球囊扩张椎体后凸成行术的现状及发展

球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术(kyphoplasty)是将一种可膨胀球囊(Inflatable Balloon Tamp简称IBT)置入塌陷的椎体内，通过球囊扩张恢复椎体的高度，矫正后凸畸形，并形成空腔，允许在低压力下灌注骨水泥，以达到预期目的的手术方法。     

微创球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术的手术配合

经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术（percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP）是治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的一种新方法,通过经皮穿刺向椎体内放置可膨胀性球囊,扩张后再注入骨水泥。PKP不仅可以迅速缓解患者疼痛症状,而且可以恢复被压缩椎体的高度,矫正椎体后凸畸形,增强椎体的强度和硬度,提高术中灌注骨水泥的安全性。患者术后卧床休息,     

球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体骨折

目的：探讨球囊扩张椎体后凸成形注入骨水泥治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体骨折的疗效。方法：对52例老年骨质疏松性单椎体骨折患者采用球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗。在DSA透视引导下行单侧或双侧椎弓根穿刺,注入骨水泥。结果：发生骨水泥渗漏6例,术后1周腰背疼痛、后凸角度、伤椎高度、活动能力较术前明显改善（P〈0.05）,术后6个月、末次随访与术后1周,上述指标比较差异均无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论：球囊扩张椎体后凸成形注入骨水泥,不仅能够明显缓解骨质疏松性脊柱骨折导致的疼痛,而且可以部分恢复椎体高度和改善脊柱后凸畸形,有利于脊柱功能的恢复。     

经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗伴周壁破裂的骨质疏松性胸腰椎骨折

随着人口老龄化的加剧,骨质疏松症患者基数逐渐增大,因骨脆性增加及骨量流失,骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折(OVCF)的发生率呈逐年上升趋势.经皮后凸椎体成形术(PKP)是OVCF的主要治疗方式之一,穿刺后置入球囊,在骨折椎体内扩张,使椎体高度部分恢复,同时在椎体内形成一个空腔,在相对低压力下进行骨水泥灌注,恢复椎体高度与强度.PKP的优点是骨水泥注入更加安全,可降低骨水泥渗漏率,能够较好地恢复骨折椎体高度.既往有学者将伴周壁破裂及合并神经损伤的OVCF列为PKP的禁忌证[2],认为骨水泥渗漏风险较高.     

椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的探讨单球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性脊柱压缩骨折的临床疗效。方法采用单球囊双侧扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性脊柱压缩骨折8例17椎,均为新鲜骨折,腰背部疼痛剧烈,无神经症状及体征。术前CT显示椎体后壁均完整。MRI显示骨折椎体在T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈高信号。在X线C形臂透视下,采用经皮经椎弓根穿刺,在伤椎内先后植入同一枚球囊,扩张使椎体复位后,将含钡骨水泥注入椎体扩张所形成的空腔内。结果所有患者术后疼痛均明显缓解或消失。平均椎体前缘高度恢复50·2%±12·1%。平均灌注骨水泥5·8mL(4·5~7·6mL),1例椎体前缘发生骨水泥渗漏,未引起临床症状。所有患者均获得随访,随访时间6~48个月,平均14·5个月,未发现与手术有关的并发症出现。结论单球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性脊柱压缩骨折可以有效缓解疼痛,恢复椎体高度,疗效满意。     

球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗多节段骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩骨折

目的探讨应用球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术（PKP）治疗多节段老年骨质疏松性脊柱骨折的疗效和安全性。方法自2005年1月至2007年10月,采用球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折28例67个病椎,均经单侧椎弓根置入可扩张球囊使骨折塌陷椎体复位,然后使用骨水泥充填椎体,观察术后症状改善及骨折复位情况。结果28例手术均顺利,疼痛于术后24h内均明显缓解,术后无脊髓神经根受损表现,X射线片复查,显示病椎高度明显恢复,后凸畸形大部分矫正。结论经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗多节段性老年骨质疏松脊柱骨折安全有效。     

经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术的临床应用

经皮球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术,即通过椎弓根扩张椎体后向椎体内注入骨水泥的方法,以达到增强椎体强度和稳定性、防止塌陷、缓解腰背疼痛,甚至部分恢复椎体高度和生理曲度的目的的手术方法。该术式由欧美兴起,90年代在我国陆续开展。1996年有学者提出一个球囊扩张椎体高度的概念[     

