并发症36例,男26例,女10例;年龄26~68岁,平均38.9岁。按Frankel分级11例为完全性颈髓损伤;25例为不完全性颈髓损伤。结果在发生置钉并发症36例中共置入椎弓根螺钉204枚,有70枚螺钉方向偏差,其中20枚螺钉初次置入后感觉松动,经校正后二次置入成功;17枚钉道钻孔后出血较多,其中1枚误入横突孔损伤椎动脉,经处理未引起严重后果;术中定位时有33枚螺钉穿出椎弓根,向上进入椎间隙14枚,偏下5枚,偏外8枚,偏内1枚,5枚因方向偏差反复钻孔致椎弓根骨折。32例获得随访,随访时间10~26个月。均获骨性融合。手术后1例患者原有神经症状加重,经过半年康复锻炼症状明显好转。结论颈椎弓根解剖变异较大,应强调颈椎弓根螺钉置入的个体化,术前除应仔细掌握患者颈椎弓根影像学解剖结构特点外,术中还注意技术操作的要点。     

颈椎椎弓根螺钉误置的临床特征分析

目的:观察颈椎椎弓根置钉的准确性,分析螺钉误置的临床特征。方法:32例施行颈椎椎弓根置钉手术患者,男22例,女10例;年龄25~74岁(51.5±13.6岁)。颈椎骨折/脱位16例,颈椎后纵韧带骨化8例,颈椎多节段椎间盘突出1例,颈椎管内肿瘤7例(神经鞘瘤3例,脊膜瘤3例,室管膜瘤1例)。术前进行颈椎CT三维重建,确定椎弓根螺钉的进钉点,并测量椎弓根的内倾角、矢状面角度及直径、长度等参数;术中在C型臂X线机透视辅助下置入椎弓根螺钉;术后复查颈椎CT观察椎弓根螺钉位置,按照Lee等的方法判断椎弓根螺钉位置准确性:0级,螺钉未穿破椎弓根;1级,螺钉穿破椎弓根25%的螺钉直径;2级,螺钉穿破椎弓根25%,但50%的螺钉直径;3级,螺钉穿破椎弓根50%的螺钉直径。2级和3级判为螺钉误置,分析椎弓根螺钉误置的特点;观察血管神经损伤等并发症情况。结果:32例患者中因术中置钉困难更改为侧块螺钉3枚,改为寰椎椎板钩1枚,共置入颈椎椎弓根螺钉147枚(上颈椎40枚,中下颈椎107枚),椎弓根螺钉位置0级53枚,1级67枚,2级17枚(上颈椎2枚,下颈椎15枚),3级10枚(上颈椎1枚,下颈椎9枚)。椎弓根螺钉总误置率为18.3%(2级+3级);外侧壁穿破17枚,下壁5枚,上壁4枚,内侧壁1枚。上颈椎椎弓根螺钉的误置率(7.5%)显著低于中下颈椎(22.4%)(P0.05);椎弓根外侧壁穿破率(11.5%)高于上壁(2.7%)、下壁(3.4%,)及内侧壁(0.7%)(P均0.01)。5例患者6枚螺钉术中椎弓根钉道攻丝后活动性出血,予骨蜡封堵及置入螺钉后即止血,无血肿或脑缺血梗死并发症。3例患者术后出现上肢神经根刺激症状,予颈椎制动、神经营养治疗,分别于术后1个月、3个月、4个月好转。结论:颈椎椎弓根螺钉误置率较高,但相关并发症较少;穿破椎弓根外侧壁多于内侧壁、上壁或下壁;中下颈椎椎弓根螺钉的误置率高于上颈椎。     

