肝切除术治疗肝内胆管结石20年的演变

目的 分析肝内胆管结石肝切除术的治疗效果及相关因素.方法 回顾性分析解放军总医院1986至2005年245例连续性肝内胆管结石肝切除术病例的临床资料.结果 20年间肝内胆管结石肝切除术病例数占同期所有肝切除术治疗良性肝胆疾病病例数的29.6%(245/827),其中男性88例,女性157例,平均年龄(46.9±11.3)岁.肝切除术的范围,与1963至1985年相比,涉及右肝切除和肝段切除者明显增多.术中输血者占45.3%,术后并发症发生率16.3%,其中感染性并发症3.3%,胆漏2.4%,术后平均住院时间(15.7±9.2)d,围手术期病死率0.4%(1/245).结论 个体化的肝切除术是肝内胆管结石外科治疗上的重要手段.在重视优化围手术期处理和创新手术技术的前提下,能够使肝内胆管结石肝切除术保持低并发症发生率和低病死率.     

肝切除术20年回顾:单一中心连续2008例肝切除术的经验

目的 分析与肝切除术相关的手术期和围手术期因素.方法 回顾性研究和分析解放军总医院1986至2005年2008例连续性肝切除手术病例的临床资料.结果 2008例肝切除病例中恶性肿瘤占58.5%,其中原发性肝癌占76.1%,肝门胆管癌占6.7%;良性疾病占41.2%,其中血管瘤占41.7%,肝内胆管结石占29.6%.实施单独尾状叶切除术25例,微波在线预凝肝切除术236例.全部肝切除病例术中出血量＜200 ml者占50.5%,＞400 ml者占28.4%;而微波在线预凝肝切除术中出血量＜200 ml者占60.6%,＞400 ml者占19.9%,两数值均明显区别于全部肝切除病例(P＜0.05).总的术后并发症发生率为14.44%,转移性肝癌为16.40%,肝内胆管结石为16.32%;原发性肝癌的术后并发症发生率为12.54%,其中小肝癌和巨大肝癌分别为11.65%和14.69%,二者差异无统计学意义.总的住院病死率为0.55%,其中肝恶性肿瘤住院病死率为0.60%,肝门胆管癌为2.53%.结论 在重视优化围手术期处理和创新手术技术的前提下,能够使肝切除术保持低并发症发生率和低病死率.     

精准肝切除在原发性肝癌合并门静脉癌栓中的应用

目的探讨精准肝切除在原发性肝癌合并门静脉癌栓中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2014年8月在中山市人民医院行精准肝切除术治疗的10例原发性肝癌合并门静脉癌栓患者的临床资料。记录和观察患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症、术后住院时间及随访情况。结果全部患者均顺利完成手术,肿瘤切除后切缘均为阴性,患者无围手术期死亡。手术时间为(292±45)min,术中出血量为(365±81)ml,术后住院时间为(13±3)d。术后发生胸腔积液2例,经保守治疗治愈。2例分别于术后4个月、5个月发生肿瘤复发并死亡,其余恢复良好。结论精准肝切除术应用于原发性肝癌合并门静脉癌栓是安全、有效的,具有术中出血少、并发症发生率低、术后康复快的优势。     

精准肝切除在肝胆管结石病中的临床应用分析

目的:探讨精准肝切除术在肝胆管结石病中的临床应用效果。方法:选取近5年收治的142例肝内结石行部分肝切除术的患者,其中104例行精准肝切除术,38例行非规则性肝切除术,对比分析两组患者手术时间、住院时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、术后并发症发生率、复发率及结石清除率等指标。结果:精准肝切除组手术时间虽然较非规则性肝切除组长,但住院时间、术中出血量、术后引流量等明显优于非规则性肝切除组,术后并发症发生率(10.58%)、复发率(3.85%)低于非规则性肝切除组(26.31%、13.16%),结石清除率(95.19%)明显高于非规则肝切除组(81.58%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:在肝胆管结石病中应用精准肝切除术可明显减少住院时间、术中出血量、术后引流量,降低术后并发症发生率,提高结石清除率,是安全、有效、值得临床推广的手术方法。     

