后路椎间植骨椎弓根钉系统内固定治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的 报道后路椎体间植骨融合椎弓根钉系统内固定术治疗腰椎滑脱的疗效。方法 应用后路椎体间自体髂骨植骨融合椎弓根钉系统内固定治疗腰椎滑脱36例，I度滑脱18例，Ⅱ度滑脱15例，Ⅲ度滑脱3例；峡部裂型30例，退变性5例，外伤性1例，结果 随访6个月1～2年，术后6个月植骨处均骨性愈合，无内固定物松动、脱出或断裂现象。临床疗效综合评价：优14例，良20例，可2例。结论 后路腰椎椎体间植骨融合加椎弓根钉系统复位固定治疗腰椎滑脱可以取得良好复位、坚强内固定、彻底减压、融合率高等效果。     

腰椎滑脱症外科治疗策略选择

目的探讨不同类型腰椎滑脱症及合并症的手术治疗方式、疗效及优缺点。方法2000年2月～2004年4月应用后路椎弓根螺钉复位内固定后，分别采用后外侧植骨融合术、后路椎体间植骨融合术及前路椎体问植骨融合术治疗不同类型腰椎滑脱症及合并症的患者78例，比较术后及随访时疗效、滑脱椎体复位率、椎间隙高度恢复率、植骨融合率以及复位丢失率。结果术后28例Ⅰ度滑脱及37例Ⅱ度腰椎滑脱患者获得解剖复位．9例Ⅱ度滑脱及4例Ⅲ度腰椎滑脱患者矫正至Ⅰ度滑脱。随访时总体优良率为89．72％，42例椎体间植骨患者植骨融合良好，滑脱椎体复位无丢失，椎间隙高度维持良好；36例后外侧植骨者有12例复位丢失，2例椎弓根螺钉松动，2枚椎弓根螺钉断裂：结论对小于Ⅱ度退变性腰椎滑脱合并腰椎管狭窄者宜选用后路椎弓根钉复位固定加后外侧植骨融合术；对峡部裂性腰椎滑脱合并腰椎管狭窄者宜选用后路椎弓根钉固定加椎体间植骨融合术；对Ⅱ度以上峡部裂性单纯腰椎滑脱者以及腰椎滑脱翻修者宜选用后路椎弓根钉固定加前路椎体间植骨融合术。     

椎弓根螺钉内固定结合椎体间植骨术治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效观察

目的探讨应用后路椎板减压、椎弓根螺钉复位固定、椎体间植骨术治疗峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症的临床效果。方法对43例峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症行后路减压、椎弓根螺钉复位固定结合椎体间植骨术治疗。评价术后滑脱复位和椎间植骨愈合情况。结果随访6～24个月,平均14.6个月。术后6～12个月复查腰椎X线片,4例植骨区仍有透亮影,2例出现滑脱椎体复位丢失。结论椎弓根螺钉复位固定、后路腰椎椎体间植骨融合术治疗峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症疗效满意,植骨愈合率高。     

椎弓根螺钉内固定结合椎体问植骨术治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效观察

目的 探讨应用后路椎板减压、椎弓根螺钉复位固定、椎体间植骨术治疗峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症的临床效果.方法 对43例峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症行后路减压、椎弓根螺钉复位固定结合椎体间植骨术治疗.评价术后滑脱复位和椎问植骨愈合情况.结果 随访6～24个月,平均14.6个月.术后6～12个月复查腰椎X线片,4例植骨区仍有透亮影,2例出现滑脱椎体复位丢失.结论 椎弓根螺钉复位固定、后路腰椎椎体问植骨融合术治疗峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症疗效满意,植骨愈合率高.     

Buck法螺钉固定联合椎板-横突植骨术治疗腰椎椎弓峡部裂

目的 探讨Buck法螺钉固定联合椎板-横突植骨术治疗腰椎椎弓峡部裂合并轻度腰椎滑脱的手术效果。方法 应用Buck法螺钉同定联合椎板-横突植骨融合，治疗10例合并Ⅰ～Ⅱ度腰椎滑脱的腰椎椎弓峡部断裂。结果随访8个月～4年，均达骨性融合，腰痛等症状缓解。结论Buck法螺钉固定联合椎板-横突植骨融合技术治疗合并Ⅰ～Ⅱ度以内滑脱的腰椎椎弓峡部裂，手术创伤小，对腰椎生理影响小，疗效可靠。     

