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唇腭裂患者常伴有不同程度的颌骨畸形,需要进行正颌外科治疗,手术方法包括常规正颌外科手术和上颌骨牵引成骨术。常规正颌外科手术最常用的是Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨术,适用于轻至中度的上颌后缩畸形,有时还需要配合双侧下颌升支矢状劈开截骨术(BSSRO)和颏成形术,以进一步改善面型和咬合关系。上颌骨牵引成骨术可采用外置式或内置式牵引器进行,截骨线可根据治疗需要采用Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨线或上颌前部截骨线。正颌外科和牵引成骨术各有其优点和局限性,如何选择合适的治疗方案应综合分析患者病情及医生临床经验,并与患者充分沟通,才能取得良好的矫治效果。     

计算机辅助牵引成骨术的模拟和初步评价

目的 介绍并应用计算机辅助正颌外科模拟系统（CASSOS 2001）模拟，预测上颌骨牵引成骨术，评价治疗前后的软，硬组织变化。方法 1例男性，14岁唇腭裂术后上颌严重发育不足患者，应用CASSOS 2001系统作术前头影测量分析，手术和牵引方向模拟，牵引后面型预测,实际牵引成骨治疗后的头影测量分析等，手术模拟中分别进行了Le Fort I型截骨术和Le Fort Ⅱ型截骨术的模拟。对多项头影测量作了比较。结果 牵引前后数据比较显示，面中部凹隐畸形获得了显著改善；手术模拟与实际术后结果比较显示，上颌骨Le Fort I型截骨后牵引成骨术所获得的面型改善可以达到正颌外科Le Frot Ⅱ型截骨前移后的效果。结论 上颌牵引成骨对于严重的上颌骨局部畸形，尤其是唇腭裂术后上颌骨严重发育不足，是一种极其有效的治疗方法：CASSOS 2001系统不仅为正颌外科手术，也为牵引成骨治疗提供了一种对医生和患者都有极大帮助的模拟和预测方法。     

Le Fort I截骨术治疗上颌骨折咬合错乱

目的根据正颌外科技术要点,应用模型外科、Le Fort I型截骨术及钛板坚固内固定治疗上颌骨折移位咬合错乱.方法笔者经治的颌面部骨折患者8例,取模型按模型外科设计骨切开线,制作咬合板并行单颌牙弓夹板预备.采用Le Fort I型截骨恢复咬合关系后行坚固内固定.结果所有病例均为一期愈合,7例术后咬合关系恢复良好,2例术后开口度明显改善,其余病例开口度恢复正常.颜面外形恢复良好.结论按模型外科设计,行Le Fort I型截骨术是矫治上颌骨折咬合紊乱较为理想的方法,咬合板有利于(牙合)关系的恢复和稳定.     

牵张成骨联合正颌正畸治疗成人严重小下颌畸形

目的：探讨牵引成骨技术联合正颌正畸治疗重度小下颌伴偏颌畸形患者下颌骨严重发育不足及咬合关系紊乱的疗效。方法：对2例继发于儿童时期颞下颌关节损伤的小下颌伴偏颌畸形患者采用牵张成骨技术进行治疗。手术行双侧下颌角处截骨,安置牵引器,延长下颌升支及下颌体。第二期在拆除牵引器后进行正畸治疗,继而采用正颌外科方法进一步矫正颌面畸形及咬合关系,术后正畸治疗矫正咬合关系,排齐牙列。结果：2例患者均顺利完成治疗。下颌骨最小牵引距离25 mm,最大牵引距离30 mm,牵引区成骨良好,SNB角由术前平均67°增加到术后80°,小下颌及偏颌畸形得以矫治。联合正颌外科及正畸治疗后,面形及咬合功能均获得满意效果。术后经过2年6个月随访,未见复发。结论：联合应用牵张成骨和正颌外科技术并配合正畸治疗是矫治成人重度小下颌不对称性牙颌面畸形的有效治疗方案。     

