前后路联合手术治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的 探讨应用后路椎弓根内固定系统联合前路椎体间植骨治疗重度腰椎滑脱症的临床疗效。方法 应用后路SOCON提拉复位内固定系统复位并固定滑脱椎体，结合前路经腹膜外途径椎体间镭骨植骨治疗重度腰椎滑脱症20例。结果 术后18例Ⅱ度椎体滑脱获得解剖复位，2例Ⅲ度脱位复位至I度滑脱。经4—18个月随访，滑脱椎体复位无丢失，椎弓根螺钉无松动，椎体间骨融合牢固，椎间隙高度维持良好。结论 SOCON提拉复位内固定系统可提供滑脱椎体满意的复位内固定作用，前路椎体问植骨融合率高，术后复位丢失率低。     

不同手术方式治疗腰椎滑脱症的比较

目的：比较采用不同内固定及植骨融合方式治疗腰椎滑脱症的手术疗效及适应证。方法：应用后路椎弓根螺钉复位内固定后．分别采用后外侧植骨融合术、后路椎体间植骨融合术及前路椎体间植骨融合术治疗不同类型及合并症的腰椎滑脱症患者67例，比较不同术式的手术时间与出血量、手术疗效与并发症、滑脱椎体复位率与复位丢失率以及椎间隙高度。结果：后路椎弓根钉固定加椎体间植骨融合术手术时间最长、出血量最多。手术总体优良率为88．71％，三种术式间无差异。所有椎体间植骨组植骨融合良好，椎间隙高度维持良好，滑脱椎体复位无丢失；12例后外侧植骨者平均复位丢失率为11．24％，2例椎弓根螺钉松动，2枚椎弓根螺钉断裂。结论：退变性腰椎滑脱者宜选用后路椎弓根钉固定加后外侧植骨融合术；峡部裂性腰椎滑脱者宜选用后路椎弓根钉固定加椎体间植骨融合术；腰椎滑脱翻修者宜选用后路椎弓根钉固定加前路椎体间植骨融合术     

腰椎滑脱症外科治疗策略选择

目的探讨不同类型腰椎滑脱症及合并症的手术治疗方式、疗效及优缺点。方法2000年2月～2004年4月应用后路椎弓根螺钉复位内固定后，分别采用后外侧植骨融合术、后路椎体间植骨融合术及前路椎体问植骨融合术治疗不同类型腰椎滑脱症及合并症的患者78例，比较术后及随访时疗效、滑脱椎体复位率、椎间隙高度恢复率、植骨融合率以及复位丢失率。结果术后28例Ⅰ度滑脱及37例Ⅱ度腰椎滑脱患者获得解剖复位．9例Ⅱ度滑脱及4例Ⅲ度腰椎滑脱患者矫正至Ⅰ度滑脱。随访时总体优良率为89．72％，42例椎体间植骨患者植骨融合良好，滑脱椎体复位无丢失，椎间隙高度维持良好；36例后外侧植骨者有12例复位丢失，2例椎弓根螺钉松动，2枚椎弓根螺钉断裂：结论对小于Ⅱ度退变性腰椎滑脱合并腰椎管狭窄者宜选用后路椎弓根钉复位固定加后外侧植骨融合术；对峡部裂性腰椎滑脱合并腰椎管狭窄者宜选用后路椎弓根钉固定加椎体间植骨融合术；对Ⅱ度以上峡部裂性单纯腰椎滑脱者以及腰椎滑脱翻修者宜选用后路椎弓根钉固定加前路椎体间植骨融合术。     

后路复位植骨内固定治疗腰椎滑脱的临床观察

目的探讨后路椎弓根内固定加椎间植骨融合及椎弓根植骨术在治疗腰椎滑脱中的应用及其临床效果。方法腰椎滑脱者28例,男8例,女20例,采用提拉型RF或G SS椎弓根内固定器械行后路复位内固定加后路椎体间植骨及椎弓根植骨治疗。结果术后随访6~36个月,平均21个月,滑脱的复位率为86%,融合率为90.9%,无再滑脱现象。结论椎弓根内固定加后路椎间植骨融合及椎弓根植骨治疗腰椎滑脱,能提供稳定的生物力学环境,内固定可靠,椎体间融合良好,经济适用。     