后路椎体间植骨融合椎纪根钉内固定治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的 报告后路椎体间植骨融合椎弓根钉内固定术治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效。方法 应用后路椎体间植骨融合椎弓根钉内固定治疗腰椎滑脱症28例，其中10例为峡部裂性，18例为退行性。Ⅰ度滑脱18个节段，Ⅱ度滑脱10个节段；男6例，女22例；年龄41－57岁，平均45.6岁，椎间植骨块均为自体髂骨。根据手术前后的X线平片和JOA评分，判定后路腰椎间植骨的融合率和临床效果。结果 随访12－40个月，平均25.8个月，经X线检查，28个椎间隙的融合率为96.5%，JOA评分计算的术后综合改善率为91.2%平均椎间高度由术前4.2mm恢复至11.6mm。结论 后路椎体间自体髂骨植骨融合椎弓根钉内固定治疗腰椎滑脱症可以取得良好的复位和固定，恢复和维持椎间高度，高融合率和综合改善率等效果。     

前路融合术治疗腰椎峡部裂伴滑脱

目的 探讨前路植骨融合术治疗腰椎峡部裂伴滑脱的方法及疗效。方法 对16例L4或L5椎弓峡部裂伴Ⅰ～Ⅱ度滑脱的患者,行前路腹膜外显露椎体,环锯法植骨融合,术后卧石膏床休息2个月,腰围固定3个月。结果 16例经半年至3年多的随访,椎体间均骨性融合。腰腿痛症状大部分消失,疗效满意。结论 腰椎前路融合术治疗腰椎峡部裂伴滑脱,融合率高,更易达到脊柱运动节段的稳定。     

后路椎体间植骨融合椎弓根钉内固定治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的　报告后路椎体间植骨融合椎弓根钉内固定术治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效。方法　应用后路椎体间植骨融合椎弓根钉内固定治疗腰椎滑脱症 2 8例 ,其中 10例为峡部裂性 ,18例为退行性。 度滑脱 18个节段 , 度滑脱 10个节段 ;男 6例 ,女 2 2例 ;年龄 4 1～ 5 7岁 ,平均 4 5 .6岁 ,椎间植骨块均为自体髂骨。根据手术前后的 X线平片和 JOA评分 ,判定后路腰椎间植骨的融合率和临床效果。结果　随访 12～ 4 0个月 ,平均 2 5 .8个月 ,经 X线检查 ,2 8个椎间隙的融合率为96 .5 % ,JOA评分计算的术后综合改善率为 91.2 %平均椎间高度由术前 4 .2 mm恢复至 11.6 mm。结论　后路椎体间自体髂骨植骨融合椎弓根钉内固定治疗腰椎滑脱症可以取得良好的复位和固定 ,恢复和维持椎间高度 ,高融合率和综合改善率等效果。     

退变性和峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症的治疗及比较

[目的]比较采用不同植骨方式治疗腰椎滑脱症的手术疗效。[方法]2002～2010年1月,共收治腰椎滑脱症患者173例,其中退变性滑脱74例,峡部裂性滑脱99例。应用后路椎弓根钉复位内固定后,分别采用后外侧植骨融合术、后路椎体间植骨术。比较不同术式的手术时间与出血量、手术疗效及椎体滑脱复位率等。[结果]因合并糖尿病切口感染1例,经再次清创、冲洗等疗法治愈;切口脂肪液化5例,经2～3周换药后切口愈合;7例有神经根袖破裂或硬膜撕裂,术后发生脑脊液漏,观察3～7 d夹闭引流管脑脊液漏停止后拔管,经换药引流愈合;2例出现L5一侧神经根损伤。随访3～7年,平均4.2年,临床满意率退变性滑脱组86.7%,另一组为87.2%;滑脱复位率退变性滑脱组77.9%,另一组79.7%。[结论]退变性腰椎滑脱宜选用后路椎弓根钉固定加后外侧植骨融合术;峡部裂性腰椎滑脱宜选用后路椎弓根钉固定加椎体间植骨融合术,Ⅱ度以上者辅以横突间及峡部植骨。     

改良椎间植骨融合联合椎弓根钉内固定治疗峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症

目的探讨运用滑脱椎"漂浮椎板"修整后椎间植骨联合椎弓根钉系统复位内固定治疗峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症的疗效。方法采用滑脱椎"漂浮椎板"修整后椎间植骨联合椎弓根钉系统复位内固定治疗峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症21例,评价术后椎间植骨愈合、滑脱复位及椎间高度恢复情况。结果随访6～28个月,患者均获得骨性融合。疗效评价按侯树勋等评定标准:优16例,良3例,可2例。结论运用滑脱椎"漂浮椎板"修整后椎间植骨联合椎弓根钉系统复位内固定治疗峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症具有手术操作简单、复位满意、植骨融合率高等优点。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.