三种全麻方式对二尖瓣置换术患者心肌功能影响的比较

目的比较丙泊酚、七氟醚及丙泊酚复合七氟醚全麻对二尖瓣置换术患者缺血-再灌注心肌功能的影响。方法择期行心肺转流(CPB)二尖瓣置换术患者45例,随机均分为三组,分别采用丙泊酚(P组)、七氟醚(S组)或丙泊酚复合七氟醚(PS组)全麻。于麻醉诱导前(T0)、升主动脉开放后2h(T1)、4h(T2)、8h(T3)、24h(T4)、48h(T5)采集动脉血测定心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)和丙二醛(MDA)浓度、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)和超氧化歧化酶(SOD)活性。结果与T0时比较,T1～T5时三组血浆cTnI浓度、CK-MB活性明显升高(P<0.05);T1～T4时三组血浆MDA浓度升高,而SOD活性明显降低(P<0.05)。与S组比较,T1～T5时P组、PS组血浆cTnI浓度、T2～T5时CK-MB活性明显升高(P<0.05);T1～T4时血浆MDA浓度明显升高,而SOD活性明显降低(P<0.05)。结论在CPB下行二尖瓣置换术七氟醚维持麻醉有更好的心肌保护作用。     

舒芬太尼预处理对糖尿病大鼠烫伤后心肌损伤的影响

目的观察舒芬太尼预处理对糖尿病大鼠烫伤后心肌损伤的保护作用。方法糖尿病SD大鼠40只,随机均分为烫伤组(DB组)、舒芬太尼预处理组(SUF组)、纳洛酮拮抗组(NAL组)和假烫伤组(DS组)。制作30%体表面积Ⅲ度烫伤模型,取烫伤后6h腹主动脉血,测血浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)含量,观察心肌组织形态学改变。结果烫伤后6h,与DS组比较,DB组、SUF组和NAL组血浆MDA和cTnI的含量显著升高(P<0.01),SOD活性显著降低(P<0.01);与SUF组比较,DB组、NAL组血浆MDA和cTnI的含量显著升高(P<0.01),SOD活性显著降低(P<0.01)。结论舒芬太尼预处理糖尿病大鼠可能通过抑制烫伤后氧化损伤等减轻烫伤大鼠过度的伤害性应激反应所导致的心肌损害。     

瑞芬太尼预先给药对兔心肌缺血再灌注时脂质过氧化反应的影响

目的 评价瑞芬太尼预先给药对兔心肌缺血再灌注时脂质过氧化反应的影响.方法 家兔40只,雌雄不拘,体重1.5～2.5 kg,随机分为5组(n=8),Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和V组采用静脉注射垂体后叶素2.5 U/kg的方法制备急性心肌缺血模型,Ⅰ组和Ⅳ组给予等容量生理盐水.Ⅲ组静脉注射吗啡3.3 mg/kg后30 min给予垂体后叶素前;Ⅳ组静脉输注瑞芬太尼3.3μg·kg-1·min-130 min时给予生理盐水;V组静脉输注瑞芬太尼3.3μg·kg-1·min-1 30 min时给予垂体后叶素.于给予垂体后叶素前即刻(T1)、给予垂体后叶素后24 h(T2)、48 h(T3)时采集颈内静脉血样,测定血清心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)浓度.取心肌组织,测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量.电镜下观察心肌组织超微结构.结果 与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组血清cTnI浓度和心肌组织MDA含量升高,心肌组织SOD活性降低(P＜0.01);与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅲ组及V组血清cTnI浓度和MDA含量降低,心肌组织SOD活性升高(P＜0.05或0.01).电镜下Ⅴ组心肌损伤程度轻于Ⅱ组.结论瑞芬太尼预先给药可抑制脂质过氧化反应,从而减轻兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤.     

七氟醚预先给药对心脏瓣膜置换术患者炎性反应的影响

目的 评价七氟醚预先给药对体外循环(CPB)下心脏瓣膜置换术患者炎性反应的影响,探讨其心肌保护作用的机制.方法 择期拟行心脏瓣膜置换术的风湿性心脏病患者20例,采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为七氟醚组(S组)和对照组(C组),每组10例.S组于主动脉阻断前吸入七氟醚,呼气末浓度1.0％,维持30 min.于切皮前、主动脉阻断即刻、主动脉开放即刻、主动脉开放后30 min、术后2、6、12、24 h(T1～8)时抽取中心静脉血样,测定血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、IL-8、细胞粘附分子-1(ICAM-1)及肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)的浓度与肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)活性;并记录主动脉开放后心血管活性药物的使用情况.结果 与C组比较,S组T3～8时血浆TNF-α、IL～6、IL8浓度降低,T4～8时血浆ICAM-1及cTnI浓度降低,T8时CK-MB活性降低,心血管活性药物使用率降低(P＜0.05).结论 七氟醚预先给药可抑制炎性反应,对CPB下心脏瓣膜置换术患者心肌产生一定的保护作用.     

