Resorbable bioscaffold for esophageal repair in a dog model

PURPOSE: Porcine-derived, xenogeneic extracellular matrix (ECM) derived from either the small intestinal submucosa (SIS) or urinary bladder submucosa (UBS) was used as a tissue scaffold for esophageal repair in a dog model. METHODS: Patch defects measuring approximately 5 cm in length and encompassing 40% to 50% of the circumference of the esophagus or complete circumferential segmental defects measuring 5 cm in length were created by surgical resection in healthy adult female dogs. The defects were repaired with ECM scaffolds derived from either SIS or UBS. The animals were kept alive for periods ranging from 4 days to 15 months. RESULTS: The xenogeneic scaffolds used for repair of the patch defects were resorbed completely within 30 to 60 days and showed replacement by skeletal muscle, which was oriented appropriately and contiguous with adjacent normal esophageal skeletal muscle, organized collagenous connective tissue, and a complete and intact squamous epithelium. No signs of clinical esophageal dysfunction were seen in any of the animals with the patch defect repair. The xenogeneic scaffolds configured into tubes for repair of the segmental defects all showed stricture within 45 days of surgery. CONCLUSION: These ECMs show promise as a treatment option for esophageal repair, but stricture remains problematic for complete tube grafts.     

Extracellular matrix scaffolds are repopulated by bone marrow-derived cells in a mouse model of achilles tendon reconstruction.

The extracellular matrix derived from porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS-ECM), an FDA-approved material currently used clinically for rotator cuff repair, has been shown to attract bone marrow-derived cells during in vivo remodeling of a subcutaneous implant and produce chemoattractant peptides following chemical degradation in vitro. The purpose of the present study was to determine if bone marrow-derived cells participate in the long-term remodeling of the Achilles tendon in a mouse model when repaired with SIS-ECM. A 2-mm gap was produced in the Achilles tendon of 40 chimeric mice produced to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in all of their bone marrow-derived cells. Tendons were repaired by replacing the resected section with autologous tendon tissue or with a single layer sheet of lyophilized SIS-ECM. Four animals from each treatment group were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks, and sections were harvested for histologic and fluorescence microscopy. Both groups showed accumulation of GFP-expressing marrow-derived cells at the site of tendon remodeling at 1 and 2 weeks that were associated with areas of angiogenesis and inflammation. By 16 weeks, the SIS-ECM-treated group showed GFP expressing cells throughout the remodeled tendon in the absence of any inflammatory response, while the autologous tendon repair group showed no GFP expressing cells within the tendon except for occasional cells in the lumen of blood vessels. An SIS-ECM scaffold used for tendon repair recruits a population of bone marrow-derived cells that participates in the long-term remodeling process. The ability of SIS-ECM to recruit a population of marrow-derived cells to the remodeling site may alter the default mechanism of tendon healing. The involvement of these cells in the remodeling process may explain in part the process of site specific constructive remodeling as opposed to scar tissue formation when the ECM is used as a biologic scaffold for tendon reconstruction.     

The use of extracellular matrix as an inductive scaffold for the partial replacement of functional myocardium

