急性冠状动脉综合征患者治疗前后血清高敏C反应蛋白的变化

目的研究急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者住院治疗前后血清高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)含量的变化及意义。方法采用胶乳增强免疫透射比浊法测定137例ACS患者、52例稳定型心绞痛(SAP)患者、86名健康人血清中hs-CRP的含量。结果SAP、ACS患者hs-CRP水平与正常对照组相比均明显增高。ACS患者住院治疗后血清hs-CRP浓度均明显降低。入院时hs-CRP>10.0mg/L提示再发冠状动脉病变的可能性很大,出院时hs-CRP>3.0mg/L的患者易再发心绞痛、心肌梗死。结论血清hs-CRP在ACS发生时明显增高,可以作为ACS的预报,是一个独立的心血管疾病危险因素。     

急性冠脉综合征患者血清炎性指标及肌钙蛋白Ⅰ的临床研究

目的研究急性冠脉综合征患者（ACS）血清炎性指标的水平与肌钙蛋白Ⅰ的关系及临床意义。方法测定冠脉造影阳性的ACS患者74例、稳定型心绞痛（SAP）患者58例和造影阴性的冠心病患者46例（对照组）血清超敏C-反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、白介素-6（IL-6）、可溶性P-选择素（sP-sel）和肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）的水平,并采集相应的各项临床资料。结果ACS组患者血清各项炎性指标分别为hs-CRP（7.40±2.90）mg/L、IL-6（235.62±87.03）ng/L、sP-sel（87.82±36.02）mg/L、cTnI（4.38±3.85）mg/L,高于SAP组患者和对照组,差异均有统计学意义（t分别=6.52、4.94、2.97、7.23、8.96、5.63、3.32、8.67,P均〈0.05）;cTnI增高患者各血清炎性指标分别为hs-CRP（8.74±1.61）mg/L、IL-6（265.33±66.62）ng/L、sP-sel（99.43±25.42）mg/L,明显高于cTnI正常者,差异均有统计学意义（t分别=4.59、3.92、3.65,P均〈0.05）。结论血清炎性指标在ACS患者中均表现为增高。cTnI与血清各项炎性指标具有相关性。cTnI及血清各项炎性指标与冠脉内斑块的不稳定状态具有相关性。     

血清高敏C-反应蛋白与冠状动脉病变程度的分析

目的探讨高敏C-反应蛋白（hs-CRP）与冠状动脉病变程度的相关性。方法测定40例稳定性心绞痛患者（SAP组）、50例不稳定心绞痛患者（UAP组）、30例急性心肌梗死患者（AMI组）及60例健康者（对照组）的hs-CRP及心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ（cTnI）、肌酸激酶（CK）、肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）等心肌标志物水平。结果 hs-CRP水平在对照组、SAP组、UAP组和AMI组分别为（2.3±0.5）mg/L、（4.2±0.6）mg/L、（6.4±1.0）mg/L、（14.7±2.9）mg/L,各组间存在显著递增趋势,即AMI组〉UAP组〉SAP组〉对照组。而cTnI仅UAP组和AMI显著升高,CK和CK-MB仅在AMI组显著升高。结论 hs-CRP水平与冠状动脉病变程度密切相关。     

冠心病心绞痛患者血浆肿瘤坏死因子α和超敏C反应蛋白变化及其临床意义

目的 探讨肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）及超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）在冠心病心绞痛发病机制中的作用.方法 选择冠状动脉造影确诊的心绞痛患者90例,分为不稳定型心绞痛（UAP）组46例,稳定型心绞痛（SAP）组44例;30例冠状动脉造影正常者作为对照组.采用酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）法检测血浆TNF-α、免疫浊度法检测hs-CRP浓度.结果 UAP组血浆TNF-α、hs-CRP水平为（34.87±9.59）ng/L、（2.34±0.81） mg/L,显著高于SAP组的（25.39±7.68） ng/L和（1.79±0.59） mg/L（P均＜0.01）,均明显高于对照组（13.87±5.24） ng/L、（1.15±0.35） mg/L（P均＜0.01）.结论 炎症反应可能参与了冠心病的发病过程,血浆TNF-α与hs-CRP对预测冠心病心绞痛的存在和发展有重要的临床意义.     

