中晚孕期超声筛查胎儿染色体异常的有效性及应用价值研究

目的 研究中晚孕期超声筛查胎儿染色体异常的有效性及应用价值.方法 经超声筛查为结构异常的中晚孕期胎儿和经孕母血清筛查为高风险的中期妊娠胎儿,行羊膜腔或脐静脉穿刺取羊水或脐血,作染色体核型诊断.结果 ①超声筛查接受检查的结构异常胎儿31例,检出异常染色体8例,检出率为25.8%.31例中颈部淋巴囊肿伴水肿3例,全部染色体异常;单纯颈项皮肤增厚3例,其中2例染色体异常;多发畸形、Dandy-Walker畸形及前脑无裂畸形各1例,染色体均异常.②血清筛查接受检查的唐氏综合征和18-三体高风险孕妇516例,检出异常染色体14例,检出率为2.71%.14例中唐氏综合征7例,其他染色体异常7例.③单纯超声筛查和血清筛查共筛查为高危又接受诊断者544(516+28)例,检出异常染色体21(14+7)例,两种方法互补染色体异常检出率为3.86%.互补筛查检出率是血清筛查的1.42倍,比血清筛查提高42.43%.结论 ①中晚孕期超声显示的某些胎儿结构异常是提示胎儿染色体异常的有效指征.②超声和血清两种筛查方法互补,可以提高染色体异常的检出率,对于血清失筛查或筛查低危漏诊孕妇是有效的弥补措施.     

介入超声技术在产前诊断胎儿染色体异常中的应用研究

目的评价介入超声技术在产前诊断胎儿染色体异常中的应用。方法对186例有产前诊断指征的孕妇在超声引导下经腹羊膜腔穿刺抽取羊水及脐静脉穿刺抽取脐血检查染色体核型。结果全部病例均穿刺成功，其中超声引导下经腹羊膜腔穿刺抽取羊水105例，羊水细胞培养成功率97．1％，染色体异常检出率8．8％；脐静脉穿刺抽取脐血81例，脐血细胞培养成功率98．8％，染色体异常检出率5．0％。羊水及脐血两组染色体异常的检出率无显著差异。孕妇血清学筛查异常、不良孕产史、21-三体分娩史、超声提示胎儿异常是有效的穿刺指征，有助于染色体异常的胎儿检出，其中超声提示胎儿异常组染色体异常检出率显著高于其他组。结论超声引导下介入穿刺术在产前诊断中是成熟有效的操作技术，胎儿异常的超声监测有助于产前提示胎儿染色体异常。     

2018例孕中期胎儿染色体核型分析结果回顾性分析

目的对2 018例孕中期胎儿进行羊水细胞培养及染色体核型结果分析,探讨高风险孕妇的胎儿染色体异常核型类型、比例及其与产前诊断指征的关系,并对异常嵌合核型的胎儿进行妊娠结局分析。方法于孕16~24周抽取不同产前诊断指征下孕妇的羊水标本,进行羊水细胞培养及染色体核型分析。结果检测出异常核型61例,异常检出率3.0%(61/2 018)。其中血清学筛查高风险、高龄孕妇(≥35岁)、超声检测异常、不良妊娠或家族史组别的异常检出率分别为2.8%、2.3%、9.2%和10.6%,血清学筛查高风险与高龄孕妇组之间异常核型检出率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。61例异常核型中数目异常43例,其中常染色体数目异常33例(21三体23例、18三体9例、13三体1例),性染色体数目异常10例;结构异常12例,包括平衡易位7例,罗氏易位2例,插入、缺失、倒位各1例。另检出6例染色体嵌合核型,其中2例低比例嵌合胎儿的父母选择继续妊娠,随访结果未见表型异常。结论胎儿染色体核型异常在各产前诊断指征下均具有较高的检出率;低比例嵌合个体出生后表型可正常;羊水细胞染色体核型分析能为产前诊断胎儿染色体病提供可靠的依据。     

中、晚孕期超声筛查21-三体综合征的价值和局限性

目的 探讨中、晚孕期超声筛查21-三体综合征的价值和局限性。方法 在妊娠中期和中晚期分别对有产前诊断指征的3110和187名孕妇行羊膜腔和脐带穿刺术,检查染色体核型,比较不同穿刺指征孕妇的21-三体检出率,并分析21-三体与超声异常的关系。结果 接受羊膜腔穿刺的3110名孕妇中,检出21-三体41名,检出率1.32%,3110名孕妇中超声异常98名,检出21-三体6名,检出率6.12%。超声异常者21-三体检出率(6.12%)明显高于唐氏综合征高危者(0.98%)、单纯高龄孕妇(0.58%,P＜0.05)。187名脐血染色体核型分析,检出21-三体9胎,检出率4.81%,187名孕妇中超声异常128名,检出21-三体5胎,检出率3.91%。结论 中、晚孕期超声筛查21-三体综合征既有很大的价值,也存在局限性。     

介入性产前诊断2285例指征分析

目的 回顾性分析2285例介入性产前诊断指征,探讨联合筛查对于胎儿染色体核型介入性诊断的指导意义,以期提高筛查指标的特异性.方法 按照年龄≥35岁（高龄）、血清学筛查高风险、超声软指标阳性、其他指征（包括不良孕史、夫妻一方染色体核型异常等）分组,以x2分析各组胎儿异常染色体核型检出率,分析2个以上穿刺指征（联合筛查阳性）存在时,胎儿异常染色体核型的发生率.结果 超声软指标阳性组异常核型检出率11.1％,与其他指征组相比较,统计学差异有显著性意义（P=0.000）,其中妊娠11～14周胎儿颈项透明层增厚者,染色体异常检出率为25.0％,与其他超声软指标阳性组相比统计学差异有显著性意义（P=0.028）.联合筛查指征阳性时,胎儿异常核型检出率为8.3％,与单一指征组相比较,统计学差异存在显著性（P =0.026）,但差异主要体现在高龄组,当孕妇年龄达到或超过35岁,并同时具有超声软指标阳性或血清学筛查高风险时,异常核型检出率（8.0％）高于单纯高风险组（3.1％）,统计学差异有显著性（P=0.016）.结论 超声对于介入性产前诊断具有重要意义,对于高龄孕妇组超声作为联合筛查指标可显著提高胎儿异常核型检出率,特别是胎儿颈项透明层厚度,应列入产前筛查序列.高龄是否作为独立的介入性产前诊断指征尚需进一步探讨.     