腹腔镜肝切除术中出血的预防及处理

目的:探讨腹腔镜肝切除术中出血的预防及处理措施。方法:回顾分析2012年9月至2015年9月由同一术者施行的64例腹腔镜肝切除术患者的临床资料,其中原发性肝癌41例,肝胆管结石病17例,肝血管瘤6例。统计分析手术时间、术中出血量、围手术期输血率、术后胃肠道排气时间、住院时间、术后并发症情况。结果:64例中,11例行右半肝切除术,21例行左半肝切除术,8例行肝脏Ⅱ、Ⅲ段切除术,6例行肝脏Ⅶ段切除术,5例行肝脏Ⅷ段切除术,7例行肝脏Ⅵ段切除术,6例行局部不规则性切除。5例因出血中转开腹,其中2例行右半肝切除术、2例行左半肝切除术、1例行肝脏Ⅷ段切除术。手术时间88~362 min,平均(227±102)min;术中出血量90~850 ml,平均(373±210)ml;围手术期输血率为9.4%(6/64);术后胃肠道功能恢复时间2~5 d,平均(3.0±0.5)d;术后住院5~12 d,平均(7.0±3.0)d。无围手术期死亡病例,7例术后发生并发症,经治疗后康复出院。结论:腹腔镜肝切除术作为肝脏疾病的微创治疗手段安全、可行,有效的预防及控制出血是腹腔镜肝切除术成功的关键因素。     

达芬奇机器人手术系统在精准肝切除中的应用

目的 探讨达芬奇机器人手术系统在精准肝切除中应用的可行性、安全性及优势.方法 回顾性分析2009年4月至7月解放军总医院应用达芬奇机器人手术系统对13例肝病患者行精准肝切除的临床资料进行.结果 所有患者手术获成功,无中转开腹.其中广泛肝切除9例,左外叶切除4例.所有患者鞘内解剖选择性人肝血流阻断下的解剖性肝切除.平均手术时间为338 min(150～720 min),平均失血量为208 ml(50～800 ml),无术中、术后输血.术后仅1例患者出现胆汁漏,经保守治疗后痊愈,无围手术期死亡.术后平均住院时间为7 d(2～13 d).结论 达芬奇机器人手术系统行精准肝切除安全可行,它极大地拓展了腹腔镜肝切除的适应证,尤其利于精准的肝门解剖和腹腔镜下缝合.     

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目的 研究大肝癌的手术切除和围术期处理技术。方法 回顾性总结分析1990年1月至2000年9月施行肝切除术的114例大肝癌病例。结果 大肝癌手术中输血量及术后并发症发生率均较小肝癌显著高,两两组间肝门阻断时间、术中出血量、术时、住院天数及病死率差异无显著性。1996-2000年所施行的大肝癌手术切除较1990-1995年而言,术中输血量、肝门阻断时间及住院天数均有明显下降。多元回归分析显示术中出血量是决定术后并发症发生率之独立的危险因素。结论 大肝癌的手术切除和围术期处理技术较前已有明显进步。只要术前准确判断肝脏储备功能及术中有效控制出血,大肝癌的切除仍是安全可行的。     

三维可视化技术应用于腹腔镜精准肝切除术的研究进展

目的探讨三维可视化技术在腹腔镜精准肝切除术中的作用。方法检索国内外有关三维可视化技术应用于腹腔镜精准肝切除术的基础与临床研究相关文献,并对其进行综述和分析。结果三维可视化技术应用于腹腔镜精准肝切除能有效缩短手术时间、减少术中出血量、降低输血率和降低总并发症发生率。三维可视化技术应用于术前评估手术切除面及残肝体积已相对成熟。在三维可视化技术应用于腹腔镜肝切除术中导航方面,虽有多家机构尝试进行激光测准、图像配准实时术中导航等尝试,但因技术限制尚未广泛应用于临床。结论现有研究结果显示,三维可视化技术应用于腹腔镜精准肝切除术可提高病灶可切除性和增加围手术期安全性,但术中导航仍有待进一步发展才有望广泛应用于临床。三维重建对腹腔镜精准肝切除增加患者获益的现有证据仍然有限,仍需更严格的大宗病例的随机对照研究证实。     

