负压封闭引流技术在显微外科中应用的探讨

目的 报道负压封闭引流技术(VSD)在显微外科领域内应用效果. 方法 对不能一期闭合的离断伤创面24例和骨外露或者肌腱外露创面46例,行VSD后再行组织移植修复术;对肌瓣表面游离植皮创面12例,以VSD覆盖植皮表面. 结果 7～10 d去除VSD,24例再植术后创面肉芽组织新鲜,生长良好,肢体血供未受影响;46例骨外露或者肌腱外露创面未见或少见脓性分泌物,二期移植的组织瓣或皮肤均成活;12例肌瓣表面游离植皮者,肌瓣和植皮均成活. 结论 VSD能预防和控制感染,提高组织瓣或植皮的成活率.用于治疗不能一期闭合的离断伤创面,骨外露或者肌腱外露创面以及肌瓣上游离植皮创面具有良好的辅助治疗效果.     

肌瓣及皮瓣修复胫骨骨外露创面的治疗体会

目的报道经骨折复位固定手术及负压封闭引流处理后的外伤性皮肤软组织缺损伴胫骨骨外露创面,采用肌瓣、皮瓣修复的疗效。方法 2013年2月-2016年1月,对51例重度胫腓骨开放粉碎性骨折,采用内或外固定架固定术后,其中24例皮肤软组织缺损或坏死伴胫骨外露,予清创及VSD治疗,采用肌瓣、皮瓣修复骨外露创面。结果肌瓣、皮瓣均成活,其中2例呈慢性骨髓炎,余皮肤软组织缺损伴骨外露创面完全愈合。结论肌瓣、皮瓣修复皮肤软组织缺损伴胫骨骨外露创面,手术成功率高,可为伤区提供良好的血运,可有效控制感染及增加骨愈合率。     

比目鱼肌胫骨骨膜瓣逆行转位术的临床应用

目的 探讨比目鱼肌胫骨骨膜瓣修复胫骨中、下段严重粉碎性骨折、骨不连、骨缺损合并软组织缺损的临床疗效. 方法 从2000年7月至2010年12月,应用比目鱼肌胫骨骨膜瓣逆行转位术修复19例胫骨开放性骨折并胫前软组织缺损骨外露、10例胫骨骨折内固定术后伤口感染组织坏死致胫骨及内固定物外露、5例胫骨创伤性骨髓炎清创后骨缺损并软组织缺损、3例胫骨骨不连合并胫前软组织缺损.结果 本组37例肌骨膜瓣均成活,其中1例术后肌瓣部分坏死,经再次清创、负压封闭吸引、植皮后愈合;1例肌骨膜瓣边缘小窦道,经换药后2个月愈合;其余创面均Ⅰ期愈合,随访0.5～7.0年,无感染复发、窦道形成,骨愈合时间6～ 10个月,所有患者均恢复负重和行走功能. 结论 比目鱼肌胫骨骨膜瓣逆行转位术,修复软组织缺损同时能促进骨的愈合,是修复胫骨中、下段严重粉碎性骨折、骨不连、骨缺损合并软组织缺损的有效方法.     

部分腹直肌肌瓣加皮片移植修复下肢骨折后骨或钢板外露

目的：探讨游离部分腹直肌肌瓣加皮片移植修复下肢骨折后骨或钢板外露的方法及疗效。方法：2009年10月-2010年12月,笔者单位应用游离部分腹直肌肌瓣加皮片移植修复下肢骨折后骨或钢板外露患者共7例,其中胫骨开放性骨折术后骨质外露4例,胫骨骨折术后钢板外露2例,腓骨骨折术后钢板外露1例。结果：术后除1例植皮部分坏死换药后创面愈合外,其余移植肌瓣及植皮全部成活,术后外形及功能良好,患者均较满意。结论：游离部分腹直肌肌瓣加皮片移植修复下肢骨折后骨或钢板外露具有血供丰富、抗感染力强和顺应性好,术后外形美观等优点,且供区损伤小,只取部分腹直肌,保留了腹直肌的大部分功能,是修复下肢骨或钢板外露,尤其是伴骨髓炎或感染创面的理想方法。     

GustiloⅢB和ⅢC型胫骨骨折骨固定及组织瓣修复的临床分析

目的 探讨GustiloⅢB和GustiloⅢC型胫骨骨折骨固定及组织瓣修复的方法和时机的选择. 方法 GustiloⅢB和GustiloⅢC型胫骨骨折患者136例,男102例,女34例；年龄14～ 68岁,平均34岁.损伤程度:GustiloⅢB型98例,GustiloⅢC型38例.骨固定修复方法选择:一期行外固定架固定113例,钢板内固定4例；二期行骨固定19例.软组织修复方法选择:一期行带血管蒂组织瓣转位修复创面67例;一期行吻合血管游离组织瓣修复7例；62例一期行VSD负压封闭一周至数周后,二期行游离植皮9例,胫后动脉肌间隙穿支皮瓣11例,腓动脉穿支皮瓣13例,腓肠肌肌(皮)瓣14例,交腿皮瓣15例. 结果 本组所有患者创面皆完全愈合.术后随访10～24个月,121例患者骨折愈合;12例患者因大段骨缺损,二期行骨移植术后正常愈合;3例患者因感染并发骨髓炎、窦道形成,经再次手术,骨折端延期愈合；骨折愈合时间为5～12个月,平均7个月. 结论 GustiloⅢB、ⅢC型胫骨骨折的一期或二期骨固定及组织瓣修复各有优缺点,如有条件争取一期骨固定及组织瓣修复为最好.     