Regenerative medicine approaches for the treatment of damaged or missing myocardial tissue include cell-based therapies, scaffold-based therapies, and/or the use of specific growth factors and cytokines. The present study evaluated the ability of extracellular matrix (ECM) derived from porcine urinary bladder to serve as an inductive scaffold for myocardial repair. ECM scaffolds have been shown to support constructive remodeling of other tissue types including the lower urinary tract, the dermis, the esophagus, and dura mater by mechanisms that include the recruitment of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells, angiogenesis, and the generation of bioactive molecules that result from degradation of the ECM. ECM derived from the urinary bladder matrix, identified as UBM, was configured as a single layer sheet and used as a biologic scaffold for a surgically created 2 cm2 full-thickness defect in the right ventricular free wall. Sixteen dogs were divided into two equal groups of eight each. The defect in one group was repaired with a UBM scaffold and the defect in the second group was repaired with a Dacron patch. Each group was divided into two equal subgroups (n = 4), one of which was sacrificed 15 min after surgical repair and the other of which was sacrificed after 8 weeks. Global right ventricular contractility was similar in all four subgroups groups at the time of sacrifice. However, 8 weeks after implantation the UBM-treated defect area showed significantly greater (p < 0.05) regional systolic contraction compared to the myocardial defects repaired with by Dacron (3.3 +/- 1.3% vs. -1.8 +/- 1.1%; respectively). Unlike the Dacron-repaired region, the UBM-repaired region showed an increase in systolic contraction over the 8-week implantation period (-4.2 +/- 1.7% at the time of implantation vs. 3.3 +/- 1.3% at 8 weeks). Histological analysis showed the expected fibrotic reaction surrounding the embedded Dacron material with no evidence for myocardial regeneration. Histologic examination of the UBM scaffold site showed cardiomyocytes accounting for approximately 30% of the remodeled tissue. The cardiomyocytes were arranged in an apparently randomly dispersed pattern throughout the entire tissue specimen and stained positive for alpha- sarcomeric actinin and Connexin 43. The thickness of the UBM graft site increased greatly from the time of implantation to the 8-week sacrifice time point when it was approximately the thickness of the normal right ventricular wall. Histologic examination suggested complete degradation of the originally implanted ECM scaffold and replacement by host tissues. We conclude that UBM facilitates a constructive remodeling of myocardial tissue when used as replacement scaffold for excisional defects.     

Repair of the thoracic wall with an extracellular matrix scaffold in a canine model

Naturally derived extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds have been successfully used to promote constructive remodeling of injured or missing tissue in a variety of anatomical locations, including abdominal wall repair. Furthermore, ECM scaffolds have shown the ability to resist infection and adhesion formation. The present study investigated the utility of an ECM scaffold, specifically, porcine urinary bladder matrix (UBM), for repair of a 5 x 5 cm full-thickness lateral thoracic wall defect in a canine model (n = 6) including 5-cm segments of the 6th and 7th rib. The resected portion of the 7th rib was replaced as an interpositional graft along with the UBM scaffold. As a control, a Gore-Tex patch was used to repair the same defect (n = 2). The control animals healed by encapsulation of the Gore-Tex patch by dense collagenous tissue. The remodeled UBM grafts showed the presence of site-specific tissue, including organized fibrous connective tissue, muscle tissue, adipose tissue, and bone. Upon fluoroscopic examination, it was shown that both bony defects were replaced with new calcified bone. In the 6th rib space, new bone bridged the entire span. In the 7th rib space, there was evidence of bone formation between the interpositional graft and the existing bone, as well as de novo formation of organized bone in the shape of the missing rib segment parallel to the interpositional graft. This study shows that a naturally occurring ECM scaffold promotes site-specific constructive remodeling in a large thoracic wall defect.     

Intrathoracic esophageal replacement in the dog with the use of an artificial esophagus composed of a collagen sponge with a double-layered silicone tube.

OBJECTIVES: Intrathoracic esophageal replacement with an artificial esophagus is considered difficult. We attempted to replace the intrathoracic esophagus with an artificial esophagus composed of a collagen sponge with a double-layered silicone tube and examined the state of host tissue regeneration. METHODS: A 5-cm long gap was created in the intrathoracic esophagus in 9 dogs and repaired by interposition of our prosthesis. The dogs were fed only by intravenous hyperalimentation for 28 days. The silicone tube was removed at 29 days after the operation, and oral feeding was reintroduced. RESULTS: One dog was put to death at each of the following times: 1, 2, 3, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after the operation. One dog is still surviving without problems after more than 26 months. One dog died of malnutrition at 10 months. In all dogs, the host regenerated tissue had replaced the resulting gap at the time of silicone tube removal. The mucosa had fully regenerated within 3 months and the glands within 12 months. The process of stenosis and shrinkage was complete within 3 months and did not advance thereafter. The lamina muscularis mucosae were observed as islets of smooth muscle within 12 months. Although the skeletal muscle regenerated close to the anastomoses, it did not extend to the middle of the regenerated esophagus even after 24 months. CONCLUSIONS: Use of a collagen sponge with a double-layered silicone tube was shown to be feasible even in the thorax and to allow the regenerated host tissue, consisting of the mucosa, glands, and lamina muscularis mucosae, to replace the esophageal gap.     