腹腔镜膀胱根治性切除术围手术期并发症分析

目的探讨腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除术围手术期并发症发生情况。方法统计本院2016年12月至2018年12月104例膀胱癌患者行腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除术(LRC)围手术期的并发症以及手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间等情况。围手术期并发症定义为手术30 d内发生的并发症。结果平均手术时间327 min,平均出血量478 mL,接受输血者16例(15.4%),平均输血量415 mL。术后平均住院时间17.9 d。尿流改道方式上,Bricker回肠膀胱术68例,输尿管皮肤造口术36例。围手术期并发症发生率47.1%(49例),包括肠梗阻、尿路感染、肺炎、下肢静脉血栓、肺栓塞等。结论腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除术仍有较高的并发症发生率,常见并发症为肠梗阻,尿路感染等,术前应积极治疗基础疾病,术中严格操作,术后采取相应预防措施以防止出现严重并发症。并根据患者情况选择合适的手术方案。     

循肝中静脉精准半肝切除疗效的前瞻性研究

目的 探讨循肝中静脉精准半肝切除术的疗效及术前肝静脉评估的应用价值.方法 前瞻性非随机对照分析2007年10月至2009年9月南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院收治的68例行半肝切除术患者的临床资料.其中循肝中静脉的精准半肝切除术30例(精准组),传统解剖性半肝切除术38例(传统组).术前对精准组患者肝静脉进行评估分型.比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、输血量、肝功能、并发症发生率、住院时间等指标.计量资料采用t检验或秩和检验,计数资料采用x2和Fisher确切概率法进行分析.结果 精准组术前肝静脉评估Nakamura分型:Ⅰ型57%(17/30)、Ⅱ型27%(8/30)、Ⅲ型16%(5/30);Kawasaki分型:Ⅰ型37%(11/30)、Ⅱ型63%(19/30);保留肝中静脉右半肝切除13例、左半肝切除15例;不保留肝中静脉左半肝及右半肝切除各1例.精准组术中出血量、输血量、术后第3天ALT、TBil、胆碱酯酶、总住院时间、术后住院时间与传统组比较,差异无统计学意义(t=1.07,0.92,0.07,0.21,0.63,0.63,0.75,P＞0.05).精准组和传统组患者手术时间、术后第3天Alb、并发症发生率分别为(342±113)min、(35±3)g/L、40%(12/30)和(270±73)min、(33±3)g/L、66%(25/38),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(t=2.79,2.19,x2=4.49,P＜0.05).精准组和传统组肿瘤标本切缘阳性率分别为5%(1/19)和35%(8/23),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 术前通过肝静脉评估和分型,术中循肝中静脉的精准半肝切除可最大限度保留有完整静脉回流的功能性肝脏组织,保证合适的切缘,降低术后并发症发生率.     

Improving perioperative outcome expands the role of hepatectomy in management of benign and malignant hepatobiliary diseases: analysis of 1222 consecutive patients from a prospective database