舒芬太尼预处理对烫伤糖尿病和非糖尿病大鼠心肌损伤的影响

目的观察舒芬太尼预处理对烫伤糖尿病和非糖尿病大鼠心肌损伤的影响。方法取糖尿病及非糖尿病SD大鼠各40只,随机分为八组(n=10):非糖尿病对照组(NS组)、非糖尿病烫伤组(NB组)、非糖尿病舒芬太尼预处理组(NP组)、非糖尿病纳洛酮拮抗组(NN组)及糖尿病对照组(DS组)、糖尿病烫伤组(DB组)、糖尿病舒芬太尼预处理组(DP组)、糖尿病纳洛酮拮抗组(DN组)。取烫伤后6h腹主动脉血,测血浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、TNF-α、心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)水平,观察心肌组织形态学改变等。结果与NB组比较,NP组血浆SOD活性明显增加,TNF-α和cTnI浓度明显降低,心肌含水量明显减少(P0.05);DB组TNF-α和cTnI浓度明显升高,心肌含水量增加(P0.05)。与DB组比较,DP组血浆SOD活性明显增加,MDA、TNF-α和cTnI浓度明显降低,心肌含水量明显减少(P0.05)。结论糖尿病可加重烫伤大鼠的心肌损害,舒芬太尼预处理可对其产生保护作用,其机制与减轻炎性反应和抗脂质过氧化损伤有关。     

参附注射液预先给药对体外循环下瓣膜置换术患者心肌的保护作用

目的 探讨参附注射液预先给药对体外循环下瓣膜置换术患者心肌的保护作用.方法 择期体外循环下拟行瓣膜置换术的患者30例,年龄18～51岁,体重45～73kg,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,心功能Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,随机分为2组(n=15),对照组(C组)和参附注射液预先给药组(SH组).SH组于术前5 d静脉输注参附注射液1.5 ml/kg,1次/d,连续5 d,麻醉诱导前30 min再次静脉输注参附注射液1.5 ml/kg,参附注射液均溶于5%葡萄糖溶液或生理盐水250 ml中;C组不输注参附注射液,余治疗同SH组.于主动脉阻断前即刻(T_1)、主动脉开放后10 min(T_2)、30 min(T_3)、2 h(T_4)、24 h(T_5)、48 h(T_6)时取右侧颈内静脉血样2 ml,采用免疫抑制法测定血浆肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性;于T_(1～3)时取冠状静脉窦血样2 ml,分别测定血浆丙二醛(MDA)、心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)的浓度及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;于主动脉阻断前即刻及开放后即刻取右心房全层心肌组织,电镜下观察心肌细胞线粒体超微结构.记录心脏自动复跳情况、血管活性药物使用情况及主动脉阻断时间.结果 与T_1时比较,两组T_(2,3)时血浆cTnI和MDA浓度升高,T_(2～6)时CK-MB及LDH活性升高,T_(2,3)时SOD活性降低(P<0.05或0.01);与C组比较,SH组T_(2,3)时血浆cTnI和MDA浓度降低,T_(2～6)时CK-MB和LDH活性降低,多巴胺和硝酸甘油用量明显减少,T_(2,3)时血浆SOD活性及心脏自动复跳率明显升高(P<0.05或0.01).SH组心肌细胞线粒体病理损伤程度较C组明显减轻.结论 体外循环下瓣膜置换术患者参附注射液预先给药可产生一定程度的心肌保护作用,其机制可能与抑制脂质过氧化反应有关.     

依达拉奉和1,6-二磷酸果糖联合应用对心脏瓣膜置换手术患者的心肌保护作用

目的探讨氧自由基清除剂依达拉奉和能量代谢调节剂1,6-二磷酸果糖(FDP)联合应用在CPB下行心脏瓣膜置换手术患者的心肌保护作用。方法选取ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级、拟在CPB下行二尖瓣置换、主动脉瓣置换和联合瓣膜置换术患者40例。随机均分为对照组(A组)、依达拉奉组(B组)、FDP组(C组)和联合用药组(D组)。A组给予等容量生理盐水;B组将依达拉奉0.5mg/kg一次性加入CPB预充液中;C组于主动脉阻断前15min静脉滴注FDP 200mg/kg;D组为将依达拉奉0.5mg/kg一次性加入CPB预充液中,并于主动脉阻断前15min静脉滴注FDP 200mg/kg。分别于麻醉后切皮前(T1)、主动脉阻断前(T2)、CPB停止后2h(T3)、CPB停止后6h(T4)和术后24h(T5)采集桡动脉血,测定血浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)浓度;血浆肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)活性、肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)的浓度并记录两组临床效果。结果与T1时比较,T2～T4时A组血浆SOD活性明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);T3～T5时四组血浆MDA浓度明显升高、CK-MB活性明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01);T2～T5时四组血浆cTnI浓度明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与A组比较,T2～T4时B、C、D组血浆SOD活性明显升高(P<0.05);T3、T4时B、C、D组血浆MDA浓度、T3～T5时B、C、D组血浆CK-MB活性明显降低,T3时B、C、D组和T4时B、D组cTnI浓度明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与D组比较,T3、T4时B、C组血浆cTnI浓度明显升高(P<0.05)。术中多巴胺最大用量、术后24h引流量A组明显多于D组(P<0.05)。结论依达拉奉或FDP单独用药可以减轻心肌缺血-再灌注损伤,两者联合用药作用更加明显。     

