早期综合康复对脑卒中患者运动功能和ADL能力的影响

目的：探讨早期综合康复治疗对脑卒中患者偏瘫侧肢体的肌张力、运动功能和ADL能力的影响，以及痉挛分级、运动功能和日常生活自理能力的相关性。方法：48例急性脑卒中患者随机分为治疗组和对照组。两组患者均予以常规的药物治疗、针灸、理疗等，治疗组患者加予规范化的综合康复训练。所有病例共评定4次：入组时、脑卒中病程1个月、3个月和6个月时。分别采用改良Ashworth量表（MAS）、简化Fugl-Meyer量表（FMA）和Barthel指数（BI）来评定脑卒中患者偏瘫侧肢体的痉挛、运动功能和日常生活自理能力。结果：在入组时两组患者MAS评分、FMA评分和BI比较P〉0．05，具有可比性。在脑卒中病程3个月和6个月时，对照组患者的MAS评分高于同期的治疗组患者（P〈0．05）：两组患者的FMA评分和BI评分在脑卒中病程1个月、3个月和6个月时分别与其前一次评定时比较，运动功能和日常生活自理能力均逐渐改善（P〈0．001）；在脑卒中病程3个月和6个月时，治疗组的FMA评分和BI评分均高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：综合康复治疗可减轻脑卒中患者偏瘫侧肢体痉挛和改善运动功能，提高其日常生活自理能力；偏瘫侧肢体痉挛和运动功能与日常生活自理能力密切相关。     

运动再学习对脑卒中患者早期运动功能的影响

目的：研究运动再学习（MRP）的临床应用。方法：选择脑卒中患者94例，随机分为实验组和对照组，实验组应用MRP治疗。2组人院时及治疗2个月后采用Brunnstrom分期及运动评定量表（MAS）评定运动功能，Fugl—Meyer量表评定关节活动度。Barthel指数评定日常生活能力（ADL），生存质量指数（QOL）评定生存质量。结果：Brunnstrom、MAS、Fugl—Meyer、ADL、QOL评定：入院时评定结果比较，差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05），治疗2个月后和出院6个月和12个月后随访各项评定结果较治疗前比较差异均有显著性意义（P〈0．05），两组间比较，实验组明显高于对照组。差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论：MRP能明显改善脑卒中患者出现的不同程度的运动功能障碍，在运动功能改善的同时能明显提高其ADL和生存质量。     

运动再学习方法用于脑卒中早期康复的效果

脑卒中患29例在入院后常规治疗、护理基础上进行康复护理和运动再学习（MRP）训练，并与同期病情相似的28例未进行康复的脑卒中患进行比较。2个月后康复组BI评分和MAS积分均有显提高，并明显高于对照组，证明MRP用于脑卒中偏瘫患，可以有效改善其运动功能和自理能力。     

运动再学习方案改善脑卒中患者平衡功能的疗效观察

目的探讨运动再学习方案（MRP）对脑卒中患者平衡功能的影响。方法60例脑卒中患者随机分为TRP组和对照组各30例，对照组采用常规本体感神经肌肉促进法（PNF），MRP组采用MRP方法进行康复训练。于训练前后测评两组患者的Fugl—Meyer平衡功能评分。结果训练后，两组患者的Fugl—Meyer平衡功能评分均较训练前提高（P〈0．05），但MRP组的评分高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论MRP对脑卒中患者平衡功能的恢复有促进作用。     

三级康复治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者功能预后的影响

目的：探讨三级康复治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体运动功能和ADL能力预后的影响。方法：按统一标准入选的80例偏瘫患者随机分为治疗组40例，对照组40例。两组患者均接受常规的临床治疗和护理。治疗组除常规临床治疗外，严格按照“十五”攻关课题“脑血管病三级康复治疗方案”进行康复训练，直至病程6个月末：对照组不做任何正规康复训练。分别于病程1个月、3个月、6个月时比较两组患者肢体的运动功能和ADL能力恢复情况。结果：①两组患者在入组时，上肢、手及下肢的运动功能差异没有显著性意义（P〉0．05）；病程1个月时上肢和下肢功能差异出现显著性意义（P〈0．05）；3-6个月时差异更加显著（P〈0．01）；同时手功能也出现显著性差异（P〈0．05）。②两组患者在入组时ADL能力差异没有显著性意义（P〉0．05）：病程1个月时差异出现显著性意义（P〈0．05）：病程3—6个月时差异更为显著（P〈0．01）。结论：三级康复治疗可以有效地改善脑卒中偏瘫患者的肢体运动功能，提高日常生活活动能力，降低并发症的发生。     