OBJECTIVE: To assess the trends in perioperative outcome of hepatectomy for hepatobiliary diseases. METHODS: Data of 1222 consecutive patients who underwent hepatectomy for hepatobiliary diseases from July 1989 to June 2003 in a tertiary institution were collected prospectively. Perioperative outcome of patients in the first (group I) and second (group II) halves of this period was compared. Factors associated with morbidity and mortality were analyzed. RESULTS: Diagnoses included hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 734), other liver cancers (n = 257), extrahepatic biliary malignancies (n = 43), hepatolithiasis (n = 101), benign liver tumors (n = 61), and other diseases (n = 26). The majority of patients (61.8%) underwent major hepatectomy of > or = 3 segments. The overall hospital mortality and morbidity were 4.9% and 32.4%, respectively. The number of hepatectomies increased from 402 in group I to 820 in group II, partly as a result of more liberal patient selection. Group II had more elderly patients (P = 0.006), more patients with comorbid illnesses (P = 0.001), and significantly worse liver function. Nonetheless, group II had lower blood loss (median 750 versus 1450 mL, P < 0.001), perioperative transfusion (17.3% versus 67.7%, P < 0.001), morbidity (30.0% versus 37.3%, P = 0.012), and hospital mortality (3.7% versus 7.5%, P = 0.004). On multivariate analysis, hypoalbuminemia, thrombocytopenia, elevated serum creatinine, major hepatic resection, and transfusion were the significant predictors of hospital mortality, whereas concomitant extrahepatic procedure, thrombocytopenia, and transfusion were the predictors of morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative outcome has improved despite extending the indication of hepatectomy to more high-risk patients. The role of hepatectomy in the management of hepatobiliary diseases can be expanded. Reduced perioperative transfusion is the main contributory factor for improved outcome.     

Risk factors for perioperative morbidity and mortality after extended hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Extended hepatectomy with resection of more than four segments is a high-risk operation, especially in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated with chronic liver disease. This study evaluated the risk factors for morbidity and mortality following extended hepatectomy for HCC. METHODS: Preoperative and intraoperative variables of 155 patients who underwent extended hepatectomy for HCC were analysed to identify risk factors for postoperative morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: The overall morbidity rate was 55.5 per cent (n = 86). Most morbidity was due to ascites or pleural effusion. Significant life-threatening complications occurred in 20.0 per cent (n = 31). The perioperative mortality rate was 8.4 per cent (n = 13). Multivariate analysis found that portal clamping (P = 0.023) and perioperative blood transfusion (P < 0.001) were risk factors for morbidity, whereas perioperative blood transfusion (P < 0.001) was the only risk factor for significant morbidity. Co-morbid illness (P = 0.019) and perioperative blood transfusion (P = 0.004) were risk factors for perioperative mortality. CONCLUSION: Meticulous operative techniques to minimize blood loss and transfusion, while avoiding a prolonged Pringle manoeuvre, may help reduce postoperative morbidity. Avoidance of perioperative blood transfusion and careful preoperative selection of patients in terms of overall physiological status are important measures to reduce the postoperative mortality rate.     

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目的分析原发性肝癌规则性肝切除和非规则性肝切除的围手术期因素,探讨原发性肝癌治疗中二者手术适应证。方法回顾性分析中国人民解放军空军总医院1990-2010年原发性肝癌中274例规则性肝切除术和586例非规则性肝切除术病人的临床资料。结果统计分析表明,规则性肝切除与非规则性肝切除相比,对术前病人肝功能状态要求更加严格,术中切除肝体积以及出血量、输血量均较非规则性肝切除组显著增多,手术时间延长,术后并发症发生率增加。但实施规则性肝切除术病人的肿瘤体积明显大于非规则性肝切除病人,切除肝段数目大于三段者所占比例亦显著高于非规则性肝切除组。结论对于<5cm的肝癌病人,采用非规则性肝切除保留更多功能性肝实质,可能更有利于病人术后恢复,减少相关并发症的发生。     

Hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma: toward zero hospital deaths

