游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复头颈部缺损的初步研究

目的 探讨游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣在头颈部缺损修复中的应用.方法 2010年4月至2011年1月16例患者头颈部肿瘤切除后拟用游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复组织缺损,术前采用超声多普勒血流仪或彩色多普勒超声检测穿支血管,设计皮瓣,术中记录皮瓣大小、穿支血管的数目和血管蒂长度,术后观察游离瓣成活情况,随访记录供区愈合情况及评价术后并发症.结果 最终完成游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复16例,15例皮瓣术后成活,1例术后因静脉危象手术探查后皮瓣部分存活.供区15例直接缝合,1例植皮.15例供区Ⅰ期愈合,1例因术后供区肌肉坏死行清创手术后愈合.14例术后随访3～ 12个月,所有患者供区除因瘢痕致远端皮肤触觉异常外,远期无明显功能障碍.结论 游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣供区并发症轻微,适用头颈部中小型缺损修复.     

“迷你”负压引流在前臂游离皮瓣移植供区缺损修复中的应用

目的: 探讨“迷你”负压引流在前臂游离皮瓣移植供区缺损修复中的应用效果。方法: 选择口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤患者44例,均接受前臂游离皮瓣移植同期修复肿瘤切除术后缺损,采用腹部全厚皮片修复前臂供区缺损,分别应用“迷你”负压引流法（22例）和传统加压法（22例）。观察评估术后前臂区域引流量、移植皮片愈合情况和患者主观满意程度,采用SAS 9.4软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果: “迷你”负压引流组22例患者中,20例皮片完全成活,创面平整,愈合良好,无结痂、渗出及感染;2例皮片边缘部分坏死,简单清理换药后痊愈。传统加压组22例患者中,18例皮片完全成活,4例出现部分坏死。术后随访6~10个月,“迷你”负压引流组皮片颜色接近正常皮色,手部运动、感觉功能正常,患者主观满意度显著高于传统加压组（P<0.05）。结论: “迷你”负压引流应用于前臂皮瓣制备后缺损的植皮修复,安全有效,成本低廉,患者满意舒适度高,值得临床推广应用。     

前臂皮瓣与股前外侧皮瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损的效果比较

目的 比较分析前臂皮瓣和股前外侧皮瓣修复重建口腔颌面部肿瘤术后缺损的临床效果。方法 收集 54例行口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤根除术并接受游离皮瓣修复术的患者资料,其中33例患者采用前臂皮瓣修复（A组）、21例采用股前外侧皮瓣修复（B组）。应用SPSS 19.0软件包分析2组患者的手术持续时间、皮瓣存活率、受区功能与外形恢复情况、供区恢复情况及患者满意度等。结果 A组手术时间为（41.6±8.9）min,B组为（47.2±10.2）min,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;A组皮瓣存活率（93.9%）高于B组（90.5%）,但差异无显著性（P>0.05）;受区功能与外形恢复情况2组基本相似;供区功能恢复B组优于A组,A组永久性功能障碍比率为24.2%,B组仅有暂时性功能障碍且比率为9.5%;A组供区色素沉着发生率显著高于B组（P<0.05）;B组的满意度显著优于A组（P<0.05）。结论 应用前臂皮瓣与股前外侧皮瓣修复,术后受区功能、外形恢复情况相似。前臂皮瓣成功率高,但需要植皮,且术后供区易形成永久性功能障碍;股前外侧皮瓣供区隐蔽,可以提供的组织量大,术后供区功能障碍很少,患者满意度高,但是手术难度大于前臂皮瓣,技术要求高。     

前臂皮瓣与胸大肌皮瓣在口腔癌手术缺损修复中的应用

目的:观察前臂皮瓣和胸大肌皮瓣修复口腔癌手术缺损的治疗效果。方法:30例口腔癌患者在常规联合根治术后,随机分为A、B组,每组15例。A组采用前臂桡侧皮瓣游离移植同期修复口腔癌术后口腔颌面部缺损,B组采用胸大肌皮瓣同期修复口腔癌术后口腔颌面部组织缺损;对比两组的修复效果。结果:A组13例(86.67%)前臂皮瓣顺利成活,B组皮瓣成活率100%。A组中有6例患者虎口感觉消失、4例患者供区颜色极深或极浅;B组中有4例女性患者术后两侧乳房不对称。结论:前臂皮瓣和胸大肌皮瓣修复口腔癌手术缺损均具有较高的成功率,两种皮瓣均适用于口腔癌手术缺损修复。     