聚氨酯-胶原蛋白复合人工食管替换犬颈段食管的实验研究

目的 采用生物可降解材料与非降解材料复合制成人工食管，通过诱导自身食管组织爬行再生与生物材料降解相匹配，最终新生食管完全替代人工食管。方法 将医用聚氨酯内管表面覆盖海绵状胶原蛋白膜制成人工食管，并通过手术置换20条犬颈段5cm食管缺损，术后给予营养支持，禁食4周后通过内镜取出聚氨酯内管。结果 术后发生吻合口瘘4条（20%），14条（70%）存活1个月以上，其中食管狭窄5条（25%），存活达8个月的3条。现仍存活良好，未见明显并发症。术后1个月，新生食管完全上皮化；术后3个月，粘膜全层结构完整再生；术后6个月，食管肌层部分再生。结论 聚氨酯-胶原蛋白复合人工食管置换犬颈段食管具有可行性，通过聚氨酯内管提供暂时支撑，海绵状胶原蛋白膜提供适宜细胞爪爬行再生的三维支架并维持足够长的降解时间，能够促使自身食管的完全再生。     

脱细胞猪主动脉基质替代犬食管缺损的实验研究

目的 探讨应用脱细胞猪主动脉基质制备人工食管进行食管替代的可行性。方法应用胰酶、Triton X-100制备脱细胞猪主动脉基质。切除5cm实验犬食管，用两片脱细胞猪主动脉基质缝制成人工食管进行重建，观察存活情况和愈合过程。结果6只实验犬无围手术期死亡，发生吻合口瘘1只，1只在行内镜下扩张治疗时导致新生食管破裂死亡。组织学结果显示术后2周时有疏松结缔组织及大量新生血管形成，4周时大部分人工食管被上皮细胞覆盖。12周时上皮细胞分化至8．10层，有黏膜下腺体结构及肌肉组织。原人工食管已完全吸收，无法用肉眼分辨人工和正常食管。结论猪胸主动脉脱细胞血管基质可作为理想的代食管材料，能较好诱导组织的再生，有较好的应用前景。实验为人工食管的临床应用研究提供了依据。     

构建猕猴组织工程化周围神经的实验研究

目的评价组织工程化周围神经修复猕猴4cm尺神经缺损的实验效果,为临床研究提供资料。方法分别用6种移植物桥接4cm尺神经缺损。A组:自体BMSCs 去细胞同种异体神经支架;B组:自体SCs 去细胞同种异体神经支架;C组:自体BMSCs PLGA支架导管;D组:去细胞同种异体神经支架;E组:PLGA支架导管;F组:自体神经。通过功能学、神经电生理学及组织学研究评价各自的实验效果。结果A、B、C三种组织工程化神经实验组,术后6个月神经电生理和组织学检查,能引起小鱼际肌群产生复合动作电位的潜伏期、复合动作电位的最大振幅、神经传导速度和再生的神经纤维数目与自体神经移植组(F组)相比差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),但分别大于未加细胞的支架组(D、E组),差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。结论用自体源SCs或BMSCs作种子细胞与去细胞同种异体神经支架,或自体源BMSCs与PLGA支架导管构建不同的组织工程化周围神经,修复猕猴4cm尺神经缺损均取得较好的效果。     

Side-to-side nerve bridges reduce muscle atrophy after peripheral nerve injury in a rodent model

Background

Peripheral nerve injury can result in muscle atrophy and long-term disability. We hypothesize that creating a side-to-side bridge to link an injured nerve with a healthy nerve will reduce muscle atrophy and improve muscle function.

