左旋布比卡因与布比卡因腰麻在经尿道前列腺电切术中的比较

目的比较左旋布比卡因与布比卡因腰麻用于老年患者经尿道前列腺电切术的麻醉效果和并发症。方法选择择期行经尿道前列腺电切术的老年患者40例,年龄65～91岁,ASAⅠ～Ⅲ级,随机分为两组:L组,20例,0.5%左旋布比卡因1.5ml,B组,20例,0.5%布比卡因1.5ml,均行单次蛛网膜下腔注射。观察并记录感觉阻滞最高平面、到达感觉阻滞最高平面时间、感觉消退至L5的时间,运动神经阻滞时间、围术期血压与心率变化以及恶心、呕吐、寒战、皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制等副作用。结果所有患者麻醉镇痛完善。B组感觉阻滞和运动阻滞达到最高平面的时间明显短于L组(P0.05)。B组给药后10分钟到30分钟的平均动脉压显著低于L组(P0.05)。B组低血压和恶心的发生率显著高于L组(P0.05)。结论左旋布比卡因能满足老年患者TURP的麻醉要求,且血流动力学更稳定,副作用明显减少,更适合老年人的椎管内麻醉。     

小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰麻在痔手术中的应用

目的探讨小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰麻用于痔手术的麻醉效果及其不良反应。方法 择期行痔手术患者80例,随机分为2组,每组40例。A组采用0.5%布比卡因5 mg复合芬太尼20μg腰麻,B组采用0.5%布比卡因10 mg腰麻。观察并比较2组患者麻醉效果、血流动力学变化、下肢运动阻滞恢复时间和不良反应。结果2组患者麻醉效果均满意,A组麻醉后血压下降小于B组(P<0.05),下肢运动阻滞恢复时间短于B组(P<0.05)。低血压和恶心发生率A组低于B组(P<0.05)。结论小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼20μg腰麻应用于痔手术麻醉效果满意,无明显不良反应。     

经尿道前列腺切除术患者鞘内布比卡因混合舒芬太尼麻醉的效果

经尿道前列腺切除术（TURP）目前常采用布比卡因腰麻，为避免布比卡因腰麻产生的血液动力学不稳定和长时间下肢肌肉松弛的不利因素，近年来尝试采用阿片类药物混合小剂量布比卡因用于腰麻。舒芬太尼是芬太尼的衍生物，与阿片类受体亲和力较芬太尼强，与芬太尼比较，舒芬太尼腰麻血液动力学平稳，而且能够在产生脊髓节段镇痛的同时保持下肢运动功能，TURP小剂量布比卡因混合舒芬太尼腰麻的效果有待进一步探讨。本研究拟观察TURP患者鞘内小剂量布比卡因混合舒芬太尼麻醉的效果，探讨适宜的布比卡因混合浓度。     

左旋布比卡因腰-硬联合阻滞在下肢手术的应用

目的探讨0.75%左旋布比卡因用于蛛网膜下隙阻滞的临床效果及安全性。方法随机选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级的40例骨科下肢手术患者(股骨干及髋关节大手术的患者),随机均分成两组:L组腰麻用药为0.75%左旋布比卡因15mg,容量为2.5ml;B组腰麻用药为0.75%布比卡因,剂量及容量同L组。术中必要时经硬膜外导管注入2%利多卡因。术中监测BP、HR、SpO2、RR的变化并观察围术期不良反应的发生。结果两组最高阻滞平面及到达时间、麻醉持续时间、肌松效果及达到最大肌松效果时间差异均无显著意义。两组均无神经系统的不良反应。结论0.75%左旋布比卡因用于腰-硬联合麻醉骨科下肢手术安全有效,效果与0.75%布比卡因相比差异无显著意义。     

小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰-硬联合麻醉用于急诊剖宫产的临床观察

目的 探讨小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰-硬联合麻醉在急诊剖宫产手术中应用的可行性.方法 单胎急诊产妇108例,随机均分为布比卡因复合芬太尼组(BF组)和布比卡因组(B组).药物分别为0.75%布比卡因5 mg加芬太尼20μg和0.75%布比卡因7.5 mg.两组产妇均在右侧卧位下于L2～3间隙用针内针方法行腰麻,留置硬膜外导管备用.记录麻醉等待时间、最高平面、硬膜外追加药物的情况,术中心率、血压变化和麻黄碱的使用情况,并记录术中恶心呕吐、胸闷、呼吸困难等不良反应;记录手术医师和产妇对麻醉的评价以及术后下肢肌力完全恢复所需时间.结果 所有患者成功完成手术,无需改变麻醉方式或静脉辅助用药.BF组硬膜外腔追加药物率、低血压发生率和麻黄碱使用率明显少于B组(P＜0.01);麻黄碱平均用量明显少于B组(P＜0.05);恶心呕吐和胸闷的发生率明显低于B组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);下肢肌力恢复到Bromage 0分的时间短于B组(P＜0.05).结论 0.75%布比卡因5 mg复合芬太尼20 μg腰-硬联合麻醉能为急诊剖宫产提供满意的麻醉.     