口腔癌根治术后经游离皮瓣修复口腔缺损的感觉恢复效果探讨

目的 :考察游离皮瓣修复口腔癌术后口腔缺损的感觉恢复情况。方法 :回顾我院13例经游离皮瓣修复口腔缺损的口腔癌患者,按照其皮瓣位置分为A组(游离前臂皮瓣)及B组(游离腓骨肌皮瓣),对其术后6个月和12个月时修复区的感觉恢复情况进行评价。结果:6个月时,12例患者的感觉功能开始恢复,且以触觉和痛觉最先恢复。所有患者12个月时的感觉恢复程度均优于6个月时,表明皮瓣修复区的感觉恢复至少需6个月以上的时间。结论:游离前臂皮瓣、游离腓骨肌皮瓣对患者感觉功能的恢复作用相仿,均能够有效改善患者生存质量。     

游离延展上臂外侧皮瓣在口腔癌术后软组织缺损中的应用

目的 探讨游离延展上臂外侧皮瓣修复口腔癌术后软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法 2011年1月—2013年12月,应用游离延展上臂外侧皮瓣一期修复15例口腔癌扩大切除术造成的软组织缺损,术前应用多普勒血流探测仪测量桡侧副动脉无变异后,根据其走行以及术中软组织缺损的面积、形态设计皮瓣,皮瓣均越过肱骨外上髁,面积为4 cｍ×5 cm～11 cm×5 cm,血管蒂长约10cm。供区创面直接拉拢缝合。结果 14例皮瓣成活,１例因术后第2天发生动脉血管危象,抢救皮瓣无效,皮瓣坏死。术后随访12个月以上,所有患者均无肿瘤复发,肘部瘢痕较细,肘运动无障碍,未出现桡神经损伤引起的垂腕,２例患者供区局部有麻木感,６个月后症状减轻。术后患者语言功能恢复良好,鼻咽纤维镜检查吞咽顺利,腭咽闭合良好。所有患者ｌｉｋｅｒｔ评分法均为4～5分。结论 游离延展上臂外侧皮瓣解剖恒定、厚度适宜、血供可靠,是修复口腔癌术后软组织缺损的一种较好的选择。     

颏下岛状皮瓣同期修复口腔癌术后缺损的临床应用

目的：观察颏下岛状皮瓣（SIF）同期修复口腔癌术后缺损的临床效果。方法回顾分析60例口腔癌术后缺损患者临床资料,将其按照治疗方法分为试验组和对照组,每组30例,试验组应用颏下岛状皮瓣进行术后缺损的修复,对照组应用前臂的桡侧皮瓣进行术后缺损的修复,对比2组的临床疗效。结果???试验组临床疗效有25例为优,4例为良,其优良率达到96.7%,而对照组20例为优,6例为良,其优良率仅86.7%,2组相较,无明显差异（P>0.05）。试验组平均手术时间为（45.72±7.64）min,对照组平均手术时间为（60.14±10.68）min,2组的差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。试验组平均术中出血量为（23.33±4.13）mL,对照组平均出血量为（27.79±5.38）mL,2组的差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;2组均未出现颈部的切口感染等相关临床并发症。结论口腔癌术后缺损应用SIF进行同期修复,不仅皮瓣的制备操作简单,而且手术用时也较短,术中出血量较少,患者取瓣伤口较隐蔽,皮瓣修复成活率高,效果显著。     

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目的探讨前臂游离皮瓣修复舌癌术后缺损的临床应用。方法选择2005年6月至2009年10月惠州市惠阳区人民医院口腔科舌鳞状细胞癌患者26例,采用舌癌联合根治术中同期行前臂游离皮瓣移植修复术治疗,并对治疗效果进行随访观察。结果本组26例患者皮瓣均完全成活,供、受区创口均一期愈合,所有患者修复后舌形态功能恢复良好。结论对舌癌联合根治术造成的舌缺损,应用前臂游离皮瓣修复的临床效果较好,重建后的舌功能恢复也较为理想。     