球囊扩张椎体成形术联合降钙素治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体骨折的疗效

目的回顾性分析球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术联合降钙素治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折的疗效。方法 2007年2月～2010年1月,对25例35个椎体发生骨质疏松性椎体骨折患者行球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术联合降钙素综合治疗。术中在透视机监视下采用单侧椎弓根穿刺,置入1枚可扩张球囊使骨折塌陷椎体复位,灌注骨水泥充填由球囊扩张所形成的椎体内空腔。术后每天静脉注射鲑鱼降钙素,通过观察患者术后症状改善及骨折复位情况来评估其疗效。结果所有患者随访6～32个月,平均（21.3±0.2）个月。全部患者均顺利完成手术,无症状性并发症发生。术后疼痛明显减轻或消失。术后椎体高度平均恢复率59.5%。结论球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折可有效缓解疼痛、改善功能及恢复脊柱序列,联合降钙素的应用能有效缓解骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折引起的疼痛,是治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折的较好微创方法之一。     

微创球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗中老年胸腰椎压缩性骨折

目的 探讨微创球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗中老年胸腰椎压缩性骨折的疗效.方法 采用微创球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗中老年胸腰椎体压缩性骨折10例14个椎节.手术方式全部采用经双侧椎弓根入路置入2枚可扩张球囊,球囊撑开复位后用骨水泥填充腔隙.观察患者的临床症状、椎体高度及脊柱后凸畸形的改善情况.结果 随访3～16个月,所有患者胸腰段的疼痛症状均有不同程度的缓解,压缩椎体的高度有明显恢复,后凸畸形平均矫正约11.3°.结论 微创球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术是治疗中老年胸腰椎压缩性骨折的一种有效治疗方法,有利于患者术后早期康复锻炼.     

球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折骨不愈合

目的探讨球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折骨不愈合的疗效。方法自2004年2月～2007年1月，对13例15个椎体发生骨不愈合的骨质疏松性椎体骨折患者行球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗。术中采用经双侧椎弓根穿刺，置入2枚可扩张球囊使骨折塌陷椎体复位，灌注骨水泥充填由球囊扩张所形成的椎体内空腔。通过观察术后症状改善及骨折复位情况来评估其疗效。结果所有患者随访4～35个月，平均24．7个月。全部患者均顺利完成手术，无症状性并发症发生。术后疼痛即刻明显减轻或消失，l～2d后下地活动。术后椎体高度平均恢复率61．5％，后凸畸形Cobb角平均矫正8．5^o，术前与术后比较差异有统计学意义（t=8．987，P〈0．05）。疼痛视觉模拟评分由术前8．4分降至2．1分。结论球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折骨不愈合可有效缓解疼痛、改善功能及恢复脊柱序列，是治疗椎体骨不愈合的较好微刨方法之一。     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.     

Surgical management of ductal carcinoma in situ in Australia in 1995

Background: In the present paper we describe the presentation and management of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast in women in Australia in 1995. This representative, national data set provides a historical comparator for studies examining DCIS management that follow. Methods: Surgeons identified by population‐based cancer registries as having treated a new diagnosis of DCIS between 1 April and 30 September 1995 completed a questionnaire on the presentation and management of each case. Results: Two hundred and five surgeons supplied treatment details on 418 DCIS tumours in 415 women . Half of all tumours were detected at BreastScreen clinics and a further 25% were detected at other mammography centres. Twenty‐six percent of tumours were palpable at presentation, 33% were multifocal and 55% were high grade (including comedocarcinoma). Breast conserving therapy (BCT) rather than mastectomy was utilized in 260 (62%) of cases. Tumours that were of low grade, small in size and not multifocal were more likely to be treated by BCT. Surgeons seeing six or more DCIS cases in the 6‐month period were more likely to utilize BCT. Of the conservatively treated cases, 22% were referred for a radiation oncology consultation. The most common reasons for treating DCIS with mastectomy were that the tumour was too extensive or multifocal (63%), it extended to margins of the specimen (42%), or patient concerns about recurrence (34%). Conclusions: In 1995 the majority of DCIS was treated with breast conserving surgery alone. Surgeons treating more DCIS cases were more likely to perform conservative surgery than surgeons treating only one DCIS case in the study period.     

Problems in classifying vasculitis in children

Vasculitis is inflammation of blood vessels, which may also affect the arteries of the kidney. The definition and classification of vasculitides derive from the Chapel Hill nomenclature criteria (CHCC) and American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria, respectively. These criteria are not perfect, and adult literature refers to problems with misclassification and a low concordance between the two criteria. The problems associated with defining a child patient according to these criteria are even more apparent, since both sets of criteria have been based on adult data alone and have never been validated in children. When classifying their patients as having polyarteritis, paediatricians do not keep strictly to the CHCC or ACR criteria. A recent series has shown that the microscopic polyarteritis associated with MPO-ANCA and the HBs associated with classic polyarteritis nodosa are rarer in children than in adults. Paediatricians should revise the existing criteria based on registries and international consensus in the field.