2型糖尿病病人服药治疗依从性研究

[目的]了解2型糖尿病病人服药治疗依从性以及影响因素,为有效开展糖尿病教育提供依据。[方法]选择在广州市5家医院就诊的335例2型糖尿病病人,对服药治疗依从性、糖尿病知识、健康信念、自我效能以及服药一般情况等进行问卷调查,用线性逐步回归分析法分析各种因素对服药依从性的影响。[结果]病人服药依从性均分与总分比为0.83;能完全按医嘱长期坚持服药者仅占67.0%。病人服药依从性与糖尿病知识掌握程度、健康信念、自我效能、购药方式、有无药物副反应、是否工作忙或事情多和就医的便利性相关(P<0.01或P<0.05)。[结论]医院应强化糖尿病健康教育,确保病人长期坚持服药;重点关注工作忙、记忆力减退、经济困难等因素产生的影响;调动家庭支持力量;政府部门应制定相应治疗优惠政策,合理配置医疗资源。     

2型糖尿病病人足部护理及其影响因素调查

[目的]了解2型糖尿病病人足部护理情况及其影响因素，为针对性开展足部护理教育提供依据。[方法]选择广州市5家医院就诊的349例2型糖尿病病人，对足部护理依从性及有关糖尿病知识、健康信念和自我效能等进行问卷调查，采用线性逐步回归分析法筛选病人足部护理依从性的影响因素：[结果]病人足部护理各项措施执行情况不理想；病人足部护理依从性与其年龄、经济条件、糖尿病知识、健康信念均呈正相关（P〈0．01、P〈0．05）；生活方式呈负相关（P〈0．05）．与家人同住的病人容易忽视足部护理：[结论]应强化病人对糖尿病足危害的认识，提高足部护理技能；注意对非老年病人、经济条件差的病人进行教育引导；重视对病人家庭成员教育，争取获得家庭支持，以确保病人有效执行足部护理。     

自我效能感对住院精神分裂症病人自我管理的影响

[目的]探讨健康教育路径对住院精神分裂症病人自我效能感的影响。[方法]将60例入组的住院精神分裂症病人分为高自我效能组和低自我效能组。在实施健康教育路径后采用一般自我效能感量表（GSES）、自知力与治疗态度问卷（TIAQ）、自行设计的服药依从性调查表进行评定。[结果]实施健康教育路径后两组病人服药依从性有统计学意义（P〈0．05），TIAQ有统计学意义（P〈0．05），精神分裂症病人的一般自我效能感（GSES）与国内常模比较有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。[结论]健康教育路径是提高精神分裂症病人自我效能感、实行目我管理的有效方法。     

健康信念模式教育对高血压脑出血病人的影响

[目的]探讨健康信念模式教育对高血压脑出血病人服药依从性及相关知识认知程度的影响。[方法]将120例高血压脑出血病人随机分为实验组和对照组各60例,实验组在药物治疗的同时根据健康信念模式对病人进行有针对性的健康教育,对照组行常规健康教育。比较健康教育前后两组病人疾病相关知识的认知程度及服药依从性。[结果]健康教育前两组病人疾病相关知识的认知程度及服药依从性比较差异无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）,健康教育后3个月随访观察,两组病人疾病相关知识的认知程度及服药依从性比较差异有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。[结论]健康信念模式教育能提高高血压脑出血病人对疾病相关知识的认知程度及对药物治疗的依从性,提高病人生活质量。     

健康信念模式教育对慢性前列腺炎病人服药依从性的影响

[目的]探讨运用健康信念模式教育对慢性前列腺炎病人服药依从性的影响。[方法]将280例慢性前列腺炎病人随机分成两组，实验组在药物治疗的同时根据健康信念模式对病人进行有针对在的健康教育，对照组行常规健康教育。比较健康教育前后两组病人服药依从性。[结果]健康教育后3个月随访观察，两组病人服药依从性比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。[结论]运用健康信念模式进行健康教育能提高慢性前列腺炎病人药物治疗的依从性。     