OBJECTIVE: The authors report on the surgical techniques and protocol for perioperative care that have yielded a zero hospital mortality rate in 110 consecutive patients undergoing hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The hepatectomy results are analyzed with the aim of further reducing the postoperative morbidity rate. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: In recent years, hepatectomy has been performed with a mortality rate of <10% in patients with HCC, but a zero hospital mortality rate in a large patient series has never been reported. At Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, the surgical techniques and perioperative management in hepatectomy for HCC have evolved yearly into a final standardized protocol that reduced the hospital mortality rate from 28% in 1989 to 0% in 1996 and 1997. METHODS: Surgical techniques were designed to reduce intraoperative blood loss, blood transfusion, and ischemic injury to the liver remnant in hepatectomy. Postoperative care was focused on preservation and promotion of liver function by providing adequate tissue oxygenation and immediate postoperative nutritional support that consisted of branched-chain amino acid-enriched solution, low-dose dextrose, medium-chain triglycerides, and phosphate. The pre-, intra-, and postoperative data were collected prospectively and analyzed each year to assess the influence of the evolving surgical techniques and perioperative care on outcome. RESULTS: Of 330 patients undergoing hepatectomy for HCC, underlying cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis were present in 161 (49%) and 108 (33%) patients, respectively. There were no significant changes in the patient characteristics throughout the 9-year period, but there were significant reductions in intraoperative blood loss and blood transfusion requirements. From 1994 to 1997, the median blood transfusion requirement was 0 ml, and 64% of the patients did not require a blood transfusion. The postoperative morbidity rate remained the same throughout the study period. Complications in the patients operated on during 1996 and 1997 were primarily wound infections; the potentially fatal complications seen in the early years, such as subphrenic sepsis, biliary leakage, and hepatic coma, were absent. By univariate analysis, the volume of blood loss, volume of blood transfusions, and operation time were correlated positively with postoperative morbidity rates in 1996 and 1997. Stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that the operation time was the only parameter that correlated significantly with the postoperative morbidity rate. CONCLUSION: With appropriate surgical techniques and perioperative management to preserve function of the liver remnant, hepatectomy for HCC can be performed without hospital deaths. To improve surgical outcome further, strategies to reduce the operation time are being investigated.     

输血对大肝癌切除术后近远期预后的影响

目的研究输血对大肝癌切除术后近期并发症和远期存活率的影响。方法回顾性分析177例大肝癌切除术病例，结合随访分析输血对近期并发症和远期存活率的影响。结果本组大肝癌围手术期输血率为74．6％。近5年输血量及输血率较5年前显著减少（P〈0．01）。不输血组并发症率低于输血组（P〈0．05）。单因素分析显示，年龄、肝门阻断、术中出血量、输血量以及手术时间与术后并发症发生有关。多因素分析显示，年龄、肝门阻断、输血量以及手术时间是决定术后并发症的4个独立的预测指标。本组大肝癌1、3、5年总存活率为67％、44％和34％，1、3、5年无瘤存活率为51％、31％和31％。不输血组和输血组的总存活率以及无瘤存活率无显著差别。结论输血是决定大肝癌切除术后并发症发生的独立危险因素之一，但输血对大肝癌切除术后存活率无显著影响。肝脏外科医生应积极采取各种方法尽可能避免大肝癌切除术围手术期的输血。     

计算机辅助手术规划系统在精准肝切除中的应用价值

目的 评价计算机辅助手术规划系统在精准肝切除中的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2006年11月至2009年11月解放军总医院对45例肝癌患者通过计算机辅助手术规划系统进行精准肝切除治疗的临床资料.术前通过计算机辅助手术规划系统进行肝脏三维重建,对肝脏血管结构及其与肿瘤的解剖关系进行二维和三维分析;分别计算肝段体积、肿瘤体积、全肝体积、预切除肝脏体积和剩余肝脏体积,切除标本术后称重并与预切除肝脏体积比较;实施虚拟肝切除,优化手术方案.采用t检验、Pearson相关分析、X~2检验分析检测结果.结果 术前预切除肝脏体积采用二维方法计算的结果与采用三维方法计算的结果比较,差异无统计学意义(t=2.125,P>0.05).计算机辅助手术规划系统能够清晰显示肝动脉、门静脉和肝静脉等血管结构的三级分支,对肿瘤与毗邻血管的空间解剖关系进行量化分析,精确测算血管所支配的功能体积,当预测的切除肝脏体积越大,切除标本质量越大(r=0.999,P<0.05),误差率为5.1%.全组患者均进行了解剖性肝切除,手术并发症发生率为20%(9/45),均通过保守治疗好转.术后无肝功能衰竭发生,无围手术期死亡.结论 计算机辅助手术规划系统能够优化手术方案,是开展精准肝切除的有益辅助工具.     

