主动脉瓣二叶式畸形及合并升主动脉瘤样扩张的外科治疗

目的：探讨主动脉瓣二叶式畸形（BAV）及合并升主动脉瘤样扩张的外科治疗方法。方法：2000年1月—2009年4月对28例主动脉瓣二叶式畸形患者行手术治疗,其中6例合并升主动脉瘤样扩张。其中,男性22例,女性6例,年龄23～65岁。心功能II级16例,III级9例,IV级3例。行主动脉瓣置换22例,行主动脉瓣置换和升主动脉置换（Wheats手术）2例,行主动脉瓣置换和外用Dacron人工血管展开后包绕升主动脉成形1例,3例应用带瓣管道行Bentall手术。同期行二尖瓣环置换术3例,三尖瓣成形术6例。结果：术后早期死亡1例,为Bentall手术后死于纵隔感染。术后早期并发低心输出量综合征6例,呼吸功能不全6例。痊愈出院27例,随访3个月～2年,无晚期死亡病例。结论：先天性主动脉瓣二叶式畸形可致主动脉瓣关闭不全或狭窄,主动脉瓣置换术是常用的手术方法。BAV合并升主动脉瘤样扩张要根据不同的病情作不同手术,可获得良好的结果。     

Wheat手术临床应用45例

目的:总结主动脉瓣病变合并升主动脉瘤或夹层行Wheat手术的治疗经验.方法:回顾自1998年1月至2007年6月45例主动脉瓣病变合并升主动脉瘤或夹层患者行主动脉瓣及升主动脉置换的手术及随访资料.结果:手术死亡2例,分别死于术后多脏器功能衰竭及败血症;随访1 ～ 9年,无晚期死亡,2例马凡综合征患者在术后2年和8年因主动脉瓣瓣周漏及人工瓣膜心内膜炎合并慢性升主动脉夹层而再次手术.结论:主动脉瓣病变合并升主动脉瘤行Wheat手术效果满意,但主动脉瓣病变同时合并主动脉根部扩张的病例,应同期行根部置换.     

冠状动脉旁路移植与同期心脏瓣膜置换

背景：心脏瓣膜置换或成形同期行冠状动脉旁路移植手术的选择已成为目前治疗冠状动脉粥样化性心脏病合并心脏瓣膜病的发展趋势。目的：回顾性总结51例心脏瓣膜替换或成形同时行冠状动脉旁路移植手术的经验。方法：回顾性分析同期施行心脏瓣膜置换或成形及冠状动脉旁路移植患者51例临床资料,共移植旁路血管109支,同时行主动脉瓣置换10例,二尖瓣置换14例,二尖瓣置换联合三尖瓣成形8例,主动脉瓣联合二尖瓣双瓣置换4例,主动脉瓣、二尖瓣双瓣联合三尖瓣成形3例,二尖瓣成形7例,二尖瓣成形联合三尖瓣成形5例。结果与结论：置换生物瓣膜者9例,机械瓣膜者31例,二尖瓣成形11例,三尖瓣成形16例;共移植旁路血管109支,冠状动脉旁路移植平均搭桥（1.92±0.73）支;术后30 d内死亡4例。47例顺利出院,其中2例失访,45例随访3-48个月,1例半年后脑梗死,1例于术后1年多死于心脏功能不全,存活的43例心功能改善明显,均可进行一般的生活与活动。综合分析得出彻底解除瓣膜病变,充分保障心肌再血管化,保护心肌,尽量缩短主动脉阻断时间是手术成功的关键因素。     

感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗(附41例报告)

目的 总结感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗经验。方法 41例感染性心内膜炎患者均在体外循环下进行病灶清除，同时行瓣膜置换和成形33例。其中主动脉瓣置换11例，二尖瓣置换6例，双瓣膜置换8例，人工瓣再置换3例，三尖瓣修复5例，法乐氏四联症3例；同期处理动脉导管未闭1例，室间隔缺损5例，主动脉窦瘤破裂2例。结果 无手术后早期死亡，1例6个月后死于心衰，1例10个月后复发，余39例恢复良好。结论 外科治疗感染性心内膜炎的疗效良好，手术时机的把握和围手术期的正确处理是治疗成败的关键。     

