早期系统肠道刺激对机械通气患者的影响

目的：观察对机械通气患者实施早期系统肠道刺激对患者病情的影响。方法将94例有创机械通气患者按随机数字表法随机分为干预组及对照组各47例。干预组实施早期系统肠道刺激,对照组按护理常规。比较两组患者观察期结束时的APACHEⅡ评分,机械通气天数、多器官功能障碍综合征（ MODS）发病率、ICU住院天数、病死率。结果两组患者干预前APACHEⅡ评分比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）;观察期结束时的干预组患者APACHEⅡ评分为（14．60±7．95）分,低于对照组和干预前评分（18．38±8．24）,（19．57±2．64）分,差异有统计学意义（t值分别为-2．268,-4．841;P＜0．05）;剔除死亡患者后对照组干预前后的APACHEⅡ评分分别为（19．47±2．28）,（15．34±1．63）分,差异有统计学意义（t＝-13．077,P＜0．01）;干预组干预前后及两组干预后组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．01）;干预组患者机械通气时间为（7．66±6．89）d,低于对照组（11．96±8．19）d,差异有统计学意义（t＝-2．753,P＜0．01）,但ICU 住院时间、MODS 发病率、病死率比较差异均无统计学意义（ P ＞0．05）。结论对机械通气患者预防性的实施早期肠道刺激可改善患者病情,缩短机械通气时间。     

老年脓毒症患者凝血功能紊乱及与预后的关系

目的探讨老年脓毒症患者凝血功能变化及其与预后的关系。方法采用随机病例对照研究,回顾性分析2011-05～2013-06本院重症监护病房（ ICU）收治的62例老年脓毒症患者,根据28 d转归将病例组分为生存组（ n＝39）和死亡组（ n＝23）。入院24 h内检测蛋白C （ PC）活性、血小板计数（ PLT）、D-二聚体（ DD）、凝血酶原时间（ PT）、凝血酶时间（ TT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（ APTT）和纤维蛋白原（ FBG）,计算急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ（ APACHEⅡ）。比较两组患者凝血指标及与病情严重程度（ APACHEⅡ评分）的关系。以同期30例老年健康体检者作为对照组。结果与生存组比较,死亡组PC活性、PLT水平降低（ P＜0．05或P＜0.01）,DD水平升高（ P＜0．01）,PT、APTT、TT及FBG差异无统计学意义（均P＞0．05）。死亡组APACHEⅡ评分显著高于生存组（ P＜0.01）, APACHEⅡ评分与 PC、PLT 呈显著负相关性（r＝-0.690,r＝-0．461,均P＜0．01或0.05）,与DD呈显著正相关性（r＝0．477,P＜0．01）。经Logistic回归分析,PC活性（OR＝1．104,P＝0.006）、APACHEⅡ评分≥20分（OR＝15．556,P＝0.003）为老年脓毒症死亡危险因素。结论老年脓毒症患者存在凝血功能异常,PC活性降低与病情严重程度相关,是老年脓毒症患者死亡危险因素之一,对判断患者预后有重要意义。     

术前护理干预对 ICU 术后患者突发谵妄的影响

目的：探讨术前护理对ICU患者突发谵妄的干预效果,为ICU临床护理工作提供依据。方法将122例ICU手术患者按照住院号尾数奇偶数分为干预组（ n＝59）和对照组（ n＝63）。对照组给予常规护理结合术前健康教育;干预组在术前常规护理及健康教育的基础上,采取带领患者提前熟悉ICU环境、强化患者及家属的社会支持、术前给予睡眠指导等干预措施。采用谵妄探测量表（ DDS）比较两组患者术后谵妄发生情况和谵妄程度。结果干预组患者在术后麻醉清醒后2,4,8,16,24 h的DDS评分分别为（2．92±1．88）,（2．71±1．84）,（1．54±2．35）,（0．93±1．97）,（0．65±1．88）分,均低于对照组的（5．62±4．12）,（4．93±4．53）,（4．29±4．69）,（4．08±4．19）,（4．17±4．96）分,两组比较差异有统计学意义（t分别为3．46,3．23,2．97,2．88,3．61;P＜0．01）;干预组患者术后麻醉清醒后2,4,8,16,24 h谵妄的发生例数分别为8,7,6,4,4例,均低于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（Z分别为3．59,3．78,3．97,3．61,3．13;P＜0．01）。结论合理的术前干预可有效降低ICU患者术后谵妄的发生率。     

血浆可溶性晚期糖基化终末产物受体和APACHEⅡ评分对脓毒症预后的评价北大核心CSCD

目的探讨血浆可溶性晚期糖基化终末产物受体（sRAGE）和急性生理与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ（APACHEⅡ）在预测脓毒症患者预后中的意义。方法选择2013－02-2014－08我院ICU收治的脓毒症患者79例。检测患者入院后第1、3天血浆sRAGE水平,同时记录当天APACHEⅡ评分,根据28d生存与否分为存活组和死亡组,分析两组血浆sRAGE水平、APACHEⅡ评分于第1、3天的变化及相关性,并分析两项指标对脓毒症患者预后的判断价值。结果第1、3天存活组血浆sRAGE水平及APACHEⅡ评分均显著低于死亡组（P＜0．05）;当日血浆sRAGE水平与APACHEⅡ评分之间均存在正相关（r＝0．74,P＜0．05;r＝0．61,P＜0．05）;第1天血浆sRAGE水平及APACHEⅡ评分对脓毒症预后判断的ROC曲线下面积分别为0．93、0．86（P＜0．05）,第3天两指标的曲线下面积分别为0．75、0．69（P＜0．05）。结论脓毒症患者血浆sRAGE水平与APACHEⅡ评分显著相关,血浆sRAGE水平可作为脓毒症患者转归的早期预测指标。     