单纯后路椎弓根钉内固定治疗下颈椎骨折脱位

目的 探讨单纯后路应用椎弓根钉内固定治疗下颈椎骨折脱位的可行性.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2012年12月采用一期单纯后路椎弓根钉内固定治疗30例下颈椎骨折脱位患者资料,男22例,女8例;年龄24～61岁,平均41岁;C4,5骨折伴脱位8例,C5,6骨折伴脱位12例,C6,7骨折伴脱位10例.ASIA脊髓损伤分级:A级8例,B级12例,C级5例,D级3例,E级2例.结果 所有颈椎骨折脱位均获得良好复位和固定,共成功置入140枚颈椎弓根螺钉,术后X线及CT三维重建示螺钉位于椎弓根内.术后随访3～23个月,平均11个月.术后ASIA脊髓损伤分级,8例仍为A级,但截瘫平面下降,运动感觉好转;10例B级提高至C级;其余患者保持或提高至E级.所有病例均获良好骨性融合,无一例发生脱钉、断钉、断棒等并发症.术后2周及3个月复查颈椎MRI均未见颈椎间盘后移、突出及压迫脊髓.结论 对于下颈椎骨折脱位伴难复性关节突绞锁、椎间盘破裂的患者,单纯后路复位,并以椎弓根螺钉固定能三维固定损伤节段,力学强度足够,安全有效;术中运用正确的纵向牵伸技术,能有效解锁并复位,可防止椎间盘后移及加重脊髓损伤.     

椎弓根螺钉技术治疗颈椎骨折脱位

目的 探讨椎弓根螺钉技术治疗颈椎骨折脱位的疗效. 方法 对2006年10月至2010年10月收治的37例颈椎骨折脱位患者资料进行回顾性分析,其中男30例,女7例;年龄17～ 73岁,平均38岁;上颈椎损伤15例,下颈椎损伤22例;脊髓损伤按美国脊髓损伤协会(American Spinal Injury Association,ASIA)分级:V级13例,Ⅳ级6例,Ⅲ级9例,Ⅱ级6例,Ⅰ级1例,0级2例.所有患者均行后路经椎弓根钉棒系统复位内固定、椎板间植骨融合术治疗. 结果所有患者全部顺利置钉,无一例发生脊髓神经损伤、椎动脉损伤.34例患者术后获5 ～ 46个月(平均27.5个月)随访,无内固定失效、松动、断钉及断棒等不良反应发生,神经功能有不同程度恢复. 结论熟悉颈椎解剖、掌握椎弓根螺钉技术、严格把握进钉点及进钉角度后方能安全置钉,采用颈椎弓根螺钉技术治疗颈椎骨折脱位可以取得比较好的疗效.     

颈椎椎弓根钉治疗颈椎骨折脱位的有关问题探讨

目的探讨告颈椎椎弓根钉内固定治疗颈椎骨折脱位的临床常见问题及处理方法。方法采用经椎弓根内固定治疗颈椎骨折脱位56例。所有病例术前均行X线、CT及MRI检查并根据测量结果对每一椎弓根钉实施个体化置入。结果56例全部获得6～12月随访。共置入螺钉278枚,有253枚（91%）位置正确,25枚存在不同程度偏差,其中2枚造成神经根损伤,1枚疑有血管损伤。有53例获得满意复位并骨性愈合,有3例因系陈旧骨折脱位术中未完全复位,术后出现神经根刺激症状,其中1例术后因退钉而改行前路手术。22例脊髓损伤病例中有6例系脊髓完全损伤,术后均无恢复;其余16例为脊髓不全损伤,术后神经功能均获明显改善甚至恢复正常。结论颈椎椎弓根钉内固定是治疗颈椎骨折脱位一种有效且相对较安全的方法之一,合理选择手术适应征,熟悉颈椎解剖结构,术中规范操作以及置钉个体化等是手术成功的关键。     

13D打印导航模板在下颈椎骨折并脱位手术中的应用

目的探讨3D打印导航模板应用于下颈椎骨折并脱位手术中椎弓根螺钉置入的准确性和安全性。方法将24例下颈椎骨折并脱位患者的C_(3～7)节段CT连续扫描的影像数据导入三维重建软件Mimics 10. 01中建立三维模型,以STL格式导出。在UG Imageware 12. 0平台打开三维重建模型。在逆向工程中将模板与椎弓根钉道拟合。术后根据颈椎X线片和CT扫描评估椎弓根螺钉位置。结果用3D打印导航模板为24例患者共置入螺钉122枚,术中导航模板与暴露的后部结构能够紧密贴合,稳定性好。所有椎弓根螺钉置入顺利,术中和术后未出现血管和神经并发症。结论 3D打印导航模板辅助下手术治疗下颈椎骨折并脱位,椎弓根螺钉置钉准确性高,操作简单,手术安全。     