一例主动脉全弓置换治疗夹层动脉瘤的手术配合

主动脉夹层动脉瘤是由于主动脉内膜损伤,形成破口,主动脉中层囊性坏死形成血肿,血液经内膜破孔进入主动脉中层,将主动脉剥离为两层。升主动脉扩张或主动脉根部瘤合并主动脉瓣关闭不全是一种较严重的心血管疾病。目前外科治疗大多采用带机械瓣的人工血管置换主动脉瓣和升主动脉。术后患者将面临机械瓣抗凝等问题,严重影响患者生活质量。由于部分患者主动脉瓣环和瓣叶正常,因此David首先于20世纪90年代初设计了保留主动脉瓣的主动脉根部替换术（简称David手术）。2008年6月,我院为1例升主动脉及主动脉弓夹层动脉瘤的患者使用分支人工血管实行了保留主动脉瓣的主动脉根部替换术及主动脉全弓置换手术治疗,取得了良好的效果,现将手术方法及配合体会介绍如下。     

主动脉窦瘤破裂的临床诊断与外科治疗

目的探讨主动脉窦瘤的临床诊断方法与外科治疗策略。方法 31例主动脉窦瘤患者均于气管内插管静脉复合麻醉体外循环下行主动脉窦瘤修补术,合并心脏畸形者同时矫治,包括主动脉瓣成形1例,主动脉瓣置换2例,室间隔缺损修补术12例,房间隔缺损修补术5例,右室流出道疏通2例。结果全组无手术死亡病例,术后随访1月至5年,无复发残余分流,心功能恢复良好。结论主动脉窦瘤破裂一经确诊,需尽早手术,预后良好。对于合并主动脉关闭不全,应同期行主动脉瓣成形或主动脉瓣置换术。     

大血管David手术21例护理配合

升主动脉扩张或主动脉根部瘤合并主动脉瓣关闭不全是一种较严重的心血管疾病.目前外科治疗大多采用Bentall手术或Cabro手术,即用带瓣(大多是机械瓣)的人工血管置换主动脉瓣和升主动脉,同时做冠状动脉再植入,术后严重影响患者生活质量.由于部分患者主动脉瓣环和瓣叶正常,因此David设计了保留主动脉瓣的主动脉根部替换术(David手术),术后无需抗凝,患者生活质量大幅提高[1].2009年1月~2010年12月,我们共进行David手术21例,经精心护理,效果满意.现将护理配合体会报告如下.     

十九毫米主动脉瓣环机械瓣置换80例中期效果分析

选择1991-07/2002-06在解放军北京军区总医院行19mm主动脉机械瓣置换80例患者和21mm以上瓣膜置换患者80例。19mm瓣膜置换后左室后壁厚度、左室重量指数、主动脉跨瓣压差较置换前有明显改善（P〈0.05）;与21mm以上瓣膜组比较,差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。有效瓣口面积指数〉0.75cm2/m2者置换后左室质量指数、左室后壁厚度、跨瓣压差均低于有效瓣口面积指数〈0.75cm2/m2者（P〈0.05）。19mm瓣膜组置换后1年、5年生存率为94.5%,74.2%;21mm以上瓣膜组置换后1年、5年生存率为96.1%,80.0%,差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。结果提示小口径主动脉瓣置换也能取得良好的效果和中期生存率,置换后应注意控制体质量。     

先天二叶式主动脉瓣畸形临床及超声心动图特征分析

目的:探讨先天二叶式主动脉瓣畸形(BAV)患者主动脉瓣功能异常和大血管病变的分布特征和危险因素。方法:对复旦大学附属中山医院2012年1月至2015年12月确诊为BAV患者的超声心动图数据进行横断面分析。结果:共纳入BAV患者2781例,占超声心动图检查总人数的1.1%,其中70.2%为男性,60.4%伴中度以上主动脉瓣功能异常,54.2%合并升主动脉和19.7%患者主动脉窦部扩张。单纯主动脉瓣狭窄和混合性双病变的检出率随年龄增长递增(P<0.0001);单纯主动脉瓣反流的检出率随年龄增长递减(P<0.0001)。男性、左右冠瓣融合型、单纯主动脉瓣反流为患者发生主动脉窦部扩张的独立危险因素;年龄、单纯主动脉瓣狭窄和主动脉瓣混合性双病变为患者发生升主动脉扩张的独立危险因素。结论:BAV发病率高且临床表现多样,以主动脉瓣功能异常和升主动脉扩张最常见,其表型差异对治疗有指导意义。     