超小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰麻用于肛肠疾病患者日间手术的可行性

目的 探讨超小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰麻用于肛肠疾病患者日间手术的可行性.方法 ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级肛肠手术患者60例,随机分成两组,分别采用0.75%布比卡因0.4ml+芬太尼15μg+50%葡萄糖0.05ml行腰麻(腰麻组)和传统骶管阻滞组1.2%利多卡因25～30ml(骶麻组).记录两组患者围术期血流动力学变化,和麻醉后患者感觉阻滞起效和持续时间,最大下肢运动阻滞强度,肛门松弛度,调查外科医师和患者满意度.手术后恶心、呕吐、尿潴留、瘙痒、头痛等不良反应.结果 腰麻组痛觉阻滞起效较骶麻组快.腰麻组痛觉阻滞持续时间较骶麻组长.低血压、恶心、呕吐、尿潴留发生率、肛门松弛度两组无明显差异.瘙痒发生率腰麻组高于骶麻组.医师和患者满意度腰麻组均高于骶麻组.结论 超小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰麻起效快,痛觉阻滞时间长,运动阻滞少,不良反应发生率少,是肛肠疾病手术麻醉的适合方法,用于日间手术具有可行性.     

等剂量罗哌卡因、左布比卡因腰麻应用于剖宫产术中的比较

目的比较0.75%罗哌卡因和0.75%左布比卡因对剖宫产手术腰麻的临床效果。方法 160例ASA1～2级择期剖宫产手术患者随机分为0.75%罗哌卡因（R）组和0.75%左布比卡因（L）组。采用25G腰麻穿刺针,于L3～4间隙穿刺。监测两组感觉运动阻滞情况、麻醉效果及不良反应情况。结果 R组最大阻滞时间、最大运动阻滞时间均高于L组;而运动恢复时间,R组低于L组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论等剂量罗哌卡因和左旋布比卡因腰麻麻醉效果和不良反应差异无统计学意义,左旋布比卡因运动神经阻滞比罗哌卡因更完全,罗哌卡因则具有运动神经阻滞起效慢而恢复较快的特点。     

左旋布比卡因腰麻在剖宫产手术的应用

目的比较0.5%重比重左旋布比卡因与0.5%重比重布比卡因腰麻用于剖宫产手术的麻醉效果.方法选择ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级患者60例于腰麻下行择期剖宫产手术,随机、双盲均分为两组：L组用药0.5%重比重左旋布比卡因2.4 ml（12 mg）,B组用药0.5%重比重布比卡因2.4 ml（12 mg）.术中连续监测呼吸和循环状况,评估麻醉效应和维持时间,并观察围手术期不良反应的发生及新生儿情况.结果两组胸椎最高阻滞平面、术中运动神经阻滞级别、T11痛觉阻滞消失时间、腰麻的运动和感觉神经阻滞作用的消退时间比较均无显著性差异;两组腹腔牵拉反应时VAS评分比较无显著性差异（P＞0.05）;低血压发生率L组为20%,B组为23.3%;患者满意率L组为85%,B组为87%.新生儿Apgar 1分、5分的评分两组比较无显著性差异（P＞0.05）.结论与0.5%重比重布比卡因的比较,0.5%重比重左旋布比卡因腰麻用于剖宫产手术同样安全有效.     

小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰-硬联合麻醉对剖宫产产妇血流动力学的影响

目的探讨应用FloTrac/Vigileo系统观察小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰-硬联合麻醉对剖宫产产妇血流动力学的影响。方法 60例孕足月、单胎剖宫产产妇随机均分为两组:A组腰麻用药为布比卡因10mg;B组腰麻用药为布比卡因6mg复合芬太尼20μg。记录两组患者麻醉前（T₁）、麻醉后3min（T₂）、10min（T₃）、15min（T₄）、30min（T₅）、手术结束时（T₆）的心输出量（CO）、MAP和HR变化;观察麻醉效果、不良反应、新生儿1、5min Apgar评分。结果 T₂～T₆时A组CO、MAP明显降低于T₁时和B组（P<0.05）。B组低血压和寒战发生率明显低于A组（P<0.05）。两组麻醉效果、新生儿1、5minApgar评分差异无统计学意义。结论小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰-硬联合麻醉行剖宫产术可维持血流动力学稳定,FloTrac/Vigileo系统可持续有效监测血流动力学。     

小剂量罗哌卡因复合芬太尼用于腰麻-硬膜外联合阻滞的临床观察

目的　观察小剂量罗哌卡因复合芬太尼用于腰麻 -硬膜外联合阻滞 (CSE)的可行性。方法　将 3 0例拟在CSE下行下肢手术患者随机分为两组。R组给予罗哌卡因 15mg ,RF组给予罗哌卡因 7.5mg 芬太尼 2 0 μg。两组均配成重比重液 3ml。观察两组运动及感觉阻滞程度及不良反应发生情况。结果　两组间感觉阻滞程度无显著差异。RF组运动阻滞程度明显低于R组。RF组麻醉后血流动力学稳定 ,不良反应少于R组。结论　小剂量罗哌卡因复合芬太尼用于CSE可以提供完善的感觉阻滞 ,术中血流动力学稳定 ,适用于下肢手术的麻醉。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.