颈椎椎弓根逐级扩孔锥的研制及其临床应用

目的研制一种新型颈椎椎弓根逐级扩孔锥用于开凿椎弓根钉固定的螺钉隧道,以提高置钉的准确性和安全性。方法颈椎椎弓根逐级扩孔锥分为3级,横截面积(或口径)逐级依次增大。纳入颈椎骨折脱位9例,多节段颈椎间盘突出、椎管狭窄2例,术中采用逐级扩孔锥辅助置入椎弓根钉。结果本组11例共置入椎弓根钉70枚,其中C_3 6枚,C_4 8枚,_C5 20枚,C_6 20枚,C_7 16枚。椎弓根钉直径:3.5 mm 66枚,3.0 mm 4枚。术中未出现椎动脉、神经根、硬脊膜及脊髓损伤。术后70枚螺钉按Neo等的标准评价置钉准确性:0级62枚,1级8枚,均属于优良置钉。结论颈椎椎弓根逐级扩孔锥使用方便,结合术前个体化设计能提高徒手置入颈椎椎弓根钉的准确性和安全性。     

提高颈椎椎弓根置入准确性的新技术

[目的]介绍一种既提高疗效又安全可靠的颈椎椎弓根置钉新技术。[方法]回顾性研究本科2010～2018年收治的89例患者,置钉778枚,男42例,女47例;多节段颈椎骨折脱位19例、僵硬型或柔韧型颈椎后凸畸形伴狭窄症12例、颈椎管内肿瘤需关节突切除19例、强直性脊柱炎并颈椎骨折脱位16例、寰枢椎骨折脱位23例。五大技术整合应用于颈椎椎弓根内固定手术,包括术前规划、3D打印模拟手术、术中三维定向器辅助置钉、术中CT护航及术后CT评估。按照Lee等的方法判断椎弓根螺钉位置准确性。[结果] 89例患者778枚螺钉全部置钉成(2级+3级)。[结论]术前规划、3D打印模拟手术、术中三维定向器辅助置钉、术中CT护航及术后综合评估五大混合技术可明显减少颈椎椎弓根螺钉的并发症。     

下颈椎椎板和侧块作为椎弓根置钉角度参考标志的可靠性

【摘要】 目的：探讨下颈椎椎板和侧块作为椎弓根置钉角度参考标志的可靠性。方法：完整成人颈椎骨性标本10具,男、女各5具,模拟施行下颈椎椎弓根置钉手术;术前对C3~C7进行螺旋CT扫描多平面重建,确定椎弓根进钉轴,并以椎板和侧块作为椎弓根内倾角和上倾角的参考标志,测量椎弓根进钉轴与同侧椎板的夹角（PL角）及与侧块后表面的夹角（PLM角）,术中以相同参考标志和置钉角度置入椎弓根螺钉。术后复查CT并评估椎弓根螺钉置钉的准确率：0级,螺钉完全位于椎弓根内;1级,穿破椎弓根的部分<螺钉直径的25%;2级,螺钉直径的25%~50%穿破椎弓根;3级,螺钉直径>50%穿破椎弓根;2级和3级螺钉为误置。对颈椎标本各节段椎弓根螺钉位置的分级与椎弓根的宽度与高度进行相关性分析。2011年10月~2012年12月,用同样方法对6例患者进行下颈椎椎弓根螺钉置钉手术,评估置钉准确率和并发症情况。结果：10具颈椎标本的下颈椎椎弓根的PL角,C3、C4>C5、C6>C7;PLM角,C3、C4相似文献   