Methods

Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n = 7 per group). Group 1: transection only—a 10-mm gap was created in the proximal tibial nerve; group 2: transected plus repaired—the transected tibial nerve was repaired; group 3: transected plus repaired plus nerve bridge—transected nerve repaired with a distal nerve bridge between the tibial and peroneal nerves via epineurial windows; and group 4: transected plus nerve bridge—transected tibial nerve left unrepaired and distal bridge added. Gait was assessed every 2 wk. At 90 d the following measures were determined: gastrocnemius mass, muscle and nerve nuclear density, and axonal infiltration into the nerve bridge.

Results

Groups 3 and 4 had greater improvements in walking track recovery than groups 1 and 2. Group 3's gastrocnemius muscles exhibited the least amount of atrophy. Groups 1, 2, and 4 exhibited greater histologic appearance of muscle breakdown compared with group 3 and control muscle. Finally, most bridges in groups 3 and 4 had neuronal sprouting via the epineurial windows.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated reduced muscle atrophy with a side-to-side nerve bridge in the setting of peripheral nerve injury. These results support the application of novel side-to-side bridges in combination with traditional end-to-end neurorrhaphy to preserve muscle viability after peripheral nerve injuries.     

Surgical Reconstruction of Partial Circumferential Esophageal Defect in the Dog

Partial circumferential reconstruction of the cervical esophagus was evaluated in the dog. An esophageal defect 5.85 ± 1.15 cm in length involving one-half of the circumference was repaired by direct closure (group I), using longus colli muscle patch grafts (group II), and using grafts of longus colli muscle lined with buccal mucosa (group III). The incidence of leakage, fistula formation, luminal stricture, peristalsis disturbance, lining loss, the quality of surface restoration, bursting strength, and wound healing were evaluated. No fistula formation or leakage was observed in any animal. Direct closure of the defect was easier to perform, led to less inflammatory reaction, and resulted in the highest bursting strength. However, this method was associated with luminal stricture and swallowing difficulties. The longus colli muscle patch grafts (group II) were associated with a slight to moderate luminal stricture, but had more inflammatory reaction and graft surface area contraction (62%) compared to group III. The longus colli muscle lined with buccal mucosa caused no stricture and slight surface area contraction (8%). Mucosal grafts remained viable and no lining loss was observed. Despite the loss of peristalsis at the level of the graft in 25% of the group III dogs, no clinical signs or swallowing difficulties were observed.     

Surgical reconstruction of partial circumferential esophageal defect in the dog.

Partial circumferential reconstruction of the cervical esophagus was evaluated in the dog. An esophageal defect 5.85 +/- 1.15 cm in length involving one-half of the circumference was repaired by direct closure (group I), using longus colli muscle patch grafts (group II), and using grafts of longus colli muscle lined with buccal mucosa (group III). The incidence of leakage, fistula formation, luminal stricture, peristalsis disturbance, lining loss, the quality of surface restoration, bursting strength, and wound healing were evaluated. No fistula formation or leakage was observed in any animal. Direct closure of the defect was easier to perform, led to less inflammatory reaction, and resulted in the highest bursting strength. However, this method was associated with luminal stricture and swallowing difficulties. The longus colli muscle patch grafts (group II) were associated with a slight to moderate luminal stricture, but had more inflammatory reaction and graft surface area contraction (62%) compared to group III. The longus colli muscle lined with buccal mucosa caused no stricture and slight surface area contraction (8%). Mucosal grafts remained viable and no lining loss was observed. Despite the loss of peristalsis at the level of the graft in 25% of the group III dogs, no clinical signs or swallowing difficulties were observed.     

