胫骨平台骨折合并周围韧带损伤治疗探讨

目的 分析胫骨平台骨折术后随访病例膝关节稳定性的变化，探讨胫骨平台骨折合并周围韧带损伤的发生率及早期诊断和处理措施。方法 对2000年1月～2003年6月期间在我院治疗的不同类型胫骨平台骨折进行回顾，对有随访的57例良好复位的平台骨折病例膝关节稳定度进行分析。结果 随访6个月～2.5年，平均15个月，未见明显膝关节不稳现象，总结出本组病例膝关节稳定性良好的原因：①胫骨平台骨折合并周围韧带损伤发生率低；②胫骨平台骨折合并韧带损伤程度轻；③解剖复位及坚强内固定；④术后良好制动及正确的康复训练指导。结论 胫骨平台骨折合并周围韧带完全断裂的发生率较低，韧带不全损伤非手术治疗可获得良好疗效。     

经后侧入路支持钢板固定治疗胫骨平台后侧骨折

目的探讨经膝关节后侧入路支持钢板固定治疗单纯胫骨平台后侧骨折的临床效果。方法对16例单纯胫骨平台后侧骨折患者经膝关节后侧切口暴露骨折后直视下复位,支持钢板固定。术后对患者骨折愈合情况、功能恢复程度和治疗结果满意度定期随访。结果 16例均获得随访,时间12～24个月。术后1年时行Rasmussen膝关节功能评分:优10例,良4例,中2例。结论膝关节后侧入路能够充分暴露单纯胫骨平台后侧骨折,骨折容易达到解剖复位,支持钢板固定稳定可靠,但术中要熟悉腘窝区解剖结构。正确掌握手术适应证,可获得良好的临床疗效。     

经前、后侧联合入路治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨经前、后侧联合入路钢板内固定加植骨治疗胫骨平台骨折的临床效果。方法对25例胫骨平台后侧骨折患者经膝关节前、后侧联合入路暴露骨折后直视下复位并植骨,前、后侧支持钢板固定。对患者骨折愈合情况、功能恢复程度和手术效果满意度定期随访。结果 25例均获随访,时间12～24个月。术后1年时行Rasmussen膝关节功能评分:优13例,良8例,中4例。手术效果满意度评分:非常满意9例,满意13例,一般3例。结论前、后侧联合入路能够充分暴露胫骨平台的各骨折块,骨折容易达到解剖复位,支持钢板固定稳定可靠,正确掌握手术适应证,可获得良好的临床疗效。     

不同手术方式治疗不同类型胫骨髁骨折疗效分析

目的探讨不同的手术方式在治疗不同类型的胫骨髁骨折的疗效。方法2002年1月至2006年6月,利用膝关节镜监视下复位、内固定治疗胫髁间隆突骨折及胫骨平台单髁骨折：手术切开整复钢板内固定胫骨平台复杂型骨折;观察比较各种手术方式治疗病例临床疗效及恢复情况。结果10例胫骨隆突骨折及23例胫骨平台单髁骨折经关节镜治疗。均于6周内获得骨折临床愈合,骨折对位良好,膝关节功能恢复满意。53例手术切开内固定患者42例获得随访,随访时间3～6个月（平均4个凡）,膝关节功能根据Hohl膝关节功能评分优30例,良3例,可5例,差4例。结论针对不同类型及部位的胫骨髁骨折,选用不同手术方式可达到良好的疗效。关节镜进行微创的手术治疗方式可减少手术创伤,降低手术并发症,使膝关节功能获得最大限度的恢复。     

开窗植骨复位法治疗21例胫骨平台骨折

目的 合理选择胫骨平台骨折的手术方案。方法 对21例胫骨平台骨折开窗植骨复位，分析治疗效果。结果 21例病人均取得良好的效果。结论 膝关节是下肢主要负重关节，大多数胫骨平台骨折改变了膝关节的解剖形态及膝关节的轴向对线，所以要求手术治疗恢复其精确的解剖关系，良好的复位，内固定及术后早期功能锻炼是恢复膝关节功能的关键。     