新型单椎单侧椎弓根导向模板辅助下颈椎椎弓根个体化置钉

目的探讨新型单椎单侧椎弓根导向模板辅助下颈椎椎弓根个体化置钉的准确性。方法对需要行颈椎后路椎弓根内固定治疗的22例下颈椎患者术前行CT扫描,根据CT扫描资料,利用逆向工程原理及快速成型技术,采用Mimics 16.0和Imageware 12.0软件,制作颈椎三维模型,并设计出个体化的新型单椎单侧椎弓根导向模板,辅助颈椎椎弓根置钉。术后复查颈椎CT评价椎弓根螺钉的位置,按照Lee et al的评定方法将螺钉在椎弓根内的位置分为4级:0级,螺钉完全位于椎弓根内;1级,穿破椎弓根的部分螺钉直径的25%;2级,螺钉直径的25%~50%穿破椎弓根;3级,穿破椎弓根的部分螺钉直径的50%。0级和1级认为置钉满意,2级和3级认为螺钉误置。结果 22例均获得随访,时间6~36个月。22例患者共置入椎弓根螺钉113枚,改为侧块螺钉固定3枚。术后复查CT提示椎弓根螺钉位置107枚为0级,4枚为1级,2枚为2级。仅2例发生误置,置钉准确率达98.2%。其中1级和2级共6枚椎弓根螺钉均穿破椎弓根外侧壁,无椎弓根内侧壁及上、下壁穿破情况。对螺钉穿破外侧壁的患者行椎动脉MRA检查,未见椎动脉损伤。患者均未出现螺钉误置导致的脊髓、神经损伤并发症。结论新型单椎单侧椎弓根导向模板辅助下颈椎椎弓根个体化置钉准确性高,相关并发症少,为下颈椎椎弓根的置入提供了一种新的方法。     

Computed tomography assessment of lateral pedicle wall perforation by free-hand subaxial cervical pedicle screw placement

Purpose

To present the technique of free-hand subaxial cervical pedicle screw (CPS) placement without using intra-operative navigating devices, and to investigate the crucial factors for safe placement and avoidance of lateral pedicle wall perforation, by measuring and classifying perforations with postoperative computed tomography (CT) scan.

Summary of background data

The placement of CPS has generally been considered as technically demanding and associated with considerable lateral wall perforation rate. For surgeons without access to navigation systems, experience of safe free-hand technique for subaxial CPS placement is especially valuable.

Materials and methods

A total of 214 consecutive traumatic or degenerative patients with 1,024 CPS placement using the free-hand technique were enrolled. In the operative process, the lateral mass surface was decorticated. Then a small curette was used to identify the pedicle entrance by touching the cortical bone of the medial pedicle wall. It was crucial to keep the transverse angle and make appropriate adjustment with guidance of the resistance of the thick medial cortical bone. The hand drill should be redirected once soft tissue breach was palpated by a slim ball-tip prober. With proper trajectory, tapping, repeated palpation, the 26–30 mm screw could be placed. After the procedure, the transverse angle of CPS trajectory was measured, and perforation of the lateral wall was classified by CT scan: grade 1, perforation of pedicle wall by screw placement, with the external edge of screw deviating out of the lateral pedicle wall equal to or less than 2 mm and grade 2, critical perforation of pedicle wall by screw placement, large than 2 mm.

Results

A total of 129 screws (12.64 %) were demonstrated as lateral pedicle wall perforation, of which 101 screws (9.86 %) were classified as grade 1, whereas 28 screws (2.73 %) as grade 2. Among the segments involved, C3 showed an obviously higher perforating rate than other (P < 0.05). The difference between the anatomical pedicle transverse angle and the screw trajectory angle was higher in patients of grade 2 perforation than the others. In the 28 screws of grade 2 perforation verified by axial CT, 26 screws had been palpated as abnormal during operation. However, only 19 out of the 101 screws of grade 1 perforation had shown palpation alarming signs during operation. The average follow-up was 36.8 months (range 5–65 months). There was no symptom and sign of neurovascular injuries. Two screws (0.20 %) were broken, and one screw (0.10 %) loosen.

Conclusion

Placement of screw through a correct trajectory may lead to grade 1 perforation, which suggests transversal expansion and breakage of the thinner lateral cortex, probably caused by mismatching of the diameter of 3.5 mm screws and the tiny cancellous bone cavity of pedicle. Grade 1 perforation is deemed as relatively safe to the vertebral artery. Grade 2 perforation means obvious deviation of the trajectory angle of hand drill, which directly penetrates into the transverse foramen, and the risk of vertebral artery injury (VAI) or development of thrombi caused by the irregular blood flow would be much greater compared to grade 1 perforation. Moreover, there are two crucial maneuvers for increasing accuracy of screw placement: identifying the precise entry point using a curette or hand drill to touch the true entrance of the canal after decortication, and guiding CPS trajectory on axial plane by the resistant of thick medial wall.     

