11C-胆碱PET/CT显像在前列腺癌诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨11C-胆碱PET/CT显像在前列腺癌诊断中的临床价值。方法42例PSA升高的可疑前列腺癌患者为研究组,5例浸润性膀胱癌患者为阴性对照组,静脉注射7.4 MBq/kg 11C-胆碱5 min后行仰卧位盆腔PET/CT显像,可疑转移者行全身显像。测量最高标准化摄取值(SUVmax)并计算前列腺病灶与肌肉组织SUVmax的比值T/B。结果经病理证实为前列腺癌者22例,良性前列腺增生(BPH)者25例(含对照组),两者的T/B值分别为4.32±1.35和1.68±1.23.差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。11C-胆碱PET/CT显像诊断前列腺癌的敏感性为81.8%(18/22),特异性为84.0%(21/25)。PET/CT显示9例前列腺癌患者伴骨和(或)淋巴结及肺转移。22例前列腺癌者SUVmax与PSA值、Gleason评分值无相关性(P>0.05)。结论11C-胆碱PET/CT显像对前列腺癌的诊断有重要价值。     

177Lu-PSMA放射性配体治疗在转移性去势抵抗性前列腺癌的应用初探

目的:评估¹⁷⁷Lu-PSMA放射性配体治疗在转移性去势抵抗性前列腺癌的安全性及初步疗效。方法:收集2017—2020年空军军医大学西京医院收治并接受¹⁷⁷Lu-PSMA放射性配体治疗的转移性去势抵抗性前列腺癌患者,对其中3例典型患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:病例1确诊前列腺癌后,分别先后予以前列腺癌根治术、双侧睾丸切除术、放疗、转移灶切除+粒子植入术,PSA有效控制10余年后持续上升,⁶⁸Ga-PSMA PET/CT提示多发淋巴结及骨转移,行2个周期¹⁷⁷Lu-PSMA放射性配体治疗后,PSA由2092 ng/mL下降至920 ng/mL,治疗前后血红蛋白、白细胞、肝肾功无明显变化。病例2术前行⁶⁸Ga-PSMA PET/CT发现2处骨转移灶,新辅助内分泌治疗6个月后行前列腺癌根治术,术后PSA逐渐升高,影像学检查发现转移灶增加,行3个周期¹⁷⁷Lu-PSMA放射性配体治疗,复查⁶⁸Ga-PSMA PET/CT转移灶缩小,病灶...     

18F-PSMA PET/CT联合多参数磁共振对前列腺癌分级的诊断价值

目的探讨联合应用18F-前列腺特异性膜抗原(PSMA) PET/CT和多参数磁共振(mpMRI)检查对不同级别前列腺癌的诊断预测能力。方法回顾性分析2018年9月至2021年5月北京医院收治的49例经穿刺活检确诊为前列腺癌患者的病例资料, 中位年龄68(64～75)岁。中位PSA水平14.74(7.75～24.19)ng/ml。穿刺前均行mpMRI检查。穿刺病理的国际泌尿病理协会(ISUP)分级分组1组6例(12.2%), 2组16例(32.7%), 3组12例(24.5%), ≥4组15例(10.9%)。将患者分为ISUP分级分组高级别组(≥4组)和低级别组(1～3组), 两组的中位年龄分别为65(62～76)岁和71(65～74)岁, 中位PSA水平分别为15.11(6.63～42.86)ng/ml和12.31(7.94～18.25)ng/ml, 差异均无统计学意义(P=0.334, P=0.448)。确诊前列腺癌后4周内均行18F-PSMA PET/CT检查。记录患者PET/CT检查主要病灶的最大标准化摄取值(SUVmax)和mpMRI检查主要病灶的最低表观弥散系数(ADCmin...     