心脏瓣膜手术同时行冠状动脉搭桥术19例报告

目的探讨如何降低心脏瓣膜手术同时行冠状动脉搭桥术的死亡率和并发症。方法对行心脏瓣膜手术同时行冠状动脉搭桥术的19例患者的临床资料作总结分析。结果单纯二尖瓣成形术6例,黏液瘤摘除＋二尖瓣成形术1例,二尖瓣置换术5例,主动脉瓣置换2例,主动脉瓣置换＋二尖瓣成形术2例,双瓣置换术3例（同期行三尖瓣成形术2例）;同时行冠状动脉搭桥共39根,每例平均（1.9±1）根。术后早期死亡4例（占21.1%）,死因为左室破裂2例,低心排致多器官功能衰竭1例,进食中呛咳窒息致室颤1例。随访3～16个月,心功能均得到改善,无严重心绞痛发作。结论瓣膜病特别是年龄超过50岁者同时患有冠心病并不少见,而冠心病也可能同时伴有瓣膜损害,风湿性瓣膜病患者有冠心病高危因素者,应常规行冠状动脉造影检查。缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全者估计瓣膜成形效果难以确定时,应直接选择保留瓣下结构的瓣膜置换,防止增加术后死亡率和并发症。     

Ascending aortic dilatation rate after transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients with bicuspid and tricuspid aortic stenosis: A multidetector computed tomography follow-up study

BACKGROUND: Current data is lacking about the progression of ascending aortic dilatation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in aortic stenosis (AS) patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and tricuspid aortic valve (TAV). This study aims to assess the ascending aortic dilatation rate (mm/year) after TAVR in patients with BAV versus TAV using a multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) follow-up and to determine the predictors of ascending aortic dilatation rate.METHODS: Severe AS patients undergoing TAVR from March 2013 to March 2018 at our center with MDCT follow-ups were included. BAV and TAV were identified using baseline MDCT. Baseline and follow-up MDCT images were analyzed, and the diameters of ascending aorta were measured. Study end point is ascending aortic dilatation rate (mm/year). Furthermore, factors predicting ascending aortic dilatation rate were also investigated.RESULTS: Two hundred and eight patients were included, comprised of 86 BAV and 122 TAV patients. Five, 4, 3, 2, and 1-year MDCT follow-ups were achieved in 7, 9, 30, 46, and 116 patients. The ascending aortic diameter was significantly increased after TAVR in both BAV group (43.7±4.4 mm vs. 44.0±4.5 mm; P<0.001) and TAV group (39.1±4.8 mm vs. 39.7±5.1 mm; P<0.001). However, no difference of ascending aortic dilatation rate was found between BAV and TAV groups (0.2±0.8 mm/year vs. 0.3±0.8 mm/year, P=0.592). Multivariate linear regression revealed paravalvular leakage (PVL) grade was independently associated with ascending aortic dilatation rate in the whole population and BAV group, but not TAV group. No aortic events occurred during follow-ups.CONCLUSION: Ascending aortic size continues to grow after TAVR in BAV patients, but the dilatation rate is mild and comparable to that of TAV patients. PVL grade is associated with ascending aortic dilatation rate in BAV patients post-TAVR.     

Measurement of the ascending aorta diameter in patients with severe bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valve stenosis using dual-source computed tomography coronary angiography

We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of dual-source computed tomography coronary angiography (DSCT-CA) in the measurement of the ascending aorta (AA) diameter and compare the AA diameter in patients with severe bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) stenosis. Eighty-eight consecutive patients (50 men, mean age 60.3 ± 13 year) with severe aortic stenosis (AS) underwent DSCT-CA before aortic valve surgery. Seventy-four of the 88 patients underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). The internal diameter of AA was measured from early-systole with DSCT-CA and CMR by 2 radiologists independently at 4 levels (aortic annulus, sinuses of Valsalva, sinotubular junction, and tubular portion at the right pulmonary artery). The patients were divided in to 2 groups (BAV [n = 53]; TAV [n = 35]) according to operative findings. Patients with BAV were significantly younger than those with TAV (P = 0.0035). Inter-observer agreement of AA diameters at 4 levels with DSCT-CA and CMR was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.89-0.97). Also, the DSCT-CA and CMR measurements of the AA diameter strongly correlated (r = 0.871-0.976). Mean diameter of the AA by DSCT-CA was significantly larger in patients with BAV (34.4 ± 8.2 mm) as compared to those with TAV (30.6 ± 5.5 mm). The diameters at the sinuses of Valsalva, sinotubular junction, and tubular portion were significantly larger in BAV than in TAV. Twenty-two of 53 (41.5%) patients with BAV and 2 of 35 (5.7%) patients with TAV had AA dilatation > 45 mm. DSCT-CA allows accurate assessment of the AA diameters in patients with severe AS. Patients with severe BAV stenosis had larger AA diameters and higher prevalence of AA dilatation > 45 mm as compared to those with severe TAV stenosis.     