对偶三角瓣联合原位小面积全厚皮片修复前臂游离皮瓣供区缺损

目的: 介绍一种对偶三角瓣联合原位小面积全厚皮片修复前臂游离皮瓣供区缺损的方法。方法: 对25例口腔鳞癌患者行前臂游离皮瓣修复肿瘤切除术后缺损,在制备前臂游离皮瓣的同时,进行供区对偶三角瓣及邻近小面积全厚皮片的设计和制取,原位修复供区缺损。结果: 25例前臂供区缺损均成功采用供区对偶三角瓣联合原位小面积全厚皮片修复。用于关闭前臂供区缺损的邻近全厚皮片均存活,创口愈合良好,无迟发性创面破裂,未发生供区严重并发症。取瓣侧手臂肘腕关节运动正常,掌部血运正常,前臂皮瓣供区缺损修复区域与周围组织皮肤色泽接近,无凹陷畸形,无挛缩畸形。与腹部取皮组相比,前臂邻近皮片修复组在术后肿胀和腕关节运动没有明显差异的情况下,瘢痕感染几率减少,肌腱外露风险降低,大大提高了前臂术区的美观性。结论: 改良供区对偶三角瓣联合邻近全厚皮片修复技术减少了术中和术后恢复时间,避免第三术区的创伤,值得在临床上应用。     

颏下岛状皮瓣修复口腔癌术后组织缺损15例

目的:总结应用颏下岛状皮瓣修复口腔癌术后组织缺损的临床经验。方法:对1999～2004年采用颏下岛状皮瓣同期修复口腔癌术后组织缺损15例资料进行分析。结果:15例患者中,14例皮瓣全部成活,1例皮瓣部分坏死,经短期换药后愈合,术后随防3月～4年,外形和功能均满意。结论:颏下皮瓣具有长而可靠的血管蒂,操作简单,供区隐蔽,对外观影响小,是一种修复口腔癌术后中小型组织缺损的较好方法。     

Adding versatility to the reconstruction of intraoral lining: opened pocket method

Reconstruction of a full-thickness cheek defect, especially one associated with a large lip and oral commissure defect, remains a challenge. After tumor excision, replacement of the oral mucosa is often necessary. The oral mucosa is a thin, pliable lining. Because the skin of the forearm is ideally suited for replacement of oral lining, being thin, pliable, and predominantly hairless, the radial forearm flap is the most frequently used soft-tissue flap for this purpose. In addition, the vascularity of the area allows substantial variation in the design of the flap, both in relation to its site and size. On the other hand, the radial forearm flap might be unusable in some occasions, such as in the case presented here. Thus, a search for an alternative free flap is required. We used a prefabricated scapular free flap to reconstruct a large concomitant lip and full-thickness cheek defect resulting from perioral cancer ablation. We introduce a new "opened pocket" method for reconstruction of the intra-oral lining without folding the flap. Resection of the tumor resulted in a defect including 45% of the upper lip, 50% of the lower lip, and a large, full-thickness defect of the cheek. The resultant defect was temporarily closed with a split-thickness skin graft. Meanwhile, the left scapular fasciocutaneous flap was prefabricated for permanent closure of the defect. The left scapular flap was outlined horizontally, and the flap orientation for the defect was estimated. Then, the distal portion of the flap was harvested and incised to create lips and oral commissure. Afterward, the raw surface under the neo-lip regions and the base where the flap was raised was grafted with one piece from a thick, split-thickness skin graft. Fourteen days later, the patient was taken back to the operating room for reconstruction of the defect with free transfer of a prefabricated scapular fascia-cutaneous flap. The grafted distal region of the flap was raised with the deep fascia located under the graft. Thus, a pocket was obtained. The flap was placed in the defect for final tailoring. Mucosal defect was evaluated to decide where the pocket was to be opened. Then, the grafted fascial portion of the flap was incised from the free edge to the neocommissure. Consequently, lower and upper lip mucosa were achieved by opening the pocket. The prefabricated flap was adapted to the defect with the appropriate sutures. The superior thyroid artery and internal jugular vein were used as recipient vessels. The postoperative period was uneventful. There were no healing problems of the suture lines of the opened pocket, and both labial sulci were quite adequate. The patient was able to resume a soft diet 10 days after the operation. She also had a satisfactory oral competence and an acceptable appearance, without microstomia. Despite its disadvantages, prefabrication can make the scapular fascia-cutaneous flap suitable for reconstruction of a large, concomitant lip and full-thickness cheek defect when other more appropriate flaps are not available. The opened pocket method appears not only to add flexibility to the restoration of the intra-oral lining but also reduces the stress resulting from free flap adaptation.     