18F-PSMA PET/CT与mpMRI对前列腺癌盆腔淋巴结转移诊断价值的比较

目的比较18F-前列腺特异性膜抗原(PSMA)-1007 PET/CT与多参数磁共振(mpMRI)对前列腺癌盆腔淋巴结转移的诊断效能。方法回顾性分析2018年11月至2021年4月于四川省肿瘤医院同期行18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT和mpMRI检查的30例前列腺癌患者的临床病理资料。年龄(68.4±6.4)岁, 术前血清总前列腺特异性抗原45.70(16.07, 100.00)ng/ml。30例中14例PET/CT淋巴结阳性, 7例mpMRI淋巴结阳性。术前临床T分期:T1期1例, T2期20例, T3期6例, T4期3例;危险度分层高危29例, 中危1例。30例均行腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术+盆腔扩大淋巴结清扫术。根据术后淋巴结病理检查结果, 分析两种影像学检查诊断前列腺癌盆腔淋巴结转移的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值, 同时采用Kappa检验分析两种影像学检查与术后淋巴结病理结果的一致性。结果本组30例术后病理均为前列腺癌, 其中10例盆腔淋巴结阳性。以术后病理作为诊断金标准, 按照盆腔淋巴结转移例数计算诊断效能, 18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT的敏感性、...     

基于68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT和mpMRI构建临床模型预测前列腺单独靶向穿刺的准确性

目的 基于⁶⁸Ga-前列腺特异性膜抗原(PSMA)-11正电子发射断层扫描/计算机断层扫描(PET/CT)和多参数核磁共振(mpMRI)构建临床预测模型,帮助临床实现对需行前列腺穿刺的可疑临床显著性前列腺癌(csPCa)患者进行合理分层以避免不必要的系统穿刺。方法 回顾性收集南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院2020年1月—2023年2月在前列腺靶向穿刺联合系统穿刺前接受了⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT和mpMRI扫描的96例可疑csPCa患者,纳入⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT中的最大标准摄取值(SUVmax)和mpMRI中的最小表观扩散系数(ADCmin)以及其他临床参数,通过单因素和多因素logistic回归分析,确定单独靶向穿刺有效诊断的独立预测因子,并根据这些参数构建临床预测模型。结果 多因素logistic回归分析显示SUVmax(OR=0.878,95%CI:0.804～0.959,P=0.004)和ADCmin(OR=1.005,95%CI:1.001～1.010,P=0.027)是单独靶向穿刺有...     

血清PSA含量及前列腺PSA密度与经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌的关系

目的探讨经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检术前列腺癌检出率与血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)及血清前列腺特异性抗原密度(PSAD)的关系。方法对134例患者行经直肠超声引导下前列腺5区13针系统穿刺活检。根据PSA水平分为PSA≤4ng/ml组(7例)、4ng/mlPSA15ng/ml组(48例)及PSA≥15ng/ml组(79例)。测量并计算前列腺体积(PV)及PSAD,分析前列腺癌检出率及不同PSA、PSAD水平下对前列腺癌的诊断效能。比较前列腺癌与非前列腺癌患者PSA、PV及PSAD的差异。结果前列腺癌总检出率为50.75%(68/134),前列腺患者共68例(前列腺癌组),非前列腺癌患者共66例(非前列腺啊组)。PSA≤4ng/ml、4ng/mlPSA≤15ng/ml及PSA15ng/ml组前列腺癌检出率分别为14.29%(1/7)、20.83%(10/48)及72.15%(57/79),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。PSA≥4ng/ml时前列腺癌检出率随着PSA值的增高而上升。134例患者PSAD值为(1.09±1.72)ng/(ml·cm3),以PSAD≥0.19ng/(ml·cm3)为截点诊断前列腺癌的敏感度为95.59%(65/68),特异度为51.52%(34/66),阳性预测值67.01%(65/97),阴性预测值为32.99%(32/97)。4ng/mlPSA≤15ng/ml组中,以PSAD≥0.19ng/(ml.cm3)为截点诊断前列腺癌的敏感度为80.00%(8/10),特异度为71.05%(27/38),阳性预测值为42.11%(8/19),阴性预测值为57.89%(11/19)。前列腺癌组PSA及PSAD值均高于非前列腺癌组(P均0.05),PV小于非前列腺癌组(P0.05)。4ng/mlPSA≤15ng/ml组中,前列腺癌与非前列腺癌患者PSA及PV差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05),前列腺癌患者PSAD高于非前列腺癌患者(P0.05)。结论血清PSA及PSAD均与前列腺穿刺活检前列腺癌检出率有关,PSA15ng/ml应行穿刺活检,PSAD对4ng/mlPSA≤15ng/ml的患者是否应行穿刺活检具有指导意义。     