上颌骨矢状骨折的临床研究

目的：探讨上颌骨矢状骨折的手术治疗方法,方法：收集2001年3月-2009年10月收治的45例上颌骨矢状骨折病例,通过LeFortⅠ型截骨术治疗,对手术效果进行分析。结果：Le FortⅠ型截骨术治疗上颌骨矢状骨折均获得良好疗效,患者面型和咬合关系恢复满意,无严重手术并发症。结论：LeFortⅠ型截骨术是治疗上颌骨矢状骨折的有效手术方法,术前应依照正颌外科原则进行模型外科准备,术中应同期进行其它面骨的复位固定。     

颌骨畸形600例正颌手术治疗

目的 总结正颌外科矫正颌骨畸形的临床经验。方法 对600例颌骨畸形患者进行正颌外科手术,其中上颌Le FortⅠ截骨与下颌体部截骨术212例,单纯上颌Le Fort Ⅰ截骨56例,单纯双下颌升支矢状劈开截骨(SSRO)30例,下颌体部截骨145例,行Downfracture或Wassmund法矫治112例,下颌前突伴偏颌畸形行下颌体部截骨45例。结果 60X例中术后部分复发28例,完全复发2例,下唇感觉异常9例,术后感染6例,其余术后面容和咀嚼功能获得满意效果。结论 上颌Le Fort Ⅰ截骨与下颌体部截骨术能较好地矫正上颌后缩及下颌前突畸形,但牙颌关系恢复不良。前牙根尖下截骨是纠正双颌前突畸形的理想术式,SSRO矫正下颌前突畸形效果满意。     

上颌骨Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨进路切除巨大鼻咽纤维血管瘤

目的：探讨上颌骨Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨进路切除累及翼腭凹、颞下凹巨大鼻咽纤维血管肿瘤的可行性。方法：采用矫正上颌骨先天或后天畸形的Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨术式进路，切除位于鼻咽部、筛窦等深在部位的纤维血管瘤。结果：该进路术野显露充分，取得了理想的治疗效果。结论：上颌骨Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨进路是切除鼻咽、颅底部纤维血管瘤的理想进路。     

髁突骨软骨瘤的正颌外科治疗

目的 探讨正颌外科技术在髁突骨软骨瘤治疗中的应用效果。方法 利用正颌外科方法治疗12例髁突骨软骨瘤患者,进行Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨术修正上颌骨,采用口内入路患侧升支垂直截骨术切除病变髁突,健侧行升支矢状切开术及颏成形术矫正咬合及偏斜。结果 12例患者术后面型均得到矫正,随访2年以上无1例复发。结论 利用正颌外科技术治疗髁突骨软骨瘤,可以避免常规口外切口面部留有的瘢痕,并在切除肿瘤的同时矫正了面型。     

RIF技术在陈旧性面中份骨折所致牙颌面畸形的外科修复与功能重建中的应用

目的：探求复杂的陈旧性面中份骨折后其牙、颌、面畸形修复与功能重建的有效治疗方法。方法：对2000年-2003年间收治的23例复杂的陈旧性面中份骨折病例，术前进行影像学分析和模型外科设计，并取得上颌骨分块截骨术后的定位舍板，以预测和指导手术。手术采用口内切口，通过Le FortⅠ型或Le FortⅡ型截骨术，将上颌骨截断降下，按模型材料设计要求将上颌骨分块，并将分块后的上颌骨块固定于合板上。行上、下颌颌间栓结，待确定恢复正常咬合关系后，用微型夹板行上颌骨坚固内固定(rigid internal fixation，RIF)，或是辅以头皮冠状切口，将错位愈合的颧骨、颧弓复住，固定。结果：本组病例一周后伤口均Ⅰ期愈合拆线，2-3周拆除颌间牵引固定，骨块固定，咬合关系正常，颜面外形恢复满意。结论：正颌外科术式或辅以其他术式以及RIF技术的应用是治疗复杂的陈旧性面中份骨折的有效方法。     

Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨术在唇腭裂正颌外科中的应用与评价

目的:观察分析Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨术在唇腭裂正颌外科中的应用效果.方法:回顾2004年3月至2006年12月武汉大学口腔医学院口腔颌面外科收治的唇腭裂患者的临床资料,并进行总结与分析,所有患者均进行了以Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨术为主的正颌外科治疗.结果:共收集相关病例16例,其中男9例,女7例,平均年龄22.4岁.术前∠SNA平均73.2°,术后LSNA平均79.5°;上颌前移距离平均8.13mm.平均随访时间7.3个月.所有患者术后面容改善明显,经正畸治疗后咬合关系满意.结论:以Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨术为主的正颌外科治疗,可以显著改善唇腭裂患者的颌骨与面容畸形.     

Le FortⅠ型骨切开上颌骨整体后退术矫治骨性Ⅱ类上颌骨前突畸形

目的：探讨Le Fort Ⅰ型骨切开（Le Fort Ⅰ osteotomy）上颌骨整体后退术在矫治骨性Ⅱ类上颌骨前突畸形中的价值。方法：对16例骨性Ⅱ类上颌前突患者（上颌骨前突伴下颌骨后缩14例,其中同时伴颏后缩6例;单纯上颌骨前突2例）进行外科-正畸联合治疗。患者治疗前头影测量∠ANB为7.0°～13.1°,平均9.3°。行Le Fort Ⅰ型骨切开上颌骨整体后退术,其中14例同期行双侧下颌支矢状骨劈开术（bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy,BSSRO）前移下颌骨,6例行颏成形术（genioplasty）前移颏部。结果：本组行LeFortⅠ型骨切开上颌骨整体后退4～8mm,14例BSSRO下颌骨前移4～7mm,6例颏成形术颏前移6～8mm。1例一侧腭降动脉术中损伤断裂,经结扎处理,无感染及骨块坏死。16例患者伤口均一期愈合。术后及正畸结束后∠ANB为1.6°～3.5°,平均2.9°。结束治疗后随访6～24个月,牙弓形态及[牙合]曲线正常,牙排列整齐,咬合关系良好,外形明显改善,疗效满意。结论：对于骨性Ⅱ类上颌骨前突畸形患者,Le Fort Ⅰ型骨切开上颌骨整体后退术是一种安全、合理、有效的正颌外科术式。     

Kallusdistraktion des Mittelgesichts bei ausgeprägter Mittelgesichtshypoplasie

Callus distraction in the treatment ¶of severe midfacial hypoplasia/¶atrophy may offer new therapeutical possibilities. Between May 1998 and March 1999, six patients underwent a subtotal Le Fort I–II osteotomy with subsequent distraction via a haloborne distractor (RED). Five patients suffered from CLP, four patients were totally or almost edentulous in the upper jaw. Corrections of sagittal discrepancies were possible in all cases (distraction 16–31 mm). No case of increased velopharyngeal insufficiency was seen. In one patient the halo had to be refixed. Three patients suffered from tension-like pain in the soft palate during distraction. Follow-up studies suggest the necessity for overcorrection of 20% in edentulous senior patients. Callus midfacial distraction is a promising new alternative to conventional orthognathic surgery in severe cases.     

Sutural distraction osteogenesis (SDO) versus osteotomy distraction osteogenesis (ODO) for midfacial advancement: a new technique and primary clinical report