运动再学习方案对老年脑卒中平衡功能的疗效

目的：探讨运动再学习方案（MRP）对老年脑卒中患者平衡功能的影响。方法：60例老年脑卒中患者随机分为MRP组和对照组各30例，对照组采用Bobath的易化技术（PNF），MRP组采用MRP。结果：治疗2个月后，与治疗前比较，MRP组和对照组Fugl-Meyer平衡功能评分均有提高（P〈0．01，P〈0．05）。2组间比较，MRP组优于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：MRP对老年脑卒中患者平衡功池的恢复具有促进作用。     

脑卒中康复运动功能评定量表的临床应用分析

目的：运动脑卒中康复运动功能评定量表（stroke rehabilitation assessment of movement,STREAM）比较脑卒中偏瘫患者患侧上、下肢运动功能损害程度、恢复结果以及不同临床特征偏瘫患者运动功能恢复的差异。方法：用STREAM方法对114例脑卒中偏瘫患者治疗前、后进行评定并进行统计分析。结果：康复治疗前、后STREAM平均上、下肢运动分无明显差异（P＞0．05），平均下肢改变值和恢复效率高于上肢（P＜0．05）。病程≤1个月的脑卒中患者其治疗后的平均STREAM总分、改变值和效率均高于病程＞1个月的患者（P＜0．05）。年轻患者（＜65岁）的平均STREAM改变值和恢复效率均高于年老组（≥65岁）。脑出血患者平均STREAM改变值高于脑梗死患者（P＜0．05）。男、女患者间以及不同偏瘫侧患者间的运动功能恢复结果无明显差异（P＞0．05）。结论：脑卒中偏瘫患者偏瘫侧下肢运动功能恢复的幅度和速度都高于上肢。早期康复的结果和治疗效率要好于延迟康复的患者。年轻患者运动功能恢复的幅度和速度要优于年老患者。故在康复治疗初期，制定训练计划和进行训练时应考虑脑卒中患者偏瘫侧上、下肢恢复的差异以及患者病程、年龄等因素的差异。     

早期强化躯干与骨盆控制能力训练对脑卒中患者运动功能的影响

目的观察早期强化躯干与骨盆控制能力训练对脑卒中患者运动功能的影响。方法将56例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为治疗组和对照组，各28例。两组患者均接受常规药物治疗并配合常规康复训练，45min／次，2次／d，治疗组患者在此基础上增加强化躯干与骨盆控制能力训练，20min／次，2次／d。治疗前后分别对两组患者采用Fugl—Meyer运动功能评定（FMA）、Barthel指数（BI）、功能性步行分级（FAC）等评定。结果治疗2个月后，两组患者的FMA、BI、FAC和偏瘫步态分析评定均较治疗前提高（P〈0．05～0．01），但治疗组疗效优于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论早期强化躯干与骨盆控制能力训练结合常规康复治疗对提高脑卒中患者的运动功能有明显疗效。     

脑卒中患者肢体痉挛的发生率及其与功能的关系

目的：探讨脑卒中患者肢体痉挛的发生率及其与功能的关系。方法：评定50例急性脑卒中患者的肌张力，在病程6个月时采用改良Ashworth量表（MAS）、Fugl-meyer运动功能（FMA）及Barthel指数（BI）分别评定患者肌张力、运动功能和日常生活活动能力。结果：在病程满6个月时患者中大多数存在肢体肌张力增高，MAS分级与FMA和BI得分间呈显著负相关（P〈0.001）。结论：脑卒中偏瘫患者痉挛发生率较高，而且痉挛程度与运动功能和日常生活活动能力显著相关,康复治疗应关注痉挛问题。     

强制性使用运动疗法联合针灸治疗脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢运动功能障碍疗效观察

目的：探讨强制性使用运动疗法配合针灸对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢运动功能障碍的治疗效果。方法：将60例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分成2组各30例,对照组采用传统康复功能训练,疗程共2周,而治疗组要求受试者连续2周每天除去睡眠时间,其余90％的时间健肢带上手套限制使用,用患肢进行功能训练和日常生活活动,功能训练方案与对照组相同,并给予针灸治疗,共2周。采用Wolf运动功能评定方法对人组患者在入组前、治疗后2周、治疗后3个月进行评定。结果：治疗后2周及3个月,2组WMFT功能评分与治疗前比较均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）,2组之间相比有显著性差异（P〈0．05）,治疗组优于对照组。结论：强制性使用运动疗法联合针灸治疗是一种有效的康复治疗方法,可用于改善脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢运动功能,与传统康复功能训练同时应用,可促进偏瘫侧上肢运动功能的恢复,疗效优于传统康复治疗。     