后路椎间植骨椎弓根钉系统内固定治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的 报道后路椎体间植骨融合椎弓根钉系统内固定术治疗腰椎滑脱的疗效。方法 应用后路椎体间自体髂骨植骨融合椎弓根钉系统内固定治疗腰椎滑脱36例，I度滑脱18例，Ⅱ度滑脱15例，Ⅲ度滑脱3例；峡部裂型30例，退变性5例，外伤性1例，结果 随访6个月1～2年，术后6个月植骨处均骨性愈合，无内固定物松动、脱出或断裂现象。临床疗效综合评价：优14例，良20例，可2例。结论 后路腰椎椎体间植骨融合加椎弓根钉系统复位固定治疗腰椎滑脱可以取得良好复位、坚强内固定、彻底减压、融合率高等效果。     

腰椎滑脱症翻修手术(附21例报告)

目的探讨腰椎滑脱症初次手术失败原因、翻修手术方式及疗效。方法回顾分析2003年4月～2006年10月21例腰椎滑脱症翻修手术病例,针对初次手术失败的原因,分别应用后路椎弓根螺钉复位内固定加椎体间植骨融合术、后路椎弓根螺钉复位内固定加前路椎体间植骨融合术以及后路椎弓根螺钉复位内固定加前路游离腓骨移植椎体间植骨融合术进行再次手术,比较术后疗效、滑脱椎体复位率以及植骨融合率。结果本组全部患者翻修手术后均获随访,时间为4～48个月,平均32.6个月,总体优良率为90.48%,所有翻修手术病例植骨融合良好,植骨融合最短时间为3.8个月,最长时间为6.4个月,滑脱椎体再次复位后矫正度无丢失,椎弓根螺钉无松动及断裂。结论腰椎滑脱症初次手术失败原因主要与手术方式选择不当、忽视植骨融合的质与量以及手术操作不当有关,只要翻修手术方式得当、术中仔细操作、合理应用内固定及植骨融合材料,仍能取得满意疗效。     

GSS系统内固定联合植骨治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的探讨后路应用通用型脊柱内固定系统(general seine system,GSS)复位固定、减压、椎体间及后外侧植骨融合治疗腰椎滑脱症临床效果。方法对42例腰椎滑脱症行后路椎管减压,应用GSS椎弓根系统对滑脱椎体进行复位固定,椎体间和后外侧植骨融合。结果随访6～48个月,临床优良率88．1％,6～12个月复查X线片均显示椎体间骨性融合。结论GSS椎弓根螺钉系统能有效撑开提拉滑脱椎体,复位满意,固定力强,并为彻底减压提供有效空间。采用椎体间联合后外侧植骨能有效提高植骨融合率。     

椎弓根内固定加植骨治疗腰椎滑脱症疗效分析

目的探讨后路应用椎弓根钉复位固定、减压、椎体间或后外侧植骨融合治疗腰椎滑脱症的临床疗效。方法对38例腰椎滑脱症（Ⅰ～Ⅱ度）行后路椎板减压,应用HOIST、GSS、USS三种不同内固定方法对腰椎滑脱椎体进行复位固定,椎体间或后外侧植骨融合。结果随访6～24个月,临床优良率87％,6～12个月复查X线片均显示椎体间骨性融合。结论上述三种椎弓根螺钉系统能有效撑开提拉滑脱椎体,复位满意,固定力强,采用椎体间或后外侧植骨融合能有效提高植骨融合率,增加脊柱的稳定性。     

PLIF加椎弓根内固定治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的探讨后路腰椎间植骨融合加椎弓根螺钉复位内固定治疗腰椎滑脱的临床应用。方法自2004年11月至2008年3月对31例腰椎滑脱采用后路腰椎间融合加椎弓根螺钉复位内固定治疗,分析手术疗效、滑脱椎体复位率及椎体间植骨融合率。结果后路腰椎间融合加椎弓根螺钉内固定确切,复位率为96.8%,椎体间植骨融合率为96.8%,椎间隙高度维持良好,滑脱椎体复位无丢失,总体疗效优良率为90.3%。结论腰椎间融合加椎弓根螺钉复位内固定治疗腰椎滑脱症具有复位满意、固定牢靠、植骨融合率高、减压彻底、临床疗效满意等优点。     

后路减压植骨融合RF内固定治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的：探讨后路应用RF椎弓根螺钉复位固定、减压、椎体间及后外侧植骨融合治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效。方法：对87例腰椎滑脱症患者行后路椎管减压，应用RF椎弓根螺钉系统对滑脱椎体进行复位固定，椎体间和后外侧植骨融合。结果：随访9—48个月，临床优良率89．7％，腰椎滑脱复位率96．7％，6-12个月复查X线片均显示椎体间骨性融合，椎体间高度较术前明显增大。结论：RF椎弓根螺钉系统能有效撑开提拉滑脱椎体，复位满意，固定力强，并为彻底减压提供有效空间。采用椎体间联合后外侧植骨能有效提高植骨融合率。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.