A Model of Tissue-Engineered Ventral Hernia Repair

We have developed a tissue-engineered ventral hernia repair system using our novel aligned collagen tube and autologous skeletal muscle satellite cells. In this model system, skeletal muscle satellite cells were isolated from a biopsy, expanded in culture, and incorporated into our collagen tube scaffold, forming the tissue-engineered construct. We characterized the results of the repaired hernias on both the gross and microscopic scales and compared them to an unrepaired control, an autologous muscle repair control, and a collagen-tube-only repair. Untreated animals developed a classic hernia sac, devoid of abdominal muscle and covered only with a thin layer of mesothelial tissue. Significant muscle, small-diameter blood vessels, and connective tissue were apparent in both the autologous control and the engineered muscle repairs. The engineered muscle repairs became cellularized, vascularized, and integrated with the native tissue, hence becoming a “living” repair. A tissue-engineered construct repair of ventral hernias with subsequent incorporation and vascularization could provide the ultimate in anterior wall myofascial defect repair and would further the understanding of striated muscle engineering. The knowledge gained from our model system would have immediate application to mangled extremities, maxillofacial reconstructions, and restorative procedures following tumor excision in other areas of the body.     

可吸收脱细胞猪主动脉基质构建人工食管的实验研究

目的探讨应用可吸收脱细胞猪主动脉基质制备人工食管进行食管替代的可行性.方法应用胰酶、Triton X-100制备脱细胞猪主动脉基质.切除实验犬5 cm颈段食管,用两片脱细胞猪主动脉基质缝制的人工食管进行重建,观察存活情况和愈合过程.结果6只实验犬无死亡,发生吻合口瘘1只,1只在行内镜下扩张治疗时新生食管破裂死亡.病理结果显示术后2周时有疏松结缔组织及大量新生血管形成,4周时大部分人工食管被食管黏膜上皮覆盖,镜下见黏膜上皮细胞约5～8层,12周时上皮细胞分化至8～10层,有黏膜下腺体结构及肌肉组织.原人工食管大部分已吸收,无法用肉眼分辨人工和正常食管.结论可吸收猪胸主动脉脱细胞血管基质可作为理想的代食管材料,能较好诱导组织的再生,有较好的应用前景.     

肺组织瓣内衬壳聚糖管修补食管缺损的实验研究

目的探讨肺组织瓣内衬壳聚糖管修补食管缺损的可行性，以完成食管缺损的修复重建。方法15只日本大耳白兔，随机分为2组，对照组：5只，用自体肺组织瓣（无内衬壳聚糖管支架）修补中段食管部分缺损；实验组：10只，用自体肺组织瓣内衬壳聚糖管支架修补中段食管部分缺损。于术后第2周、4周和8周经大体和组织学观察缺损修补处肺组织瓣情况，术后10周对存活的兔行食管X线钡餐透视，观察食管通畅情况。结果围术期死亡5只。实验组6只兔存活超过2周以上，肺组织瓣与食管缺损处牢固愈合，肺组织瓣表面有鳞状上皮化生；术后10周食管X线钡餐检查见钡剂通过顺利，无明显狭窄和反流，蠕动良好。对照组4只兔存活超过2周以上，肺组织瓣与食管缺损处牢固愈合，肺组织瓣表面有纤维组织增生，术后10周食管X线钡餐检查见钡剂通过顺利，轻度狭窄，蠕动差，无明显梗阻和反流。结论采用肺组织瓣修补食管缺损是一种可行的方法，壳聚糖管可以作为内衬支架，以防止食管狭窄。     

A model of tissue-engineered ventral hernia repair.