Self-modulation of primary motor cortex activity with motor and motor imagery tasks using real-time fMRI-based neurofeedback

Advances in fMRI data acquisition and processing have made it possible to analyze brain activity as rapidly as the images are acquired allowing this information to be fed back to subjects in the scanner. The ability of subjects to learn to volitionally control localized brain activity within motor cortex using such real-time fMRI-based neurofeedback (NF) is actively being investigated as it may have clinical implications for motor rehabilitation after central nervous system injury and brain-computer interfaces. We investigated the ability of fifteen healthy volunteers to use NF to modulate brain activity within the primary motor cortex (M1) during a finger tapping and tapping imagery task. The M1 hand area ROI (ROI_m) was functionally localized during finger tapping and a visual representation of BOLD signal changes within the ROI_m fed back to the subject in the scanner. Surface EMG was used to assess motor output during tapping and ensure no motor activity was present during motor imagery task. Subjects quickly learned to modulate brain activity within their ROI_m during the finger-tapping task, which could be dissociated from the magnitude of the tapping, but did not show a significant increase within the ROI_m during the hand motor imagery task at the group level despite strongly activating a network consistent with the performance of motor imagery. The inability of subjects to modulate M1 proper with motor imagery may reflect an inherent difficulty in activating synapses in this area, with or without NF, since such activation may lead to M1 neuronal output and obligatory muscle activity. Future real-time fMRI-based NF investigations involving motor cortex may benefit from focusing attention on cortical regions other than M1 for feedback training or alternative feedback strategies such as measures of functional connectivity within the motor system.     

Prognostic value of motor evoked potentials in stroke motor outcome

Functional study technologies of the central nervous system (CNS) are fast developing, yielding further objective data for evidence based neurological rehabilitation. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a safe and non invasive technique of functional investigation of several aspects of the CNS. During the past few years many studies have focused on motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in the investigation of central nervous system and particularly of central motor pathways. Among the various issues of rehabilitative concern in this context, the prognostic value of MEPs of motor outcome after stroke is the most interesting one. The aim of this review, conducted on Medline database, is to find out the current agreement in the literature about this topic and to outline clinical criteria of use of the test. Many of the retrieved papers suggest an added value of MEPs on motor prognosis after first ischemic sylvian stroke, highlighting higher specificity in clinical cases with paralysis or severe paresis in the acute stage. A clinical use of MEPs in specific stroke subgroups might help to plan a more individual rehabilitative project through realistic motor recovery goals and selected techniques of treatment; a more reliable motor prognosis may also be useful for rehabilitation effectiveness research and for a more aimed use of resources.     

Comparison of navigated and non-navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation for motor cortex mapping, motor threshold and motor evoked potentials

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used for non-invasive assessment of cortical physiology and descending motor pathways. However, the focus/exact site of cortical activation is considerably widespread in traditional TMS. When combined with MRI-based navigation, it allows specific anatomical areas of the cortex to be stimulated. The peripheral muscle responses to TMS are commonly measured as motor evoked potentials (MEPs). We compared the accuracy of cortical mapping, as well as the congruity of the motor thresholds (MT) and MEPs between navigated and non-navigated TMS procedures. Eight volunteers were studied in two sessions. In each session both hemispheres were stimulated with and without navigation. Non-navigated TMS: Both hemispheres were mapped without navigation to find the representation area of the thenar muscles based on induced MEP amplitudes. MT was then determined at the optimum coil location. Navigated TMS: Individual MR-images were used for the on-line navigation procedure. The cortical representation area of the thenar musculature was mapped at the "hand knob". The optimum stimulus target was used for MT determination. The order of these two procedures was randomized. Following the MT determination, MEPs were recorded from 20 consecutive stimuli. The MTs were similar from session-to-session with no inter-hemispheric differences, and with and without navigation. The stimulus location was more spatially discrete in navigated TMS producing more stable MEPs with significantly higher amplitudes and shorter latencies. In summary, MEPs exhibit significant differences depending on whether navigation is used. However, the MTs are not significantly dependent on the discrete stimulation site.     

Patients with motor conversion disorder use early developmental motor patterns

Objective

To assess psychological factors of individuals suffering from conversion disorder/Functional Neurological Disorder (CD/FND) as observed through their motor behavior.