比较~(68)Ga-PSMA PET/CT和多参数MRI对原发性前列腺癌诊断价值的Meta分析

目的:比较~(68)Ga标记前列腺特异性膜抗原正电子发射断层扫描/计算机断层扫描(~(68)Ga-PSMA-PET/CT)和多参数磁共振成像(multiparameter MRI,mpMRI)对原发性前列腺癌的诊断价值。方法:系统检索PubMed、EMBASE、Cochrane图书馆、知网、万方和中国生物医学文献数据库,截止到2020年9月1日,搜集关于~(68)Ga-PSMA-PET/CT和mpMRI对原发性前列腺癌诊断的相关研究。由2名研究人员独立对相关研究进行检索、筛选、提取、合并。每项研究的质量评估采用诊断准确性研究2(QUADAS-2)工具进行评估;采用Review Manager(5.3)、STATA(14.0)、Meta-DISC(1.4)软件进行Meta分析,比较~(68)Ga-PSMA PET/CT和mpMRI检测原发性PCa的诊断效能。结果:最终9项研究符合纳入标准被纳入,其中3项为RCT,6项为回顾性研究,共计患者780例。3项研究进行描述性分析,6项研究进行Meta分析。汇总结果显示:~(68)Ga-PSMA PET/CT和mpMRI检测原发性PCa灵敏度分别为0.94(95%CI:0.91～0.96)和0.88(95%CI:0.82～0.92);特异性分别为0.86(95%CI:0.77～0.92)和0.60(95%CI:0.49～0.71);阳性似然比(LR+)分别为8.0和2.2;阴性似然比(LR-)分别为0.07和0.20;诊断比值比(DOR)分别为121和11;曲线下面积(AUC)分别为:0.96(95%CI:0.94～0.98)和0.75(95%CI:0.71～0.78)。结论:通过Meta分析比较~(68)Ga-PSMA PET/CT和mpMRI对可疑原发性前列腺癌患者诊断效能结果可知:~(68)Ga-PSMA PET/CT的灵敏度和特异性均高于mpMRI,~(68)Ga-PSMA PET/CT的LR+、DOR、AUC较mpMRI大,LR-较小,故~(68)Ga-PSMA PET/CT对可疑原发性前列腺癌患者可能有较高的诊断效能。但通过描述性分析结果显示:对确诊原发性前列腺癌患者2种影像学诊断效能无明显差异。     

f/tPSA比值对tPSA值为2.6～4.0ng/ml前列腺癌的诊断意义

目的探讨利用血清游离前列腺特异性抗原(fPSA)和总前列腺特异性抗原(tPSA)的比值(f/tPSA),提高tPSA2.6～4.0ng/ml前列腺癌的诊断率的价值。方法对117例tPSA在2.6～4ng/ml可疑前列腺癌患者行直肠B超引导下前列腺穿刺活检,对患者血清tPSA,fPSA及f/t PSA值及其他临床病理资料进行统计学分析。结果经病理诊断良性前列腺增生(BPH)82例和前列腺癌35例,35例癌中Gleason score≤4分共6例(17%),Gleason score5-7分和8-10分别为22例(63%)和7例(20%)。前列腺癌的f/tPSA明显高于BPH(P＜0.01),以f/tPSA0.22为界值,诊断癌的特异性为83%,敏感性为71%,阳性预测值为68%。结论f/t PSA作为一项辅助检查可提高tPSA 2.6～4.0ng/ml前列腺癌的诊断率。     