Vascularized free fibular flap for mandibular reconstruction: a report of 26 cases.

PURPOSE: Mandibular reconstruction represents a challenge to the oral and maxillofacial surgeon and has been revolutionized by the modern microvascular techniques. Rehabilitation using techniques such as reconstruction plates frequently produce a functional and cosmetic defect. The primary objective of the current study was to evaluate the usefulness of the osteomuscular free fibular flap for this purpose. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The results of 26 vascularized free fibula flaps with or without a skin paddle that were used for mandibular reconstruction is presented. The "double barrel" technique was used in 6 cases. The donor site was closed directly in 2 cases and with an abdominal full-thickness skin graft in 24 cases. RESULTS: All flaps except 1 were viable. There was partial necrosis of the skin island in 1 patient. The average length of the fibula graft was 10.96 cm, and the number of osteotomies ranged from 0 to 3. In the donor site, the most significant problem was unsatisfactory scarring related to the use of a skin graft. There were no long-term functional complications in the lower leg. Two patients have been secondarily rehabilitated with osseointegrated implants. CONCLUSION: The fibula flap provides a successful bone graft for mandibular restoration with an acceptably low complication rate. This method meets most of the requirements for oral and mandibular replacement.     

Posterior tibial artery flap versus radial forearm flap in oral cavity reconstruction and donor site morbidity

The repair of soft tissue defects after oral cavity cancer resection is challenging. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes and donor site morbidity of the radial forearm free flap (RFF) and posterior tibial artery perforator flap (PTAF) for oral cavity reconstruction after cancer ablation. All patients who underwent oral cavity reconstruction with a RFF or PTAF between January 2017 and December 2019 were included retrospectively in this study. All flaps were harvested with a long adipofascial extension. The donor site defects were closed with a triangular full-thickness skin graft harvested adjacent to the flap. Flap outcomes and donor site complications were recorded and compared. The study included 145 patients; 30 underwent reconstruction with a RFF and 115 with a PTAF. No significant difference between the PTAF and RFF was observed concerning the flap survival rate (98.3% vs 96.7%), flap harvest time (53.39 vs 49.28 min), hospital stay (12.3 vs 15.2 days), or subjective functional and cosmetic outcomes. The PTAF showed a larger vascular calibre (P < 0.05), greater flap thickness (P = 0.002), and lower frequency of surgical site infection (P = 0.055) when compared to the RFF. No significant difference was observed between the pre- and postoperative ranges of ankle and wrist movements. The PTAF is an excellent alternative to the RFF for the repair of oral cavity defects, with the additional advantages of a well-hidden scar on the lower extremity, larger vascular calibre, and lower frequencies of postoperative donor site morbidities.     

The partial-thickness cross-lip flap for correction of postoncologic surgical defects.

PURPOSE: Abbe and Estlander cross-lip flaps have been described and designed as a full-thickness flap to reconstruct a full-thickness excisional defect. Some Mohs surgical excisions and other serial excisions leave partial-thickness defects. This article reviews a series of partial-thickness cross-lip flaps, which included some orbicularis oris muscle in the vermilion region but otherwise was a subcutaneous flap. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In the last 7 years, 110 patients with lip cancer had their postsurgical defects reconstructed 24 to 72 hours after the resection. In all cases, negative margins were established by histologic evaluation or Mohs micrographic surgery. Twenty of 29 patients had Abbe- and Estlander- (lip-switch) type flaps, which were composed of a musculomucosal pedicle of 1.25 to 1.50 cm and an attached skin/subcutaneous flap trimmed to fit the defect. The remainder had full-thickness lip-switch flaps. RESULTS: There were no vascular complications in either group. Four patients had notching or trapdoor- type bulking, which were revised after 3 to 6 months. CONCLUSION: The partial-thickness cross-lip flap has the same viability as the full-thickness flap within 1 cm from the inferior border of the mandible.     