MDCT differentiation between bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valves in patients with aortic valvular disease: correlation with surgical findings

To identify multi-detector computed tomographic (MDCT) features discriminating bicuspid aortic valves (BAVs) from tricuspid aortic valves (TAVs) in patients with aortic valvular disease using surgical findings as reference. Forty-five patients underwent ECG-gated cardiac MDCT scans prior to aortic valve replacement. Morphologic patterns of aortic valves on MDCT were classified into: bicuspid without raphe (A), fused valve with a fish-mouth opening (B), fused valve without a fish-mouth opening (C), and tricuspid without fusion (D). To differentiate congenital raphe of BAV from commissural fusion of TAV, MDCT features of patterns B and C were evaluated. Diameters of the aortic root and ascending aorta between patients with BAVs and TAVs were also compared. Patterns A (n = 6) and B (n  = 6) were all bicuspid, in pattern C: 8 of 26 (30.8%) were bicuspid, and pattern D (n  = 7) were all tricuspid. In patterns B and C, uneven cusp size, round-shaped opening and midline calcification at leaflet fusion were strongly associated with BAVs (all, P < 0.05). The mean length of leaflet fusion in BAVs was significantly larger than in TAVs (13.5 vs. 8.7 mm, P < 0.0001), with a cutoff value of 10.3 mm providing a sensitivity of 85.7%, a specificity of 83.3%, and an area under the ROC curve of 0.90. In all patients, the mean diameter of the ascending aorta was larger in patients with BAVs than with TAVs (43.3 vs. 39.7 mm, P < 0.05). MDCT features of uneven cusp size, round-shaped opening, midline calcification, longer leaflet fusion and larger diameter of the ascending aorta can be helpful in distinguishing BAVs from TAVs.     

超声心动图评价二叶主动脉瓣畸形与升主动脉扩张的关系

目的　使用超声心动图评价二叶主动脉瓣畸形 (BAV)与升主动脉扩张的关系。方法　使用二维超声在四个部位检测 42例主动脉瓣功能正常的BAV患者 (病例组 1)、3 7例主动脉瓣狭窄的BAV患者 (病例组 2 )和 40例年龄、体表面积、血压等匹配的健康人 (对照组 )的升主动脉内径 :瓣环、瓦氏窦、主动脉上嵴及升主动脉近端。结果　病例组 2升主动脉瓦氏窦、主动脉上嵴及近端内径最大 ,其次为病例组 1(P <0 .0 5～P <0 .0 0 1)。但病例组 1中有一部分BAV患者的升主动脉内径与对照组无显著差异。结论　BAV常合并升主动脉扩张 ,提示两者可能为同一发育异常 ,即先天性主动脉壁发育缺陷的不同表现形式。     

超声评估二叶式主动脉瓣患者升主动脉增宽的影响因素

目的 探讨先天性二叶式主动脉瓣畸形的超声特点及升主动脉增宽的影响因素.方法 二维及彩色多普勒超声观察二叶式主动脉瓣畸形的形态、回声、启闭及血流动力学情况,心脏及主动脉结构的变化.结果 升主动脉内径的增宽与患者年龄关系密切,内径较宽的患者心脏形态学改变较重.结论 二叶式主动脉瓣畸形患者的年龄是升主动脉内径的增宽的重要的影响因素.     

Semi-automatic quantification of 4D left ventricular blood flow

Background

To investigate aortic dimensions in women with Turner syndrome (TS) in relation to aortic valve morphology, blood pressure, karyotype, and clinical characteristics.

Methods and results

A cross sectional study of 102 women with TS (mean age 37.7; 18-62 years) examined by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR- successful in 95), echocardiography, and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure. Aortic diameters were measured by CMR at 8 positions along the thoracic aorta. Twenty-four healthy females were recruited as controls. In TS, aortic dilatation was present at one or more positions in 22 (23%). Aortic diameter in women with TS and bicuspid aortic valve was significantly larger than in TS with tricuspid valves in both the ascending (32.4 ± 6.7 vs. 26.0 ± 4.4 mm; p < 0.001) and descending (21.4 ± 3.5 vs. 18.8 ± 2.4 mm; p < 0.001) aorta. Aortic diameter correlated to age (R = 0.2 - 0.5; p < 0.01), blood pressure (R = 0.4; p < 0.05), a history of coarctation (R = 0.3; p = 0.01) and bicuspid aortic valve (R = 0.2-0.5; p < 0.05). Body surface area only correlated with descending aortic diameter (R = 0.23; p = 0.024).

Conclusions

Aortic dilatation was present in 23% of adult TS women, where aortic valve morphology, age and blood pressure were major determinants of the aortic diameter.     