~(68)Ga-PSMA-11PET/CT对未经治疗前列腺癌的临床决策的影响

目的:评价镓68(~(68 )Ga)标记Glu-CO-Lys(Ahx)-HBED-CC(PSMA-11)对未经治疗前列腺癌(PCa)的早期诊断及对临床决策影响的临床价值。方法:回顾性分析2017年5月~2017年10月在我院接受~(68 )GaPSMA-11PET/CT检查并经病理证实的20例PCa和13例前列腺增生(BPH)患者的临床资料,年龄52~89岁,血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)值为5.52~1 251ng/ml。由3位经验丰富的核医学医师对PET/CT图像进行双盲诊断。以感兴趣区方法,半定量计算肿瘤放射性摄取,以最大标准化摄取值(SUV_(max))表示。评价~(68 )Ga-PSMA-11PET/CT在术前诊断PCa的效能,对治疗方案的影响,并比较PCa组织放射性摄取与格里森评分(GS)和PSA的相关性。结果:~(68 )Ga-PSMA-11准确诊断了19例(19/20)PCa,敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确性分别为95.0%、69.2%、82.6%、90.0%和84.9%。发现7例(7/20)患者淋巴结转移,5例(5/20)患者骨转移。PCa患者肿瘤组织常呈局灶性放射性摄取,前列腺良性病变常为弥散性摄取,或轻度摄取。PCa患者肿瘤组织SUV_(max)明显高于BPH患者的前列腺SUV_(max)[(21.24±15.57)vs.(5.82±2.82),P0.001]。受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)分析出SUV_(max)的最佳临界值(cut-off值)为7.945[曲线下面积(AUC)为0.9096,P0.0001],敏感性和特异性分别为85%和84.62%。PCa患者的SUV_(max)与GS和PSA值有显著相关(P0.001;P0.001)。结论:~(68 )Ga-PSMA-11PET/CT对PCa原发灶及转移灶均有很好的诊断价值,尤其是在高危PCa有非常高的诊断效能,显著影响临床决策。     

18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT在初诊前列腺癌中的应用价值探索：115例病例分析

目的:探索¹⁸F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT在初诊前列腺癌(prostate cancer, PCa)中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析115例初诊PCa并在治疗前接受¹⁸F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT检查的患者临床病理资料。分析PCa原发灶最大标准摄取值(maximum standardized uptake value, SUVmax)与患者穿刺Gleason评分、前列腺特异性抗原(prostate-specific antigen, PSA)、转移范围之间的相关性。在7例治疗后再次接受¹⁸F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT检查的患者中评估其对于治疗反应的效能。结果:115例患者中位PSA值为43.9 ng/mL,原发灶SUVmax平均为(23.8±16.1)。其中49例(42.61%)患者穿刺Gleason评分为国际泌尿外科病理学会(International Society of Urological Pathology, ISUP)1～3组,66例(57.39%)患者Gleason评分为ISUP 4～...     

MRI/PET Imaging in elevated PSA and localized prostate cancer: a narrative review