A new technique of osteotomy distraction osteogenesis (ODO) and sutural distraction osteogenesis (SDO) by the use of bone-borne traction hooks is presented. The technique of osteotomy plus distraction osteogenesis is suitable for adult patients. The technique of sutural distraction osteogenesis is suitable for young patients, ages 6 through 12 years. The distraction system consists of a face-bow, orthodontic elastics, and bone-borne traction hooks. The bone-borne traction hooks are made of titanium, with two traction hooks running laterally or downwardly. When a Le Fort III osteotomy is needed, bone-borne traction hooks are inserted through the nostrils into a bone hole drilled at the lateral-inferior pyriform aperture. When no osteotomy is needed, only the bone-borne traction hooks are placed. Heavy elastics were used in the technique of osteotomy distraction osteogenesis for Le Fort III osteotomy adult patients, whereas light forces and thus light elastics were used for younger patients. Three adult patients and four children were treated by osteotomy distraction and sutural distraction, respectively. All seven patients with midfacial hypoplasia established a harmonious facial profile and normal occlusal relationships. Radiographic examination showed balanced advancement of the midfacial skeleton. It is suggested that the treatment of midfacial hypoplasia in children by the technique of sutural distraction osteogenesis is to be preferred because of its simplicity and relative noninvasiveness. Thus, the authors suggest that midfacial hypoplasia should be treated at a younger age by this technique, potentially eliminating the need for a Le Fort III osteotomy at an older age.     

A case of improved obstructive sleep apnea by distraction osteogenesis for midface hypoplasia of an infantile Crouzon's syndrome

We performed Le Fort III midfacial advancement with gradual distraction using internal devices on a 2-year 5-month-old boy with Crouzon's syndrome with associated severe obstructive sleep apnea. The device was not activated until 7 days after surgery, after which the distraction was initiated, 1 mm per day, and the midface was advanced 4 mm intraoperatively and distracted 12 mm postoperatively. A total advancement of 16 mm was obtained. The obstructive sleep apnea improved remarkably after the distraction. In infants and younger children with associated severe obstructive sleep apnea, advancement by distraction osteogenesis of the midface in Le Fort III maxillary osteotomy will be initially indicated to obviate tracheostomy improving the upper airway obstruction.     

Navigation surgery for Le Fort 1 osteotomy in a fibrous dysplasia patient

Orthognathic surgery is sometimes performed for fibrous dysplasia to correct malocclusion or facial asymmetry. However, Le Fort 1 osteotomy for this disease is difficult because of severe anatomical abnormality. Computerassisted surgery is a rapidly developing technique in oral and maxillofacial surgery that is helping to ensure the safety of the surgery. We report a case of polyostotic craniofacial fibrous dysplasia in which two-jaw orthognathic surgery was performed using a navigation system with the Le Fort 1 osteotomy procedure. A 29-year-old woman presented with swelling and asymmetry on the right side of her face. Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia on the right side had been previously diagnosed, and she had undergone conservative surgery several times before. The disease extended to the right mandible, maxilla, and zygomatic, temporal frontal, and orbital areas, including the skull base. We first performed conservative contouring around the frontal and orbital areas, and then Le Fort I osteotomy and sagittal split ramus osteotomy to correct the asymmetry and cant of the occlusal plane. A passive infrared navigation system (Vector Vision surgical navigation system) was used for the Le Fort I osteotomy. The postoperative course was stable, and the facial asymmetry and cant of the occlusal plane improved and remained suitable 2 years after surgery. Thus, Le Fort 1 osteotomy can be performed safely in fibrous dysplasia with the aid of a passive infrared navigation system.     