负压封闭引流技术结合肌瓣转移游离植皮治疗小腿及足踝部软组织缺损伴骨外露

目的 探讨负压封闭引流(VSD)技术结合肌瓣转移游离植皮治疗小腿及足踝部大面积软组织缺损伴骨外露的疗效. 方法 2006年3月至2011年12月共收治52例小腿及足踝部大面积软组织缺损伴骨外露患者,男37例,女15例;年龄24 ～ 66岁,平均38.9岁;软组织缺损面积:20 cm×15cm～35 cm×30cm,骨外露面积:6 cm×4 cm～lO cm×5 cm.开放性骨折按Gustilo分型:Ⅲ A型17例,Ⅲ B型35例.急诊清创后利用邻近肌瓣转移最大限度覆盖骨外露,缩小骨外露范围,裸露骨质钻数个小孔后使用VSD技术治疗待创面肉芽组织生长良好后,采用游离植皮术联合持续VSD技术修复创面.小腿及足踝部功能按Lowa踝关节评分标准评定. 结果 52例患者应用VSD技术治疗1～4次,骨外露被完全覆盖时间为6 ～ 29d,平均18.2d.所有患者术后获6个月至5年(平均为2年8个月)随访,所有患者软组织缺损区的创面肉芽组织生长快、质地好,骨外露被快速生长的肉芽组织所覆盖,创面游离植皮全部成活.骨折愈合时间为3～6个月(平均4个月).5例发生跟腱挛缩致马蹄足畸形,后期行矫正术.无合并感染、骨坏死和慢性骨髓炎等并发症发生.小腿及足踝部功能按Lowa踝关节评分标准评定:优9例,良33例,可8例,差2例,优良率为80.8％. 结论 VSD技术结合肌瓣转移游离植皮治疗小腿及足踝部大面积软组织缺损伴骨外露,可避免截肢和复杂手术,是一种简单、快捷、有效的治疗方法.     

吻合血管的游离肌肉瓣加网状皮片移植修复胫骨骨折合并骨外露及感染创面

目的介绍应用吻合血管的游离肌肉瓣加网状皮片移植修复胫骨骨折合并骨外露及感染创面的新方法。方法26例胫骨骨折合并骨外露及感染创面患者依伤情选择手术时机,5例采用一期吻合血管的游离肌肉瓣加网状皮片移植覆盖骨外露创面；6例急诊清创术后2周行二期修复；其余15例入院前胫骨远端感染严重,均采用二期肌肉瓣加网状皮片移植覆盖骨外露创面。结果26例中22例术后肌肉瓣及皮片全部成活；2例皮片部分坏死,2例创口延迟愈合,经换药均二期愈合。随访10～24个月(平均18个月),皮片色泽、质地、弹性均良好,无瘢痕挛缩。骨折均已愈合。结论肌肉瓣血运丰富,是修复胫骨远端感染及骨外露创面的理想方法,比较适合覆盖大面积软组织损伤合并骨外露创面和小腿远端慢性窦道及慢性骨髓炎骨外露创面。     

VSD联合腓肠肌肌瓣治疗小腿复杂软组织缺损

目的探讨小腿复杂多发软组织缺损的修复方法。方法对地震伤后小腿多发软组织缺损造成骨外露,钢板外露的病患5例,经清创,腓肠肌肌瓣转移,封闭负压引流术（vacuum sealing drainage,VSD）覆盖创面7～10 d后行中厚皮片植皮治疗。结果移植肌瓣全部成活,创面一期愈合3～6个月,骨折愈合,伤口无感染。本组均获随访,随访时间5～10个月,平均7.5个月。膝踝关节功能无明显障碍,负重行走肢体无变形,无并发症。创面平均愈合时间为20d。结论 VSD技术联合腓肠肌肌瓣是治疗小腿复杂软组织缺损的有效方法。     

负压封闭引流技术在Gustilo-Anderson Ⅱ~Ⅲ型开放骨折中的应用

目的探讨负压封闭引流技术(VSD)在Gustilo-AndersonⅡ~Ⅲ型开放骨折治疗中的作用。方法对25例Gustilo-AndersonⅡ~Ⅲ型开放骨折患者的断端软组织缺损一期无法缝合的骨外露创面行VSD治疗,术后冲洗引流,二期植皮或皮瓣、复合组织瓣修复。结果 13例一期清创用VSD治疗,二期植皮或皮瓣修复;10例经再次或多次行VSD治疗,创面新鲜后植皮或皮瓣、复合组织瓣修复。2例感染,经换药、引流,抗感染治疗,延期行复合骨瓣修复创面痊愈。创面愈合时间18~56(35±11)d。25例均获随访,时间10~24(18±6)个月,骨折均达临床愈合。无创伤性骨髓炎发生。结论对于Gustilo-AndersonⅡ~Ⅲ型开放骨折皮肤软组织缺损较重患者行VSD治疗,可为二期修复创造了良好的条件。     

局部筋膜瓣联合植皮在头面部骨外露创面修复中的应用

目的:探讨运用局部筋膜瓣加植皮修复头面部骨外露创面的临床疗效。方法:选择2016年6月-2018年12月笔者科室应用局部筋膜瓣加植皮修复有骨外露的头面部创面13例患者,其中外伤6例,皮肤恶性肿瘤7例。根据创面面积大小及形状,在创面旁切取获得适当大小筋膜瓣,范围3cm×6cm^6cm×9cm,经折叠后覆盖骨外露创面,将中厚皮片植于筋膜瓣上,术后观察植皮成活情况,评估临床疗效。结果:13例患者筋膜瓣及植皮均成活良好,术后随访1~6个月,外形良好。结论:局部筋膜瓣加植皮修复骨外露创面效果肯定,外形好,值得在临床推广使用。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.