1868例孕妇羊水细胞染色体检测指征及结果分析

目的探讨孕妇孕中期羊水细胞染色体检测指征及核型分析结果在产前诊断中的应用价值。方法收集该院2015-2016年1 868例进行孕中期羊水细胞G显带染色体核型分析检测的孕妇病例资料,对孕妇的产前诊断指征及核型分析结果进行回顾性分析。结果 2016年检测指征前3位由高到低依次为高龄孕妇、母血清学产前筛查高危、超声筛查高危。2015年检测指征前3位由高到低依次为母血清学产前筛查高危、高龄孕妇、无创检查阳性。2016年检测指征以高龄孕妇为主。羊水细胞核型分析结果显示,1 868例孕妇中共检出79例胎儿染色体核型异常,异常率为4.23%。2015、2016年高龄孕妇染色体核型异常率均超过母血清学产前筛查高危孕妇染色体核型异常率,染色体非整倍体为主要的异常核型。结论孕中期羊水细胞染色体检测可降低新生儿出生缺陷率,对产前诊断、优生优育具有重要的意义。     

中、晚孕期超声筛查13-三体的临床价值

目的 探讨中、晚孕期超声筛查13-三体的临床价值。方法 对妊娠中期和中晚期有产前诊断指征的3297名孕妇行羊膜腔穿刺术和脐带穿刺术检查染色体核型,比较不同指征孕妇的13-三体检出率,并分析13-三体与超声表现异常的关系。结果 接受羊膜腔穿刺术和脐带穿刺术的3297名孕妇中,检出13-三体3胎,检出率为0.09%。3297名孕妇中单纯超声表现异常226名,检出13-三体2胎,检出率为0.88%。单纯超声表现异常的13-三体检出率(0.88%)明显高于唐氏综合征高危指征(P=0.001)。结论 中、晚孕期超声筛查有助于检出13-三体胎儿,具有重要临床价值。     

妊娠中期超声筛查胎儿Turner综合征的临床价值

目的 探讨妊娠中期超声筛查胎儿Turner综合征(45,X)的临床价值.方法 在妊娠中期对有产前诊断指征的3 948例孕妇行羊水穿刺术检查染色体核型,比较不同指征孕妇Turner综合征(45,X)的检出率,并分析Turner综合征(45,X)与超声异常的关系.结果 接受羊水穿刺的3 948例孕妇中,检出Turner综合征8例,Turner综合征检出率0.20％,3 948例孕妇中超声异常120例,检出Turner综合征(45,X)2例,检出率1.67％.超声异常组Turner综合征(45,X)检出率(1.67％)明显高于高龄孕妇组(0.11％)、唐氏高危组(0.06％),P＜0.05.结论 妊娠中期超声筛查胎儿对早期发现Turner综合征(45,X)有很大的价值.     

308例不同产前诊断指征的羊水细胞染色体核型分析

目的分析不同产前诊断指征与胎儿染色体异常的关系。方法回顾该院2015年10月至2017年12月共308例有产前诊断指征并行羊膜腔穿刺羊水细胞染色体核型分析的病例,总结不同产前诊断指征的异常核型检出情况,分析不同产前诊断指征与胎儿染色体异常的关系。结果 308例羊水标本中共检出染色体异常核型30例,其中包括染色体数目异常27例,结构异常3例,异常检出率为9.7%(30/308)。高龄妊娠、唐筛高风险、无创DNA高风险、超声异常及不良孕产史接受产前诊断孕妇中,染色体异常检出率分别为14.4%、6.3%、53.8%、3%和0。结论各种产前诊断指征均有各自的针对性及局限性,羊膜腔穿刺羊水细胞染色体核型分析不能被取代,各指征合理组合应用才能更好地进行产前诊断。     

广东惠州地区2117例孕妇羊水染色体结果分析

目的对孕中期羊水细胞染色体进行分析,比较不同临床指征的异常核型检出率及对特殊异常核型结果进行综合判读。方法对2015年5月至2018年7月具有产前诊断指征的2 117例孕妇行羊膜腔穿刺术抽取适量羊水进行培养、收获、制片、显带及染色体核型分析。结果 2 117例胎儿核型中共发现142例异常染色体核型(6.7%),199例表现为染色体多态(9.4%),其中临床指征为无创产前筛查异常及夫妇一方染色体异常的异常染色体核型检出率偏高(41.4%、60.0%),唐氏筛查高风险与高龄异常染色体核型检出率分别为3.3%、3.6%。142例异常核型主要为染色体数量异常(75.4%),其中21三体占57.9%,结构异常主要为平衡易位和嵌合体(37.1%、31.4%)。辅助染色体微阵列分析(CMA)与染色体核型分析比对,发现577例羊水中染色体核型分析的异常检出率为6.9%(40/577);CMA的异常检出率为9.4%(54/577)。结论无创产前筛查技术的使用提高了异常染色体的检出率;孕中期的羊水染色体异常种类多样,应多种检测方法联合使用,可有效地提高异常病例的检出率,既提高了人口素质,也降低了出生缺陷发病率。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.