瑞芬太尼经主动脉灌注管泵入对心肺转流心内直视手术患者心肌损伤的影响

目的 探讨瑞芬太尼经主动脉灌注管泵入对心肺转流(CPB)心内直视手术患者心肌损伤的影响.方法 单纯房、室间隔缺损患者60例,年龄18～45岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,心功能Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为四组,于手术完成后主动脉开放前8 min,R1、R2、R3组分别以2、4、8μg·kg-1 ·min-1泵入瑞芬太尼,C组泵入等容量生理盐水.检测麻醉诱导前、主动脉开放后4、8、24、48 h心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、丙二醛(MDA)浓度及磷酸肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性.结果 主动脉开放后4h及8h,与C组比较,R1、R2、R3组cTnI、MDA浓度及CK-MB活性明显降低,SOD活性明显升高(P＜0.05);与R1组比较,R2、R3组cTnI、MDA浓度及CK-MB活性明显降低,SOD活性升高(P＜0.05).主动脉开放后24 h,R3组cTnI、MDA浓度及CK-MB活性明显低于其它三组(P＜0.05).结论 瑞芬太尼经主动脉灌注管泵入对CPB心内直视手术患者心肌损伤有一定保护作用,其作用机制可能与抑制脂质过氧化反应有关.     

瑞芬太尼后处理对CPB心内直视手术患者心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 评价瑞芬太尼后处理对CPB心内直视手术患者心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响.方法 择期行室间隔缺损修补术和/或房间隔缺损修补术的先天性心脏病患者30例,年龄18～45岁,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,心功能分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为2组(n=15).在主动脉开放前8 min瑞芬太尼组(R组)从主动脉根部以4μg·kg-1·min-1的速率输注瑞芬太尼5 min,对照组(C组)给予等容量生理盐水.于麻醉诱导前(基础状态)、主动脉开放后4、8、24、48 h时采集右颈内静脉血样,检测心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、丙二醛(MDA)的浓度及MB型肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性.结果 与C组比较,R组主动脉开放后4、8 h时cTnI、MDA浓度及CK-MB活性降低,SOD活性升高,主动脉开放后24 h时MDA浓度降低(P＜0.05).结论 瑞芬太尼后处理可减轻CPB心内直视手术患者心肌缺血再灌注损伤,其机制与抑制脂质过氧化反应有关.     

舒芬太尼对心脏瓣膜置换术患者血浆炎性细胞因子及丙二醛的影响

目的 探讨不同剂量舒芬太尼对心脏瓣膜置换术患者围术期血浆炎性细胞因子和丙二醛(malonic dialdehyde,MDA)的影响.方法 30例心脏瓣膜置换术患者,随机分为3 组即 S1组(舒芬太尼总量3μg/kg),S2组(舒芬太尼总量5μg/kg)和S3组(舒芬太尼总量10 μg/kg).分别于麻醉前(T0)、开胸后5 min(T1)、阻断后30 min(T2)、开主动脉后2 h(T3)和术后24 h(T4)各时间点测定动脉血中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α),白细胞介素-6(IL-6)以及血浆MDA浓度,并记录3组患者在ICU的滞留时间和拔管时间.结果 与麻醉前(T0)比较,3组TNF-α(ng/L)、IL-6(ng/L)和MDA(mmol/L)在体外循环(cardiopul monary bypass,CPB)后明显升高(P<0.01或P<0.05),S2组在T2(TNF-α15.7±4.1、IL-6 116.5±18.2和MDA 8.5±0.8)、T3(TNF-α22.8±3.6、IL-6 158.9±13.7和MDA 10.2±1.3)时均明显低于S1组T2(TNF-α20.3±4.5、IL-6 141.8±21.3和MDA 10.6±0.9)和T3(TNF-α28.1±3.7、IL-6 175.6±15.1和MDA 12.5±1.4)时(P<0.05),S3组在T2(TNF-α14.4±3.2、IL-6 115.3±19.8和MDA 8.3±0.8)、T3(TNF-α21.0±3.7、IL-6 156.7±14.3和MDA 9.8±1.4)时均明显低于S1组(P<0.05),但S2、S3,组比较差异无统计学意义.S3组患者ICU滞留时间(3.5±0.5)d和术后拔管时间(29.3±3.0)h较S1(2.2±0.5)d,(18.2±2.5)h和S2组(2.4±0.4)d,(19.3±2.8)h明显延长(P<0.05).结论 CPB可促发促炎细胞因子及氧自由基的释放,较大剂量舒芬太尼能抑制心脏手术所致的全身性炎性反应,减少氧自由基的产生,从而减轻再灌注损伤,但达到一定剂量后这种效应并不存在剂量依赖性,且延长患者在ICU的滞留时间.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.