Iso-C 3D导航系统下椎弓根钉内固定治疗颈椎骨折脱位

[目的]探讨在Iso-C 3D导航系统下行椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗颈椎骨折、脱位的临床意义。[方法]在Iso-C 3D导航系统下,应用椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗颈椎骨折、脱位共31例,观察临床疗效及置钉的准确性。[结果]本组31例中,共置入136枚椎弓根螺钉。术后X线片显示,颈椎骨折脱位复位均满意,颈椎生理曲度恢复良好。术后CT显示,136枚椎弓根螺钉中,有6枚螺钉穿破椎弓根,穿透皮质率4.4%,但均未造成脊髓、神经、血管压迫等。经随访,X线显示所有病例融合区均骨性愈合,无1例出现断钉及内置物松动现象。合并脊髓损伤的患者,术后神经功能均有不同程度的恢复。[结论]椎弓根螺钉技术稳定性良好,具有优越的生物力学性能,为颈椎骨折脱位行后路内固定提供了一种安全有效的方法,在Iso-C 3D导航下行颈椎椎弓根螺钉内固定手术,能显著提高椎弓根螺钉置入的准确性和安全性。     

Subaxial cervical pedicle screw insertion with newly defined entry point and trajectory: accuracy evaluation in cadavers

Successful placement of cervical pedicle screws requires accurate identification of both entry point and trajectory. However, literature has not provided consistent recommendations regarding the direction of pedicle screw insertion and entry point location. The objective of this study was to define a guideline regarding the optimal entry point and trajectory in placing subaxial cervical pedicle screws and to evaluate the screw accuracy in cadaver cervical spines. The guideline for entry point and trajectory for each vertebra was established based on the recently published morphometric data. Six fresh frozen cervical spines (C3–C7) were used. There were two men and four women. After posterior exposure, the entry point was determined and the cortical bone of the entry point was removed using a 2-mm burr. Pilot holes were created with a cervical probe based on the guideline using fluoroscopy. After tapping, 3.5-mm screws with appropriate length were inserted. After screw insertion, every vertebra was dissected and inspected for pedicle breach. The pedicle width, height, pedicle transverse angulation and actual screw insertion angle were measured. A total of 60 pedicle screws were inserted. No statistical difference in pedicle width and height was found between the left and right sides for each level. The overall accuracy of pedicle screws was 83.3%. The remaining 13.3% screws had noncritical breach, and 3.3% had critical breach. The critical breach was not caused by the guideline. There was no statistical difference between the pedicle transverse angulation and the actual screw trajectory created using the guideline. There was statistical difference in pedicle width between the breach and non-breach screws. In conclusion, high success rate of subaxial cervical pedicle screw placement can be achieved using the recently proposed operative guideline and oblique views of fluoroscopy. However, careful preoperative planning and good surgical skills are still required to ensure screw placement accuracy and to reduce the risk of neural and vascular injury.     

Cervical pedicle screw placement: feasibility and accuracy of two new insertion techniques based on morphometric data

This morphometric and experimental study was designed to assess the dimensions and axes of the subaxial cervical pedicles and to compare the accuracy of two different techniques for subaxial cervical pedicle screw (CPS) placement using newly designed aiming devices. Transpedicular fixation is increasingly used for stabilizing the subaxial cervical spine. Development of the demanding technique is based on morphometric studies of the pedicle anatomy. Several surgical techniques have been developed and evaluated with respect to their feasibility and accuracy. The study was carried out on six conserved human cadavers (average age 85 years). Axes and dimensions of the pedicles C3-C7 (60 pedicles) were measured using multislice computed tomography (CT) images prior to surgery. Two groups consisting of 3 specimens and 30 pedicles each were established according to the screw placement technique. For surgical technique 1 (ST1) a para-articular mini-laminotomy was performed. Guidance of the drill through the pedicle with a handheld aiming device attached onto the medial aspect of the pedicle inside the spinal canal. Screw hole preparation monitored by lateral fluoroscopy. In surgical technique 2 (ST2) a more complex aiming device was used for screw holes drilling. It consists of a frame with a fully adjustable radiolucent arm for carrying the instruments necessary for placing the screws. The arm was angled according to the cervical pedicle axis as determined by the preoperative CT scans. Drilling was monitored by lateral fluoroscopy. In either technique 3.5 mm screws made of carbon fiber polyetheretherketone (CF-PEEK) were inserted. The use of the CF-PEEK screws allowed for precise postoperative CT-assessment since this material does not cause artifacts. Screw placement was qualified from ideal to unacceptable into four grades: I = screw centered in pedicle; IIa = perforation of pedicle wall less than one-fourth of the screw diameter; IIb = perforation more than one-fourth of the screw diameter without contact to neurovascular structures; III = screw more than one-fourth outside the pedicle with contact to neurovascular structures. Fifty-six pedicle screws could be evaluated according to the same CT protocol that was used preoperatively. Accuracy of pedicle screw placement did not reveal significant differences between techniques 1 and 2. A tendency towards less severe misplacements (grade III) was seen in ST2 (15% in ST2 vs. 23% in ST1) as well as a higher rate of screw positions graded IIa (62% in ST2 vs. 43% in ST1). C4 and C5 were identified to be the most critical vertebral levels with three malpositioned screws each. Because of the variability of cervical pedicles preoperative CT evaluation with multiplanar reconstructions of the pedicle anatomy is essential for transpedicular screw placement in the cervical spine. Cadaver studies remain mandatory to develop safer and technically less demanding procedures. A similar study is projected to further develop the technique of CPS fixation with regard to safety and clinical practicability.     