血清高敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）水平与冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块性质关系的研究

目的 探讨血清中高敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）水平与冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块性质的关系.方法 对经多层螺旋CT血管成像（MSCTA）检测发现有冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块的31例心肌梗死、26例稳定性心绞痛、21例不稳定性心绞痛患者进行hs-CRP测定,分析斑块的性质与血清hs-CRP 水平的关系.结果 （1）心肌梗死组和不稳定性心绞痛组以混合性斑块和软斑块为主,稳定性心绞痛组以硬斑块为主;3组间斑块类型分布差异有统计学意义（均P〈0.05）;（2）血清hs-CRP水平：心肌梗死组为（4.271±1.432）mg/L,稳定性心绞痛组为（3.876±1.547）mg/L,不稳定性心绞痛组为（4.02±1.984）mg/L,3组间hs-CRP水平差异无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）;（3）不同斑块组的hs-CRP水平：软斑块组为（ 4.752±2.143）mg/L,混合性斑块组为（4.174±1.792）mg/L,显著高于硬斑块组[（2.834±1.298）mg/L]（均P〈0.05）.结论 血清hs-CRP水平对判断冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块的稳定性具有一定临床意义.     

高敏C反应蛋白在急性冠脉综合征中的应用

目的检测冠心病中急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者血清中高灵敏度C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）的水平,以探讨其在冠心病急性冠脉综合征中临床危险度分层的应用价值。方法用免疫比浊方法,分别测定60例ACS患者入院时hs-CRP水平,并测定30例稳定型心绞痛及30例健康成人hs-CRP作对照。结果 ACS组的hs-CRP水平为（12.05±2.48）mg/L,较正常对照组的（2.21±1.16）mg/L高（P〈0.05）;较稳定型心绞痛组（2.31±1.21）mg/L高（P〈0.05）,稳定型心绞痛组（2.31±1.21）mg/L较正常对照组（2.21±1.16）mg/L差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 hs-CRP与ACS发生有关,可作为危险分层的指标之一。     

冠心病患者血清嗜酸细胞阳离子蛋白变化临床意义

目的:探讨冠心病患者血清嗜酸细胞阳离子蛋白(eosinophil cationic protein,ECP)与超敏C反应蛋白(high sensitivity C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)的关系及变化的临床意义.方法:63例冠心病患者分为稳定性心绞痛(stable angina,SAP)组27例和急性冠状动脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)组36例;冠状动脉造影正常者26例为对照组.于冠状动脉造影前采集静脉血,应用酶联免疫法检测血清ECP水平,用胶乳增强免疫比浊法检测hs-CRP水平.结果:SAP组和ACS组血清ECP高于对照组(均P<0.05),ACS组hs-CRP水平高于对照组和SAP组(均P<0.05);与对照组比较,SAP组冠状动脉狭窄程度积分、病变范围积分明显增高(均P<0.05),与对照组和SAP组比较,ACS组冠状动脉狭窄程度积分、病变范围积分明显增高(均P<0.05).ECP是冠状动脉狭窄程度积分的独立预测因子(β=0.45,SE=0.02,P<0.01).结论:血清ECP水平对评价ACS患者冠状动脉病变严重程度有一定临床意义,可作为冠心病的临床标志物.     