健康信念模式对耐多药肺结核病人服药依从性的影响

[目的]观察健康信念模式对耐多药肺结核病人服药依从性的影响。[方法]将80例耐多药肺结核病人随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组采用健康信念模式进行健康教育,对照组采用一般性健康教育,比较两组健康教育效果及服药依从性情况。[结果]观察组健康教育知识掌握率及服药依从性明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）。[结论]运用健康信念模式能影响病人的主观心理过程,改变病人不利于健康的观念,提高病人的服药依从性。     

２型糖尿病患者饮食治疗依从性研究

摘要：目的 了解２型糖尿病患者饮食治疗依从性及其影响因素，为进一步有效开展糖尿病患者饮食教育提供依据。方法 对３４９例２型糖尿病患者进行饮食治疗依从性及有关疾病知识、健康信念和自我效能等问卷调查，分析患者饮食治疗依从性的影响因素。结果 患者饮食依从性总分８.５８±２.４４；患者饮食治疗依从性与其年龄、应用技能、健康信念、自我效能呈显著正相关（Ｐ＜０.０５，Ｐ＜０.０１）。结论 提高患者饮食治疗依从性需重视其实际操作技能训练及健康信念、自我效能的影响作用，同时应特别关注非老年患者的饮食治疗依从性。关键词：糖尿病，非胰岛素依赖型；　饮食治疗；　健康信念；　自我效能中图分类号：Ｒ４７３．５　　文献标识码：Ａ　　文章编号：１００１-４１５２（２００７）０５-０００１-０３     

2型糖尿病病人足部护理及其影响因素调查

[目的]了解2型糖尿病病人足部护理情况及其影响因素,为针对性开展足部护理教育提供依据。[方法]选择广州市5家医院就诊的349例2型糖尿病病人,对足部护理依从性及有关糖尿病知识、健康信念和自我效能等进行问卷调查,采用线性逐步回归分析法筛选病人足部护理依从性的影响因素。[结果]病人足部护理各项措施执行情况不理想;病人足部护理依从性与其年龄、经济条件、糖尿病知识、健康信念均呈正相关(P<0.01、P<0.05);生活方式呈负相关(P<0.05),与家人同住的病人容易忽视足部护理。[结论]应强化病人对糖尿病足危害的认识,提高足部护理技能;注意对非老年病人、经济条件差的病人进行教育引导;重视对病人家庭成员教育,争取获得家庭支持,以确保病人有效执行足部护理。     

健康信念模式对耐多药肺结核病人服药依从性的影响

[目的]观察健康信念模式对耐多药肺结核病人服药依从性的影响。[方法]将80例耐多药肺结核病人随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组采用健康信念模式进行健康教育,对照组采用一般性健康教育,比较两组健康教育效果及服药依从性情况。[结果]观察组健康教育知识掌握率及服药依从性明显高于对照组(P0.05)。[结论]运用健康信念模式能影响病人的主观心理过程,改变病人不利于健康的观念,提高病人的服药依从性。     

自我效能理论在糖尿病病人健康教育中的成效

[目的]探讨自我效能理论在糖尿病病人健康教育中的应用效果。[方法]将我院2013年1月—2013年12月收治的220例糖尿病病人随机分为观察组（110例）和对照组（110例）。观察组采用自我效能理论进行健康教育,对照组进行常规健康指导。分别在干预前、干预后评价两组病人自我效能、用药依从性和负性情绪改善状况。[结果]观察组采用自我效能理论进行健康教育干预后病人自我效能、用药依从性和负性情绪改善状况得分高于干预前水平,并且高于对照组（P〈0.05）。[结论]自我效能理论在糖尿病病人健康教育中的应用效果显著,能有效提高糖尿病病人的自我效能水平,加强病人的用药依从性和改善病人的负性情绪。     

Antiprotozoan and Antiviral Activities of Non-cytotoxic Truncated and Variant Analogues of Mussel Defensin