ObjectiveTo review the recent milestones in MRI and PET based imaging and evaluate their evolving role in the setting of elevated PSA as well as localized prostate cancer.BackgroundThe importance of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) and PET based imaging for the diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer cannot be understated. Accurate staging has become another significant milestone with the use of PET scans, particularly with prostate specific radiotracers like 68-Gallium Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (68Ga-PSMA). Integrated PET/MRI systems are commercially available and can be modulated to evaluate the unique needs of localized as well as recurrent prostate cancer.MethodsA literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar using the MeSH compliant and other keywords that included prostate cancer, PSA, mpMRI, PET CT, PET/MRI.ConclusionsmpMRI has now established itself as the gold-standard of local prostate imaging and has been incorporated into international guidelines as part of the diagnostic work-up of prostate cancer. PSMA PET/CT has shown superiority over conventional imaging even in staging of localized prostate cancer based on recent randomized control data. Imaging parameters from PET/MRI have been shown to be associated with malignancy, Gleason score and tumour volume. As mpMRI and PSMA PET/CT become more ubiquitous and established; we can anticipate more high-quality data, cost optimization and increasing availability of PET/MRI to be ready for primetime in localized prostate cancer.     

Determining the diagnostic value of PSMA-PET/CT imaging in patients with persistent high prostate specific antigen levels and negative prostate biopsies

PurposeTo assess the diagnostic performance of prostate specific membranous antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging to localize primary prostate cancer (PCa) in men with persistent elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and previous prostate biopsies that were negative for PCa.MethodsIn this study, 34 men with persistently elevated PSA-levels, previous negative for PCa biopsies and who subsequently underwent diagnostic PSMA-PET/CT imaging were retrospectively evaluated. Men were divided into 3 groups: 1. 12 men with a previous negative mpMRI scan (PI-RADS 1-2) 2. 17 men with a positive mpMRI scan (PI-RADS 3-5), but negative MRI-targeted biopsies and 3. Four men in whom mpMRI was contraindicated. If PSMA-avid lesions were seen, patients underwent 2-4 cognitive targeted biopsies in combination with systematic biopsies. The detection rate of PSMA-PET/CT for PCa, and the accuracy of (possible) targeted biopsies were calculated.ResultsIncluded men had a median PSA-level of 22.8 ng/mL (Interquartile Range 15.6–30.0) at the time of PSMA-PET/CT. Elevated PSMA-ligand uptake in the prostate suspicious for PCa was observed in 22/34 patients (64.7%). In 18/22 patients (54.5%), PSMA-targeted prostate biopsies were performed. In 3/18 patients (16.6%), the targeted biopsies showed International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) score 1–2 PCa. The other men had inflammation or benign findings after histopathological examination of the biopsy cores.ConclusionIn this study, the clinical value of PSMA-PET/CT for patients with an elevated PSA-level, and negative for PCa biopsies was low. Only very few men were diagnosed with PCa, and no clinically significant PCa was found.     

18F-Fluoroethylcholine PET/CT Identifies Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Prostate-Specific Antigen Failure After Radical Prostatectomy but Underestimates Its Extent

Background

The detection of lymph node metastases (LNMs) is one of the biggest challenges in imaging in urology.

Objective

To evaluate the accuracy of combined 18F–fluoroethylcholine (FEC) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in the detection of LNMs in prostate cancer (PCa) patients with rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level after radical prostatectomy.

Design, settings, and participants

From June 2005 until November 2011, 56 PCa patients with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy underwent bilateral pelvic and/or retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy based on a positive 18F-FEC PET/CT scan.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

The findings of PET/CT were compared with the histologic results.

Results and limitations

Median PSA value at the time of 18F-FEC PET/CT analysis was 6.0 ng/ml (interquartile range: 1.7–9.4 ng/ml). In 48 of 56 (85.7%) patients with positive 18F-FEC PET/CT findings, histologic examination confirmed the presence of PCa LNMs. Of 1149 lymph nodes that were removed and histologically evaluated, 282 (24.5%) harbored metastasis. The mean number of lymph nodes removed per surgical procedure was 21 (standard deviation: ±18.3). A lesion-based analysis yielded 18F-FEC PET/CT sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of 39.7%, 95.8%, 75.7%, and 83.0%, respectively.A site-based analysis yielded sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 68.4%, 73.3%, 81.3%, and 57.9%, respectively. Patients with negative PET/CT did not undergo surgery, thus sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value on a patient basis could not be calculated.