Impact of radiofrequency assisted hepatectomy for reduction of transfusion requirements

BACKGROUND: Liver parenchyma transection technique using heat coagulative necrosis induced by radiofrequency (RF) energy is evaluated in this series. METHODS: Between January 2000 and October 2004, 156 consecutive patients underwent liver resection with the RF-assisted technique. Data were collected prospectively to assess the outcome, including intraoperative blood loss, blood transfusion requirement, and morbidity and mortality rates. RESULTS: There were 30 major hepatectomies and 126 minor resections. While total operative time was 241 +/- 89 minutes, the actual resection time was 75 +/- 51 minutes. Intraoperative blood loss was 139 +/- 222 mL. Nine patients (5%) received blood transfusion, predominantly those receiving major hepatectomy (P = .006). Thirty-six patients (23%) developed postoperative complications, and the mortality rate was 3.2%. Mean hospital stay was 12 +/- 12 days. CONCLUSION: The RF-assisted technique is associated with minimal blood loss, a low blood transfusion requirement, and reduced mortality and morbidity rates and can be used for both minor and major liver resections.     

Outcomes and prognostic factors of cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after radical major hepatectomy

Background Radical major hepatectomy (RMH) has been suggested as one of main options for cure of large/advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, its operative risk remains high and its effectiveness is still controversial, especially for patients with liver cirrhosis. The present study aims to investigate short- and long-term outcomes and to identify prognostic factors for cirrhotic patients with HCC after RMH. Materials and Methods Prospectively collected clinicopathological data of 81consecutive cirrhotic HCC patients who underwent RMH were reviewed retrospectively. The Kaplan-Meier method was adopted for evaluating long-term survival. Prognostic factors were identified by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results After RMH, perioperative mortality, overall morbidity, and life-threatening morbidity were 1.2%, 24.7%, and 12.3%, respectively. Overall and disease-free 5-year survival rates were 39.4% and 28.1%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that presence of portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) and satellite nodules, late TNM staging, high Edmondson-Steiner grading, and blood transfusion was associated with worsened prognosis. Of them, Edmondson-Steiner grading was identified as the sole independent prognostic factor for both overall and disease-free survival by multivariate analysis, whereas blood transfusion and the presence of PVTT independently predicted unfavorable overall or disease-free survival, respectively. Conclusions These data indicated that RMH was safe and appeared to be effective in treating cirrhotic patients with HCC. Some tumor-related and clinical variables influenced long-term outcome of these patients after RMH.     

Predictors of intraoperative blood loss in patients undergoing hepatectomy

Purpose

Despite recent advances in surgical techniques, blood loss can still determine the postoperative outcome of hepatectomy. Thus, the preoperative identification of risk factors predicting increased blood loss is important.

Methods

We studied retrospectively the clinical records of 482 patients who underwent elective hepatectomy for liver disease, and analyzed the clinicopathological and surgical parameters influencing intraoperative blood loss.

Results

Red cell transfusion was required for 165 patients (35 %). Based on blood transfusion requirement and hepatic failure, we estimated predictive cut-off values at 850 and 1500 ml. The factors found to be significantly associated with increased blood loss were as follows: male gender, obstructive jaundice, non-metastatic liver carcinoma, Child-Pugh B disease, decreased uptake ratio on liver scintigraphy, platelet count, or prothrombin activity, longer hepatic transection time, operating time, the surgeon’s technique, J-shape or median incision, major hepatectomy, and not using hemostatic devices (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis identified male gender, low prothrombin activity, longer transection time, longer operation time, and not using hemostatic devices as factors independently associated with increased blood loss (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Male gender and low prothrombin activity represent risk factors for increased blood loss during hepatectomy. Moreover, every effort should be made to reduce the transection and operating times using the latest hemostatic devices.