Bicuspid aortic valve

Summary Two competitive soccer players aged 23 and 17 years with known bicuspid aortic valve presented for sportsmedical preparticipation screening. Both athletes were well trained and had a maximal oxygen uptake of 61 and 60 ml/min/kg, respectively. Echocardiography of the first athlete revealed an eccentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle (end–diastolic diameter 58–59 mm, septal and posterior myocardial wall thickness 12–13 mm) with good systolic and diastolic function and a functional bicuspid aortic valve with mild regurgitation. In the second athlete, echocardiography showed a bicuspid aortic valve with moderate regurgitation and a relative stenosis, a hypertrophied left ventricle (end–diastolic diameter 62–63 mm, myocardial wall thickness 13–16 mm) and dilation of the ascending aorta of 46 mm, which was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. According to international guidelines, the first athlete was allowed to participate in competitive soccer. Nevertheless, regular cardiologic examinations in intervals of 6 months were recommended. In the second case, the athlete was not allowed to take part in competitive sports due to the extended ectasy of the ascending aorta and the concomitant risk of an aortic rupture. In addition, the left ventricular hypertrophy has to be considered as pathologic. Therefore, the athlete was only allowed to exercise in recreational sports with low and easily controllable intensities. Conclusion In athletes with bicuspid aortic valve, besides the evaluation of the aortic valve, physiologic adaptations of the heart have to be differentiated from pathological changes. Furthermore, the aorta deserves special attention, because in the case of a (probably genetically determined) dilated ascending aorta, an elevated risk for aortic rupture is present during intensive and competitive exercise. A general judgement in athletes with bicuspid aortic valves on their ability to participate in competitive sports is, therefore, not possible.     

超声心动图在二叶式主动脉瓣患者随访和预后分析中的应用

目的 探讨超声心动图在二叶式主动脉瓣畸形(BAV)患者随访和预后分析中的应用价值。方法 本研究为单中心回顾性临床研究。收集南京医科大学第一附属医院2013年1月至2019年12月经超声心动图诊断为 “二叶式主动脉瓣畸形”、临床资料和复查随访资料完整的患者,比较不同随访时长患者的占比,比较初诊和随访末次的瓣膜功能、主动脉功能变化情况,进一步纳入性别、年龄、形态学分型、主动脉瓣狭窄程度、返流程度、升主动脉内径等参数进行回归分析,寻找影响BAV预后的危险因素。结果 本研究共筛1154例BAV,纳入随访资料完整者243位(21.06%),随访逐渐延长,随访患者逐渐减少,而主动脉瓣功能障碍逐渐恶化、升主动脉内径逐渐增宽；初诊时年龄、初诊时AS程度、初诊时AR程度是BAV需要手术干预事件发生的相关危险因素；且年龄是影响预后的独立危险因素,其截断值为36岁,对是否发生手术时间预测的灵敏度为94.29%,特异度为39.49%；年龄≤36岁组5年内不发生手术事件的概率为92.39%；而年龄＞36岁组5年内不发生手术事件的概率仅为52.20%。结论 我国BAV人群随访率低；BAV引起的瓣膜功能障碍和升主动脉增宽具有时间累积效应；针对36岁以上BAV群体,尤应加强宣传教育,并建议每年连续随访心超以指导治疗。     

Thoracic aortopathy in Turner syndrome and the influence of bicuspid aortic valves and blood pressure: a CMR study

Background

To investigate aortic dimensions in women with Turner syndrome (TS) in relation to aortic valve morphology, blood pressure, karyotype, and clinical characteristics.

Methods and results

A cross sectional study of 102 women with TS (mean age 37.7; 18-62 years) examined by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR- successful in 95), echocardiography, and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure. Aortic diameters were measured by CMR at 8 positions along the thoracic aorta. Twenty-four healthy females were recruited as controls. In TS, aortic dilatation was present at one or more positions in 22 (23%). Aortic diameter in women with TS and bicuspid aortic valve was significantly larger than in TS with tricuspid valves in both the ascending (32.4 ± 6.7 vs. 26.0 ± 4.4 mm; p < 0.001) and descending (21.4 ± 3.5 vs. 18.8 ± 2.4 mm; p < 0.001) aorta. Aortic diameter correlated to age (R = 0.2 - 0.5; p < 0.01), blood pressure (R = 0.4; p < 0.05), a history of coarctation (R = 0.3; p = 0.01) and bicuspid aortic valve (R = 0.2-0.5; p < 0.05). Body surface area only correlated with descending aortic diameter (R = 0.23; p = 0.024).

Conclusions

Aortic dilatation was present in 23% of adult TS women, where aortic valve morphology, age and blood pressure were major determinants of the aortic diameter.