Soft tissue correction of a single-tooth pontic space: a comparative quantitative volume assessment

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Various augmentation procedures are recommended for the correction of localized alveolar ridge defects. However, no study has quantitatively evaluated the results of these procedures to date. PURPOSE: This study compared 2 soft tissue augmentation surgeries commonly used to alter contours of single-tooth pontic space by quantifying 3-dimensional volume changes with the optical projection Moiré method at 1 and 3.5 months after surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-four patients required surgery. Each patient had a localized alveolar ridge defect, corresponding to a mesial-distal width of 1 single tooth. The defect of 12 patients was corrected with a subepithelial connective tissue graft; the remaining 12 patients were treated by receiving a free full-thickness gingival graft, which included epithelium and connective tissue with fatty tissue. Six unoperated defects of 6 patients formed the control group. For each defect, an impression was made before treatment, at 1 and 3.5 months after surgery to measure the volume changes on the dental casts with a validated projection Moiré system. Volume change was assessed relative to the preoperative dimension at the buccal and crestal aspects of the single-tooth pontic space. RESULTS: At 3.5 months postsurgery, mean volumetric gain for the connective tissue group with 159 mm(3) (SD +/- 80) was significantly greater (P =.027) than for free full-thickness gingival graft group with 104 mm(3) (SD +/- 31). CONCLUSION: The applied projection Moiré method proved its applicability in assessing 3-dimensional volume changes of pontic spaces with a single-tooth width. Volumetric assessment after 1 and 3.5 months revealed significantly greater volume gain with the subepithelial connective tissue graft in comparison to the free full-thickness gingival graft.     

负压封闭引流技术在头颈部恶性肿瘤根治重建后下颌下瘘口中的应用评价

目的：探讨负压封闭引流技术(vacuum sealing drainage,VSD)在头颈部恶性肿瘤根治重建后下颌下瘘口中应用的可靠性。方法12例口腔颌面部皮瓣移植修复术后下颌下瘘患者,随机分为试验组和对照组。试验组给予VSD治疗,对照组给予常规换药联合金因肽治疗。结果试验组治疗1周后拆除负压装置,瘘口收敛,其内充满良性肉芽组织,无渗出。随访4~14个月,瘘口区封闭,愈合良好。对照组经15 d~3个月换药后瘘口封闭。换药期间瘘口不良肉芽组织生长明显,需频繁局部清创。封闭后随访3~21个月,瘘口区愈合。结论负压封闭引流技术治疗未与口内相通的下颌下瘘口可靠、有效,可缩短住院时间,减轻患者痛苦,减少临床医师的工作量。     

Closure of radial forearm free flap donor site defect with a local meshed full-thickness skin graft: A retrospective study of an original technique

INTRODUCTION: Closure of the radial free flap donor site remains a problem. Donor site morbidity is related to poor skin graft taking, inaesthetic appearance and hand sensory dysfunction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 1998 to December 2002, 41 radial free flaps were harvested. The donor site closure technique consisted of a combination of: flexor tendons coverage, purse string and local meshed full-thickness skin graft. RESULTS: The mean time of wound healing of the donor site was 4.68 weeks. Four patients (16%) developed a partial necrosis of the skin graft. Nine patients (36%) showed a definitive hypoaesthesia in the dorsal region of the thumb. Neither total necrosis of the skin graft nor exposure of flexor carpi radialis tendon was noted. The average visual analogue scale of the aesthetics was 6 (patients), 4.18 (students) and 7.2 (first author) out of 10. CONCLUSION: This technique for closing a small-to-medium sized radial donor site defect is recommended.