下颈椎椎弓根螺钉内固定技术在临床中的应用

目的 :探讨下颈椎椎弓根螺钉内固定技术的临床应用。方法 :对2011年9月至2013年7月行下颈椎椎弓根螺钉内固定的32例患者进行回顾性分析,男20例,女12例;年龄21~78岁,平均56.4岁。其中10例为创伤性颈髓损伤,9例为颈椎管内肿瘤,7例颈椎后纵韧带骨化症,6例多节段颈椎病。所有患者术前行X线、CT、MRI及椎动脉MRA等影像学检查,术后及随访时行X线片及CT平扫明确螺钉的位置情况。根据Lee等4级分类法评价置钉的准确性,创伤性患者行ASIA分级评价脊髓功能变化,非创伤性患者采用JOA评分评价神经功能改善情况。结果:32例患者成功置入144枚下颈椎椎弓根螺钉,术后CT显示,0级132枚,1级5枚,2级5枚,3级2枚。有12枚螺钉穿破椎弓根,其中8枚螺钉穿破椎弓根外侧皮质,2枚螺钉穿破椎弓根下侧皮质,穿破椎弓根内侧、上侧皮质螺钉各1枚。术后随访12~33个月,平均(21.0±1.5)个月,6例完全性颈髓损伤患者术后神经功能虽无恢复,但截瘫平面下降1~3个脊髓节段。4例不完全性颈髓损伤患者术后按ASIA损伤分级提高1~2级。22例非创伤性患者术后6个月JOA评分平均(15.9±0.6)分,较术前(11.5±0.8)分明显提高(P<0.01)。所有患者未发现钉棒系统松动、断裂情况。结论:下颈椎椎弓根螺钉固定能提供优秀的三维稳定性。合理选择适应证,术前充分准备以及根据椎弓根形态个体化置钉可以最大限度的降低手术风险及手术并发症,值得临床应用推广。     

O-arm计算机导航辅助脊柱椎弓根螺钉置入的准确性

[目的]分析O-arm计算机辅助导航技术在脊柱椎弓根螺钉置入的准确性。[方法]回顾性分析2017年1月~2018年9月本院椎弓根螺钉置入患者575例,根据椎弓根螺钉置入方式不同,分为两组。导航组采用O-arm计算机辅助导航技术系统置入椎弓根螺钉233例,传统组采用传统徒手法置入椎弓根螺钉342例。行CT检查,依据Neo分型评估置钉准确性。[结果]导航组共置入1459枚椎弓根螺钉,其中C1~7置入222枚,T1~12置入535枚,L1~5置入652枚,S1置入50枚。每名患者置钉数量1~24枚,平均(6.26±3.77)枚。传统组共置入1724枚椎弓根螺钉,其中C1~7置入269枚,T1~12置入601枚,L1~5置入785枚,S1置入87枚。每名患者置钉数量1~20枚,平均(5.67±4.11)枚。导航组全部病例顺利完成手术,术中无血管、神经损伤等并发症,置钉安全率为100%,传统组有4例发生血管、神经损伤等并发症。所有患者术后进行12~24个月随访,随访过程均未发生不良事件。依据CT影像Neo分级标准,导航0型及1型椎弓根螺钉的成功置入率达98.01%,而传统组0型及1型椎弓根螺钉的成功置入率91.85%;两组间置入螺钉准确性的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论]与传统C臂X线机等徒手置钉方式相比,O-arm计算机辅助导航技术可提高脊柱椎弓根螺钉置入准确性,同时降低神经、血管等并发症的发生。     