超敏C-反应蛋白与急性冠脉综合征患者预后的关系

目的：评价血清超敏C-反应蛋白（hs-CRP）对急性冠脉综合征（ACS）预后的判断价值。方法：选择我院ACS患者150例,其中不稳定型心绞痛72例（UAP组）,急性心肌梗死78例（AMI组）,另选稳定型心绞痛患者68例（SAP组）和健康人80例（健康对照组）,UAP患者又按Braunwald分为Ⅰ级20例,Ⅱ级23例,Ⅲ级29例,观察4组研究对象hs-CRP水平及UAPⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级患者的hs-CRP水平,并观察随访期间不良心血管事件发生率。结果：4组研究对象hs-CRP间差异均有非常显著性意义（P〈0.01）,两两比较各组间差异亦有显著性意义（P〈0.05）;UAP组Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级患者hs-CRP间差异有非常显著性意义（P〈0.01）,且Ⅰ级与Ⅲ级,Ⅱ级与Ⅲ级间差异均有非常显著性意义（P〈0.01）;hs-CRP升高组（〉3mg/L）ACS患者随访期间不良心血管事件发生率明显高于hs-CRP正常组（≤3mg/L）（发生率为46.1%比12.5%,P〈0.01）。结论：hs-CRP可作为ACS危险分层和预后的预测因子,hs-CRP水平升高对判断ACS患者预后有较好的预测价值。     

基质金属蛋白酶12在各类型冠心病患者血清中的表达及意义

目的观察不同类型冠心病（CHD）患者血清中基质金属蛋白酶12（MMP-12）水平的变化情况,探讨其与急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）及冠状动脉狭窄程度之间的关系。方法选取CHD患者70例,包括稳定型心绞痛（SAP）组11例、不稳定型心绞痛（UAP）组44例、急性心肌梗死（AMI）组15例。按Gensini评分法评定其冠状动脉狭窄程度。另13例冠状动脉造影正常者列为对照组。用酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）法测定各病例血清MMP-12浓度。结果UAP组和AMI组的血清MMP-12水平,分别为（2．96±1．46）ug／h、（3．43±0.88）ug／L,均明显高于SAP组（1．95±0．41）ug／L和对照组（1．63±0．60）ug／L（P〈0．01）,SAP组与对照组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,AMI组较UAP组轻度增高,但增高差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。各组血清MMP-12水平与冠状动脉狭窄程度（Gensini评分）、冠状动脉病变支数、肌钙蛋白I、肌酸激酶同工酶、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血小板间无明显相关性。结论ACS患者血清MMP-12浓度明显升高,其水平与冠状动脉内粥样硬化斑块的稳定性密切相关,提示其有助于冠心病的危险分层,对评价冠状动脉病变严重程度及预后可能具有重要意义。     

急性冠脉综合征患者血清炎性指标及肌钙蛋白I的临床研究

目的 研究急性冠脉综合征患者(ACS)血清炎性指标的水平与肌钙蛋白I的关系及临床意义.方法 测定冠脉造影阳性的ACS患者74例、稳定型心绞痛(SAP)患者58例和造影阴性的冠心病患者46例(对照组)血清超敏C-反应蛋白,(hs-CRP)、白介素-6(IL-6)、可溶性P-选择素(sP-sel)和肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)的水平,并采集相应的各项临床资料.结果 ACS组患者血清各项炎性指标分别为hs-CRP(7.40±2.90)mg/L、IL-6(235.62±87.03)ng/L、sP-sel(87.82±36.02)mg/L、cTnl(4.38±3.85)mg/L,高于SAP组患者和对照组,差异均有统计学意义(t分别=6.52、4.94、2.97、7.23、8.96、5.63、3.32、8.67,P均＜0.05);cTnI增高患者各血清炎性指标分别为hs-CRP(8.74±1.61)mg/L、IL-6(265.33±66.62)ng/L、sP-sel(99.43±25.42)m/L,明显高于cTnI正常者,差异均有统计学意义(f分别:4.59、3.92、3.65,P均＜0.05).结论 血清炎性指标在ACS患者中均表现为增高.cTnI与血清各项炎性指标具有相关性.cTnI及血清各项炎性指标与冠脉内斑块的不稳定状态具有相关性.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.