Conclusions

A positive 18F-FEC PET/CT result correctly predicted the presence of LNM in the majority of PCa patients with biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy but did not allow for localization of all metastatic lymph nodes and therefore was not adequately accurate for the precise estimation of extent of nodal recurrence in these patients.     

The Role of Choline Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in the Management of Patients with Prostate-Specific Antigen Progression After Radical Treatment of Prostate Cancer

Context

Choline positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) is a currently used diagnostic tool in restaging prostate cancer (PCa) patients with increasing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) after either radical prostatectomy (RP) or external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT). However, no final recommendations have been made on the use of this modality for patient management.

Objective

To critically analyse the current evidence for the use of choline PET/CT scanning in the management of patients with a progressive increase in PSA after radical treatment for PCa, evaluating its diagnostic accuracy in the detection of recurrences, the clinical predictors of positive PET/CT examinations, and the modalities’ role as a guide for tailored therapeutic strategies.

Evidence acquisition

Data on recently published (2003–2010) original articles, review articles, and editorials concerning the role of choline PET/CT in this scenario were analysed.

Evidence synthesis

The diagnostic accuracy of choline PET in detecting sites of PCa relapse has been investigated by several authors, and the overall reported sensitivity ranges between 38% and 98%. It has been demonstrated that choline PET technology's positive detection rate improves with increasing PSA values. The routine use of choline PET/CT cannot be recommended for PSA values <1 ng/ml. However, in addition to PSA serum value, PSA doubling time (PSA DT), and other clinical and pathologic features—including locally advanced tumour (pT3b–T4) or lymph node involvement at initial staging—should be considered to refer patients to choline PET/CT study. Choline PET/CT may be also proposed as a image guide either for experimental surgical or radiation therapy treatments.

Conclusions

According to the current available data, choline PET/CT plays a role in the management of biochemical relapse. Its accuracy is correlated to PSA value, PSA DT, and other pathologic features. Choline PET/CT may be proposed as a guide for individualised treatment of recurrence.     

Targeted salvage lymphadenectomy in patients treated with radical prostatectomy with biochemical recurrence: complete biochemical response without adjuvant therapy in patients with low volume lymph node recurrence over a long-term follow-up

Background

Choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) represents an option in restaging of prostate cancer patients with disease relapse after local treatment. The present study assess whether salvage resection of lymph node metastases detected on choline PET/CT imaging in prostate cancer patients with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy can result in a long-term complete biochemical remission, without adjuvant therapy.

Methods

We analysed 13 patients with prostate specific antigen (PSA) recurrence (PSA median 1.64 ng/ml, range 0.5-9.55) after radical prostatectomy and suspicious lymph nodes (median 1; range 1–3) detected on [11C]choline and [18F]fluoroethylcholine PET/CT scans. An open salvage lymphadenectomy of positive lymph nodes in a PET/CT scan and nearby lymph nodes was carried out. We examined PSA outcome without adjuvant therapy; defined complete biochemical remission as PSA <0.01 ng/ml. Histological and PET/CT findings were compared.

Results

Ten of 11 patients with histologically confirmed lymph node metastases showed a PSA response. Three of ten patients with single lymph node metastases had a complete biochemical remission (median follow-up 72 months, range 31.0-83). In five cases with single lymph node metastasis PSA decreased <0.02 ng/ml. Histologically confirmed 13 of 16 metastasis suspicious lymph nodes. No lymph node metastases were detected in two patients. All of the additionally removed 30 lymph nodes were correctly negative.

Conclusions

This is the first confirmation of a complete biochemical remission after PET/CT guided secondary resection of a single lymph node metastasis in prostate cancer patients with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy, over the long-term (>6.5 years), without adjuvant therapy. In order to improve these promising results, longer-term studies with more patients are required.     