不同正颌外科方案对骨性Ⅲ类伴前牙开(恰) 垂直向稳定性的影响

目的 比较不同正颌外科手术方案对骨性Ⅲ类错伴前牙开术后垂直向稳定性的影响.方法 收集入院接受手术的骨性Ⅲ类错伴前牙开畸形患者122例,分别采用双侧下颌升支矢状劈开(BSSRO)(50例)、下颌升支垂直骨劈开(IVRO)(30例)、BSSRO+Le FortⅠ(22例)、IVRO+Le FortⅠ(20例)作为手术方案,并且除IVRO方案外其他所有方案病例均接受钛板颌骨内坚固内固定术.术后正畸完成时及完成后6、24个月时随访接受临床检查与头影测量分析评估垂直向复发情况,观察指标包括覆、下颌平面角、颌间夹角.结果 01)BSSRO+Le FortⅠ与IVRO+Le FortⅠ组覆显著减小的比率在6、24个月都少于BSSRO与IVRO组.2)BSSRO+Le FortⅠ组与IVRO+Le FortⅠ组下颌平面角显著增加的比率在6、24个月都少于BSSRO与IVRO组.3)6个月时BSSRO+Le FortⅠ组与IVRO+Le FortⅠ组颌间夹角显著增加的比率少于BSSRO组与IVRO组,而24个月时无统计学差异.结论 双颌外科(BSSRO+Le FortⅠ与IVRO+Le FortⅠ)均比单颌外科(BSSRO与IVRO)能更加有效地减少垂直向复发的数量和幅度.     

Algorithm to the treatment of Crouzon syndrome

Clinical reports regarding the entire surgical sequence in Crouzon syndrome from the neonatal period to the adult age are rare. The purpose of this study is to trace an operative algorithm with a long term follow up in a homogenous group of patients affected by Crouzon syndrome.A retrospective review was conducted for all patients affected by Crouzon syndrome who completed the entire surgical sequence. 7 Crouzon patients (4 females, 3 males) completed the entire surgical sequence at different ages: fronto-orbital advancement (0.9 years), LF III distraction osteogenesis (11.5 years) and orthognathic surgery (18 years). The mean age at the last follow up was 19.3 years; normalization of the face was obtained in all cases with improvement of the respiratory problems. After orthognathic surgery, all patients had stable occlusion. A one-year postoperative CBCT scan revealed almost complete ossification of all osteotomy sites.Frontoorbital advancement and modified Le Fort III distraction osteogenesis are reliable surgical procedures. SARME and conventional orthognathic surgery with reductive genioplasty and fat grafting are performed at the end of the surgical sequence to enhance facial aesthetics.     

Callus distraction of the midface in the severely atrophied maxilla--a case report.

OBJECTIVE: This report introduces the possibilities of callus distraction in the extremely atrophied, edentulous midface in a cleft lip and palate patient. INTERVENTION: After a subtotal Le Fort II osteotomy, tension wires were fixed to the zygomatic buttresses and frontal sinus walls by way of titanium miniplates and mesh and connected to a rigid external distractor. Then distraction of the whole midface (1 mm/d) was performed. RESULTS: Even in severe atrophy a distraction of the maxilla of 20 mm was possible. Stability has been shown for more than 5 months. CONCLUSIONS: Rigid external midfacial distraction may be used in difficult cases for the correction of sagittal discrepancies where conventional orthognathic surgery is likely to be insufficient. Further investigations will concentrate on the long-term outcome.     

Transantral distraction devices in correction of severe maxillary deformity in cleft patients

Maxillary advancement by Le Fort I osteotomy in cleft patients has an average relapse of about 40-60 percent. With extraoral distraction devices it is possible to obtain an almost unlimited advancement of the upper jaw. Due to the social problems the retention period is normally reduced to some monthes. A relapse of 10-25 % can be seen in these cases. Le Fort I internal distraction osteogenesis offers an alternative to one-step orthognathic advancement, with advantages of gradual lengthening through scar and earlier treatment in growing patients. The objective of this study was to present our experience in the treatment of maxillary deficiency in cleft patients using transantral internal distraction devices. The distraction procedure was successfully accomplished in seventeen patients. For all the seventeen patients maxillary distraction device designed by Konrad Wangerin was used. The distraction distances were 8 to 24 mm. Preoperative, postoperative, and follow-up (12 and 24 months) lateral cephalogram measurements were compared including angular and linear changes. A good new bone was found that was formed in distraction pitch between lines of osteotomy. After distraction of median facial zone, occlusion and profile of soft tissues were considerably improved. All patients after postoperative time required final orthodontic treatment and their final occlusal relationships were satisfactory. The transantral distraction device is a new option for the treatment of severe maxillary hypoplasia in cleft patients.