We previously reported the crucial role displayed by loop 3of defensin isolated from the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilusgalloprovincialis, in antibacterial and antifungal activities.We now investigated antiprotozoan and antiviral activities ofsome previously reported fragments B, D, E, P and Q. Two fragments(D and P) efficiently killed Trypanosoma brucei (ID₅₀ 4–12µM) and Leishmania major (ID₅₀ 12–45 µM) ina time/dose-dependent manner. Killing of T. brucei started asearly as 1 h after initiation of contact with fragment D andreached 55% mortality after 6 h. Killing was temperature dependentand a temperature of 4°C efficiently impaired the abilityto kill T. brucei. Fragments bound to the entire external epitheliumof T. brucei. Prevention of HIV-1 infestation was obtained onlywith fragments P and Q at 20 µM. Even if fragment P wasactive on both targets, the specificity of fragments D and Qsuggest that antiprotozoan and antiviral activities are mediatedby different mechanisms. Truncated sequences of mussel defensin,including amino acid replacement to maintain 3D structure andincreased positive net charge, also possess antiprotozoan andantiviral capabilities. New alternative and/or complementaryantibiotics can be derived from the vast reservoir of naturalantimicrobial peptides (AMPs) contained in marine invertebrates.     

Complementary and alternative approaches to pain relief during labor

This review evaluated the effect of complementary and alternative medicine on pain during labor with conventional scientific methods using electronic data bases through 2006 were used. Only randomized controlled trials with outcome measures for labor pain were kept for the conclusions. Many studies did not meet the scientific inclusion criteria. According to the randomized control trials, we conclude that for the decrease of labor pain and/or reduction of the need for conventional analgesic methods: (i) There is an efficacy found for acupressure and sterile water blocks. (ii) Most results favored some efficacy for acupuncture and hydrotherapy. (iii) Studies for other complementary or alternative therapies for labor pain control have not shown their effectiveness.     

Essential Oil of Betula pendula Roth. Buds

The essential oil of Betula pendula Roth. buds was obtainedusing both hydrodistillation and microdistillation techniquesand their chemical compositions were analyzed using both gaschromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC-MS). Overall, more than 50 compounds were identified representing80% and 92% for hydrodistillation and microdistillation, respectively.The main components (by hydrodistillation and microdistillation,respectively) found were -copaene (12% and 10%), germacreneD (11% and 18%) and -cadinene (11% and 15%) in the analyzedessential oils. The microdistillation technique proved to bea useful tool and compliant alternative when compared to hydrodistillation.     

Immunology and homeopathy. 1. Historical background

Homeopathy was born as an experimental discipline, as can be seen from the enormous amount of homeopathic data collected over more than two centuries. However, the medical tradition of homeopathy has been separated from that of conventional science for a long time. Conventional scientific wisdom dictates that homeopathy should have no effect above placebo but experiments on ultra-high dilutions of solutes together with some clinical data suggest the intriguing possibility that it might do in some circumstances. Today, an osmotic process between disciplines, previously seen as in conflict, is facilitated because over the last few decades homeopathy has initiated the methods of current medical science and a substantial number of experimental studies-at molecular, cellular and clinical levels-are available. One area of dialogue and of common progress is that of inflammation and immunity, probably because these are closely related to the traditional 'vital force' of the body's self-healing power. In a series of papers we review the historical origins of homeopathy, the laboratory and animal models related to the field of immunopharmacology, the clinical evidence in favor and against the use of homeopathy in the inflammatory diseases and the hypotheses regarding its action mechanism(s). Finally, we will enlighten the specific characteristics of the homeopathic approach, which places great emphasis on identifying a cure for the whole organism.     

Developing CAM Research Capacity for Complementary Medicine

This article describes initiatives that have been central to the development of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) research capacity in the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States over the last decade. While education and service delivery are essential parts of the development of CAM, this article will focus solely on the development of research strategy. The development of CAM research has been championed by both patients and politicians, primarily so that we may better understand the popularity and apparent effectiveness of these therapies and support integration of safe and effective CAM in health care. We hope that the perspective provided by this article will inform future research policy.     