The clinical impact of Prostate Imaging–Reporting and Data System classification in patients with haemospermia undergoing multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate

In this study, we evaluated the role of the Prostate Imaging–Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) classification of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) to determine the likelihood of prostate cancer (PCa) in patients with haemospermia. Fifty-one patients presenting with haemospermia between 2018 and 2020 were included in this retrospective study. Forty-two of the patients (82.4%) were over 40 years, and the median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was 1.4 ng/ml. Fourteen of the patients (27.5%) had recurrent haemospermia. All patients underwent mpMRI, and assessments were classified according to PI-RADS v2. The mpMRI revealed PI-RADS one to four lesions in 10 (19.6%), 30 (58.8%), 6 (11.8%) and 5 (9.8%) patients respectively. One patient with PI-RADS 3 and five with PI-RADS 4 lesions underwent cognitive fusion prostate biopsy depending on MRI findings, and two patients with PI-RADS 4 lesions were diagnosed with PCa. Patients with haemospermia and risk factors, that is aged over 40 years, a high PSA level or familial history of PCa, need a more thorough evaluation with mpMRI.     

Histological verification of 11C-choline-positron emission/computed tomography-positive lymph nodes in patients with biochemical failure after treatment for localized prostate cancer

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the potential of ¹¹C‐choline‐positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) for planning surgery in patients with prostate cancer and prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) relapse after treatment with curative intent.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 10 patients with PSA recurrence after either external beam radiation (two) or radical retropubic prostatectomy (eight) for prostate cancer, and who had a laparoscopic lymphadenectomy for suspicious lymph nodes detected on ¹¹C‐choline‐PET/CT. The histological results and PET/CT findings were compared.

RESULTS

In all, 22 suspicious lymph nodes were found on PET/CT, and 14 on conventional CT or magnetic resonance imaging. Comparing the conventional imaging showed concordance in 13 lymph nodes. Three of the 10 patients had no metastatic lymph node disease on definitive histology. The mean (sd ) PSA level for these patients was 1.0 (0.4) ng/mL, whereas that in patients with lymph node metastases was 15.1 (9.2) ng/mL (statistically significant difference, P < 0.05). The positive predictive value was seven of 10. All of the patients initially regressed, with PSA increases after lymphadenectomy. Two of the patients are being managed by watchful waiting, two had radiotherapy of the prostate fossa and two had chemotherapy with docetaxel. Four patients were treated by hormone‐deprivation therapy. After a mean (sd ) follow up of 11 (7) months, one patient died, one has PSA progression, but none of those with negative histology has clinical signs of local recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS

¹¹C‐choline‐PET is a valuable tool for detecting recurrent prostate cancer, but the limited positive predictive value should lead to a critical interpretation of the results.     

Inguinal Lymphadenopathy After Renal Transplantation Leading to the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer: A Case Report

It is extremely rare for a patient with prostate cancer (PCa) to have palpable lymph nodes at the initial presentation. In fact, only 4 case reports of palpable superficial lymph nodes at the first visit led to the diagnosis of PCa. Moreover, no such cases are reported in kidney transplantation (KT) patients. A 72-year-old man who started hemodialysis due to diabetic nephropathy was referred to our hospital for a KT in 2018. Before the KT, he had a negative screen for cancer, including PCa. The postoperative course was good. He felt a lump in the left inguinal region three years after the KT. A computed tomography scan revealed abdominal and left inguinal lymphadenopathy, which was consistent with a post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. However, a biopsy of an inguinal lymph node revealed adenocarcinoma with positive prostate-specific antigen (PSA) staining, suggesting lymph node metastasis of PCa. The blood PSA level was 1674.23 ng/mL. A prostate biopsy was performed, the pathologic diagnosis of which was PCa, with a Gleason score of 10. In conclusion, even though the standardized incidence ratio of PCa is not known to increase in KT patients, PCa should be included in the differential diagnosis, along with the possibility of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. We also suggest the importance of regular screening for malignant tumors after organ transplantation.