锁定钢板治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折的疗效

目的 观察锁定钢板内固定治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折的疗效,为临床提供治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折的最佳方案.方法 2006年6月至2011年6月采用锁定钢板内固定治疗的26例复杂胫骨平台骨折患者.男19例,女7例;年龄33～65岁,平均42.6岁.结果 术后X线片显示所有骨折均达到解剖复位或接近解剖复位.经过1～3年(平均1.5年)随访,维持解剖复位者24例.术后1年膝关节功能根据Merchant标准评定,优1 6例,良22例,一般4例,优良率84.62％.结论 锁定钢板内固定治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折能有效避免复位后的再丢失,维持胫骨平台的力学稳定,临床效果良好.     

胫骨平台双髁骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨胫骨平台双髁骨折的手术方法及其疗效评价。方法回顾性分析近年来对胫骨平台双髁骨折手术治疗方法的病例,根据Rasmussen评分标准,对膝关节的功能恢复进行评价。结果本组46例获得随访,平均随访21个月,全部骨折愈合,满意率达91.3%。结论胫骨平台双髁骨折的粉碎及移位是影响膝关节功能恢复的重要因素。尽早进行手术治疗、恰当的手术入路方式、术中良好的解剖复位、牢固的双钢板内固定及术后早期的功能锻炼是提高疗效的关键。     

三钢板治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折的疗效分析

目的 探讨三钢板手术治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折的方法 及临床疗效.方法 骨折类型按Schatzker分型,均为Ⅵ型.以完全解剖复位和坚强内固定为目的,用三钢板治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折18例,术后早期功能锻炼.于术后1、3、6、12、18、36个月复查X线片,了解骨折愈合及膝关节功能恢复情况.结果 18例患者均获随访,随访时间18～49个月.骨折全部愈合,愈合时间14～24周,膝关节功能恢复满意.参照Rasmussen膝关节功能评分标准:优15例,良3例.结论 复杂的胫骨平台骨折如能在术中做到完全解剖复位和坚强的内固定,患者术后的骨折愈合及膝关节功能多能达到非常满意的效果.     

胫骨平台骨折的治疗方式与疗效分析

[目的]探讨不同类型胫骨平台骨折的治疗方法及其疗效.[方法]自2005年1月～2009年6月共收治胫骨平台骨折66例,男43例,女23例.其中闭合性损伤54例,开放性损伤12例.按Schatzker分类,非手术治疗5例;手术治疗:经皮松质骨螺钉固定12例,切开复位解剖钢板固定并植骨49例.[结果]术后随访12～48个月,平均22个月.根据Hohl膝关节功能评分方法进行综合评分:优34例,良26例,可5例,差1例,总优良率91%.[结论]关节面的解剖复位是治疗的主要目的,坚强内固定是次要的;术后积极的无负重下膝关节功能锻炼是获得良好临床效果的关键.     

后侧正中入路内固定治疗胫骨平台后外侧骨折

目的探讨后侧正中入路内固定治疗胫骨平台后外侧骨折的手术方法与临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2015-11—2018-03采用后侧正中入路钢板内固定治疗的18例胫骨平台后外侧骨折,术后采用Rasmussen骨折复位解剖学评分标准来评价骨折复位质量,采用美国特种外科医院(HSS)评分评价膝关节功能,同时观察并记录术后并发症的发生情况。结果 18例均获得随访,随访时间10～36(17.8±0.6)个月。术后Rasmussen复位评分15～18(16.9±0.4)分;末次随访时HSS膝关节功能评分平均80～96(90.7±3.8)分。术后有1例出现膝后切口浅表感染,未发现神经血管损伤病例。有2例膝关节屈伸活动度受限,经锻炼后明显好转。结论后侧正中入路能很好地显露整个胫骨平台后柱,有利于解剖复位骨折端并置入内固定物,未发生明显并发症,膝关节功能优良,可获得良好的近期疗效。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.