Natural health products, modulation of immune function and prevention of chronic diseases

The immune system is increasingly found to be involved in the development of several chronic illnesses, for which allopathic medicine has provided limited tools for treatment and especially prevention. In that context, it appears worthwhile to target the immune system in order to modulate the risk of certain chronic illnesses. Meanwhile, natural health products (NHPs) are generating renewed interest, particularly in the prevention and treatment of several chronic diseases. Over 20 scientists from fields related to immune function and NHPs were thus convened to establish the state of knowledge on these subjects and to explore future research directions. This review summarizes the result of discussions held during the symposium. It thus seeks to be thought provoking rather than to comprehensively cover such broad areas of research. Notably, a brief overview of the immune system is presented, including potentially useful targets and strategies to keep it in an equilibrated state, in order to prevent certain disorders. The pertinence and limitations of targeting the immune system to prevent chronic diseases is also discussed. The paper then discusses the usefulness and limitations of current experimental tools available to study the immune modulating effects of NHPs. Finally, a concise review of some of the most studied NHPs showing promising immunomodulatory activity is given, and avenues for future research are described.     

Hibiscus sabdariffa affects ammonium chloride-induced hyperammonemic rats

Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) is an edible medicinal plant, indigenous to India, China and Thailand and is used in Ayurveda and traditional medicine. Alcoholic extract of HS leaves (HSEt) was studied for its anti-hyperammonemic and antioxidant effects in brain tissues of ammonium chloride-induced hyperammonemic rats. Oral administration of HSEt (250 mg kg(-1) body weight) significantly normalizes the levels of ammonia, urea, uric acid, creatinine and non-protein nitrogen in the blood. HSEt significantly reduced brain levels of lipid peroxidation products such as thiobarbituric acid and reactive substances (TBARS) and hydroperoxides (HP). However, the administered extract significantly increased the levels of antioxidants such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in brain tissues of hyperammonemic rats. This investigation demonstrates significant anti-hyperammonemic and antioxidant activity of HS.     

Complementary and alternative medicine for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome

To discuss challenges concerning treatment for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) and review complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies being evaluated for this condition, we performed a comprehensive search of articles published from 1990-2005 using the PubMed, Medline databases. Data from the articles were abstracted and pooled by subject. Keywords cross-searched with CP/CPPS included: complementary, alternative, integrative, therapies, interventions, nutrition, antioxidants, herbs, supplements, biofeedback and acupuncture. Listed articles with no abstracts were not included. Various CAM therapies for CP/CPPS exist including biofeedback, acupuncture, hyperthermia and electrostimulation. Additionally, a variety of in vitro and in vivo studies testing herbal and nutritional supplements were found. Saw palmetto, cernilton and quercetin were the most frequently tested supplements for CP/CPPS. Although many CAM therapies demonstrate positive preliminary observations as prospective treatments for CP/CPPS, further exploratory studies including more randomized, controlled trials are necessary for significant validation as treatment options for this complex disorder.     

A review of yoga programs for four leading risk factors of chronic diseases

Yoga, a form of physical activity, is rapidly gaining in popularityand has many health benefits. Yet healthcare providers havebeen slow to recognize yoga for its ability to improve healthconditions, and few interventions have been developed that takefull advantage of its benefits. The purpose of this articleis to review published studies using yoga programs and to determinethe effect of yoga interventions on common risk factors of chronicdiseases (overweight, hypertension, high glucose level and highcholesterol). A systematic search yielded 32 articles publishedbetween 1980 and April 2007. The studies found that yoga interventionsare generally effective in reducing body weight, blood pressure,glucose level and high cholesterol, but only a few studies examinedlong-term adherence. Additionally, not enough studies includeddiverse populations at high risk for diabetes and its relatedcommon health problems.