We have developed a tissue-engineered ventral hernia repair system using our novel aligned collagen tube and autologous skeletal muscle satellite cells. In this model system, skeletal muscle satellite cells were isolated from a biopsy, expanded in culture, and incorporated into our collagen tube scaffold, forming the tissue-engineered construct. We characterized the results of the repaired hernias on both the gross and microscopic scales and compared them to an unrepaired control, an autologous muscle repair control, and a collagen-tube-only repair. Untreated animals developed a classic hernia sac, devoid of abdominal muscle and covered only with a thin layer of mesothelial tissue. Significant muscle, small-diameter blood vessels, and connective tissue were apparent in both the autologous control and the engineered muscle repairs. The engineered muscle repairs became cellularized, vascularized, and integrated with the native tissue, hence becoming a "living" repair. A tissue-engineered construct repair of ventral hernias with subsequent incorporation and vascularization could provide the ultimate in anterior wall myofascial defect repair and would further the understanding of striated muscle engineering. The knowledge gained from our model system would have immediate application to mangled extremities, maxillofacial reconstructions, and restorative procedures following tumor excision in other areas of the body.     

小肠黏膜下基质用于胆管重建的研究

目的 探讨在肝外胆管节段性缺失时,小肠黏膜下基质(SIS)用于重建胆管的可行性及相关机制,为胆道重建寻找新的思路.方法 SIS制成管状,实验犬6条,胆总管节段性切除12～15 mm,以SIS管桥接.分别于术后3、9周取材,通过胆道造影、病理等方法观察胆道重建过程和组织重构效果.结果存活率100％,胆瘘、胆道闭塞发生率为0.胆管收缩、狭窄现象普遍,长度收缩约(13.5±4.1)％.病理检查见胆管内膜细胞覆盖植入SIS段胆管,管壁由成纤维细胞构成,新生血管丰富.结论 SIS材料制成管状用于替代胆管节段性缺失是可行的,可以避免胆漏,无管腔塌陷、闭塞.     

食管破裂诊断及外科手术方式的选择——附36例临床分析

目的探讨食管破裂的诊断与手术方式。方法 1980-01—2012-06间共收治36例食管破裂与穿孔患者。保守治疗2例,手术治疗34例。单纯食管破裂修补术、食管破裂修补加肋间肌瓣、膈肌瓣、带蒂大网膜覆盖破裂口8例;破裂食管切除、Ⅰ期食管胃胸内或颈部吻合术3例;纵膈引流、胸腔引流或食管"T"管引流加空肠造瘘6例;食管旷置或颈部食管造瘘,加纵膈、胸腔引流及空肠造瘘,Ⅱ期消化道重建2例,其中1例为经胸骨后管状胃与颈部食管吻合;颈部食管旁切开引流术及食管支架置入术各1例。贲门失弛缓症、食管癌、食管癌术后吻合口狭窄扩张或支架置入时破裂5例:姑息性食管癌切除、吻合口狭窄部切除再游离胃行颈部吻合术4例,食管破裂修补术加破裂食管对侧Heller手术1例。合并多发性肋骨骨折肺深部裂伤、脾破裂胃破裂、车祸胸部贯通伤伴胸壁皮肤Ⅱ度烧伤各1例:行肺裂伤修补,胸腹联合切口行脾切除胃破裂修补术加胃空肠造瘘,1例伤后6d,确诊食管破裂,行食管破裂修补及肋间肌瓣加固。1例食管异物40 d,致食管-主动脉瘘(AEF),左心转流下阻断主动脉,修补主动脉破口,切除胸段食管行颈部食管胃吻合,获成功。食管胸中段化学性烧伤致穿孔1例,I期行胸段食管切除食管胃颈部吻合术。食管破裂修补术后再瘘3例:行胸腔廓清、上下胸腔引流及空肠造瘘。结果治愈27例,其中3例并吻合口狭窄,经扩张后好转。死亡9例。结论选择合理方式治疗食管破裂至关重要。要综合考虑食管破裂的原因、部位、时间、大小、原发疾病、并发症、纵隔及胸腔感染情况。     