Computer assisted pedicle screw fixation: clinical experience with a newly developed software

We have used software, recently developed at Cochin University of Science and Technology, to perform computer assisted pedicle screw placement in forty pedicles of ten patients with fractured thoracolumbar vertebrae from January 2002 to February 2004. A pre-operative CT scan section at the pedicle level is taken one vertebra above and one below the involved vertebra. The dicom image is converted into a bitmap image and reference lines are drawn through the transverse processes and the spinous processes. The screw trajectory is drawn in the image at the most suitable path of the pedicle. Intraoperatively reference pins are placed exactly at the same areas in the transverse processes and the spinous processes. The intraoperative image is live captured using a camera and is matched with the preoperative image and the awl is advanced into the pedicle corresponding to the screw trajectory in the CT image. Out of forty pedicles instrumented in ten patients using computer assistance, the pedicle wall violation as demonstrated with 1 mm thin CT scans was less than AMIOT Grade 2. Ideal placement was noted in 80% and clinically insignificant perforation (Grade 2&3) in the rest. Computer assisted pedicle screw fixation appears to be a good technique for the accurate placement of pedicle screws in fractured vertebrae.     

O形臂实时导航在颈椎椎弓根螺钉固定术中的应用

目的:探讨在O形臂导航下提高颈椎椎弓根螺钉置钉准确性的技术要点。方法:对2015年12月至2020年1月接受O形臂导航下颈椎椎弓根钉内固定术治疗的21例患者进行回顾性分析,其中男15例,女6例,年龄29～76(45.3±11.5)岁。术后CT扫描以Gertzbein&Robbins分级评估颈椎弓根螺钉置钉的准确性。结果:21例患者共置入132枚椎弓根螺钉,其中116枚置于C₃-C₆节段,16枚置于环枢椎。术后CT扫描根据Gertzbein&Robbins分级,11.36%(15/132)打破椎弓根,其中73.33%(11/15)为B级,26.67%(4/15)为C级,无D-E级破壁。所有患者术后随访无内固定所致相关并发症。结论:在合理选择适应证的前提下,O形臂导航下能够提高颈椎椎弓根螺钉置钉准确性和可靠性,使得手术医师更有信心进行复杂困难的颈椎内固定操作。但是考虑到颈椎弓根周围重要而复杂的邻近解剖结构,以及可能导致的灾难性后果,不仅应该熟练掌握导航技术要点,积累足够操作经验,同时警惕影像漂移,不应完全依赖导航。     

Robot assisted navigated drilling for percutaneous pedicle screw placement: A preliminary animal study

Background:There is much more radiation exposure to the surgeons during minimally invasive pedicle screws placement. In order to ease the surgeon''s hand-eye coordination and to reduce the iatrogenic radiation injury to the surgeons, a robot assisted percutaneous pedicle screw placement is useful. This study assesses the feasibility and clinical value of robot assisted navigated drilling for pedicle screw placement and the results thus achieved formed the basis for the development of a new robot for pedicle screw fixation surgery.Results:Assisted by spine robot system, the average time for system registration was (343.4 ± 18.4) s, the average time for procedure of drilling one pedicle screw trajectory was (89.5 ± 6.1) s, times of fluoroscopy for drilling one pedicle screw were (2.9 ± 0.8) times. Overall, 12 (15.0%) of the 80 K-wires violated the pedicle wall. Four screws (5.0%) were medial to the pedicle and 8 (10.5%) were lateral. The number of K-wires wholly within the pedicle were 68 (85%).Conclusions:The preliminary study supports the view that computer assisted pedicle screw fixation using spinal robot is feasible and the robot can decrease the intraoperative fluoroscopy time during the minimally invasive pedicle screw fixation surgery. As spine robotic surgery is still in its infancy, further research in this field is worthwhile especially the accuracy of spine robot system should be improved.