脱细胞异体阔筋膜与自体网膜修补肾损伤的对比研究

目的 探讨异体阔筋膜细胞外基质(ECM)作为肾损伤修补材料的效果.方法 24只实验犬随机分3组:组1,异体阔筋膜ECM修补,10只;组2,自体大网膜修补,10只;组3,异体阔筋膜修补,4只.组1、2于术后1、2周及术后1、2、4个月取材,组3于术后2周、2个月时取材,每组每次2只.术前及术后行血红蛋白检查,术中估算出血量,术前及处死动物前行血清.肾素及SCr检查,并分别测定左、右肾的肌酐清除率,处死动物后切取双侧.肾脏分别称重并于修补局部取材行光镜及扫描电镜检查.结果 术中出血量组2为(28.3±1.8)g,明显高于组1[(18.0±2.7)g]及组3[(17.7±3.1)g],差异有统计学意义;各组各时段术后血红蛋白、SCr及血清肾素检查与术前相比差异无统计学意义;各组各时段手术修补肾(左肾)与对侧正常肾(右肾)肌酐清除率相比以及双侧肾脏质量相比差异均无统计学意义.术后大体标本、光镜及电镜检查显示:组1,术后各时段补片与周围组织均无明显粘连,且补片大小形状无明显改变,无皱缩现象.随时间推移,补片逐渐变薄形成接近正常的肾包膜结构.补片下方的肾皮质在术后各时期均无明显炎性细胞浸润.组2,取材时游离患肾十分困难,随时间延长肾创面有收缩现象,创面逐渐形成包膜样结构,但较薄且与其上的大网膜无法分离.组3,术后补片与周围组织粘连明显,肾创面有明显收缩现象,局部炎性细胞浸润明显,免疫反应严重.结论 异体阔筋膜ECM可作为理想的肾修补材料.     

Histologic results 1 year after bioprosthetic repair of paraesophageal hernia in a canine model

Background The use of prosthetic materials for the repair of paraesophageal hiatal hernia (PEH) may lead to esophageal stricture and perforation. High recurrence rates after primary repair have led surgeons to explore other options, including various bioprostheses. However, the long-term effects of these newer materials when placed at the esophageal hiatus are unknown. This study assessed the anatomic and histologic characteristics 1 year after PEH repair using a U-shaped configuration of commercially available small intestinal submucosa (SIS) mesh in a canine model. Methods Six dogs underwent laparoscopic PEH repair with SIS mesh 4 weeks after thoracoscopic creation of PEH. When the six dogs were sacrificed 12 months later, endoscopy and barium x-ray were performed, and biopsies of the esophagus and crura were obtained. Results The mean weight of the dogs 1 year after surgery was identical to their entry weight. No dog had gross dysphagia, evidence of esophageal stricture, or reherniation. At sacrifice, the biomaterial was not identifiable grossly. Biopsies of the hiatal region showed fibrosis as well as muscle fiber proliferation and regeneration. No dog had erosion of the mesh into the esophagus. Conclusions This reproducible canine model of PEH formation and repair did not result in erosion of SIS mesh into the esophagus or in stricture formation. Native muscle ingrowth was noted 1 year after placement of the biomaterial. According to the findings, SIS may provide a scaffold for ingrowth of crural muscle and a durable repair of PEH over the long term. Presented at the annual meeting of the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), Denver, Colorado, 3 April 2004     

不同平面吻合加盖大网膜或下肺韧带预防食管、胃吻合口瘘及狭窄

目的改进食管胃吻合方式，降低吻合口瘘及狭窄的发生率。方法将５５２例食管、贲门癌患者随机分为３组，分别采用荷包式吻合；食管胃分层吻合；食管胃不同平面吻合，吻合口加盖大网膜或下肺韧带三种不同的吻合方式，比较各组吻合口瘘及狭窄的发生率。结果吻合口瘘发生率分别为：３．７５％，１．０９％和０；狭窄的发生率分别为：８．１％，３．２５％和０．９６％。三组结果有显著性差异。结论食管胃不同平面吻合，吻合口加盖大网膜或下肺韧带可有效预防食管胃吻合口瘘及狭窄的发生。