抗抑郁护理在功能性便秘患者中的应用

目的：分析探讨抗抑郁护理在功能性便秘疾病患者中的临床价值和意义。方法选择海军总医院2010年12月-2012年12月90例功能性便秘患者按住院号随机均分为3组,A组患者采用常规护理,同时给予小剂量帕罗西汀;B组患者行抗抑郁护理;C组患者采用常规护理。分别于治疗前及干预后1,2周对各组患者抑郁自评量表（ SDS）、焦虑自评量表（ SAS）及药物不良反应进行统计学分析。结果3组间患者入院时平均SDS、SAS评分水平,差异均无统计学意义（ F分别为0．280,1．286;P＞0．05,LSD法两两比较分析均P＞0．05）。入院1周A、B组SDS、SAS评分略低于C组,差异均无统计学意义（F分别为1．927,1．286;P＞0．05,且LSD法两两比较分析均P＞0．05）;入院2周A、B组SDS、SAS评分明显低于C组,差异有统计学意义（F分别为16．337,17．733,P＜0．05,LSD法分析A、C组,B、C组间比较P＜0．05）。析因实验方差分析SDS、SAS改变与不同抗抑郁干预方式-时间因素均存在差异（ F分别为66．744,12．806;P＜0．01）,且存在交互作用。同时A组患者药物不良反应率明显高于B、C组患者,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝12．857,P＜0．01）。结论抗抑郁护理能明显缓解功能性便秘患者的焦虑、抑郁情绪及临床症状评分,并可有效避免抗抑郁药物引起的不良反应,具有重要的护理价值,值得临床推广。     

临床护理路径管理在焦虑症患者康复中的应用研究

目的：研究临床护理路径（CNP）管理在焦虑症患者康复中的应用。方法将100例患者随机分为观察组（50例）和对照组（50例）,观察组采用 CNP 标准化管理,对照组采用传统护理措施。患者出院前使用焦虑自评量表（SAS）和抑郁自主量表（SDS）评分,并比较患者满意度、住院天数、住院费用。结果出院时观察组 SAS、SDS 评分均低于对照组,观察组患者满意度优于对照组（P＜0．05）,住院天数和住院费用均少于对照组（P ＜0．05或0．01）,差异具有统计学意义（P ＜0．01）。结论CNP 标准化管理能促进焦虑症患者康复,提高临床护理质量。     

胃粘膜内pH与KAPACHE Ⅱ评分对危重患者评估的比较

目的：及时准确地评估患者的危重程度。方法：对23例患者（其中存活组13例，死亡组10例）在入科时和入科后24h的胃粘膜内pH(pHi)测定结果与APACHE Ⅱ评分结果以及pHa,PaO2/FiO2分别作一比较。结果：存活组与死亡组的pHi在入ICU时即有显著差异（P＜0．01），入科24h时差异更具显著性（P＜0．001）；而两组的APACHE Ⅱ评分在入ICU时差异无显著性（P＞0．05），入科24h时差异显著（P＜0．01）。结论：pHi检测比APACHE Ⅱ评分更早期、更灵敏、更准确地反映了患者的危重程度。     

ICU患者早期集束化气道干预对预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的作用

目的 探讨ICU患者早期集束化气道干预对预防呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的作用.方法 选取入住ICU行有创机械通气的患者128例,随机分为对照组64例和观察组64例.对照组采取常规气道干预,观察组在4h内采取集束化气道干预（及时倾倒呼吸机管路冷凝水、人工气囊的压力保持在20～30 cmH2O、胸部物理治疗每2小时1次、持续声门下吸引、呼吸机采用热湿交换器、每4小时洗必泰口腔冲洗）.观察并记录两组VAP发病率、平均机械通气时间、ICU平均住院时间及28 d的病死率.动态观察确诊VAP患者当天（0）、3、5、7、14 d时临床肺部感染评分（CPIS）、APACHEⅡ评分.结果 观察组与对照组比较,VAP发病率（18.75％与35.94％）、平均机械通气时间（6.26±2.89）d与（10.54±4.36）d、ICU平均住院时间（11.88±3.97）d与（16.55±5.22）d,观察组均较对照组低,且差异有统计学意义（x2=4.758、t=6.546、t=5.697,P＜0.05或P＜0.001）.两组中确诊VAP3、5、7、14 d,CPIS评分分别为（7.01±2.24）、（8.74±2.33）分,（5.67±2.14）、（7.51±2.27）分,（4.36±1.44）、（6.95±2.98）分,（2.75±1.37）、（6.53±2.88）分,观察组的CPIS评分均较对照组低,差异有统计学意义（F组间=27.22,P＜0.001;F组内=29.41,P＜0.001;F交互=4.35,P＜0.01）;APACHEⅡ评分分别为（17.02±7.06）、（22.48 ±7.31）分,（15.01±6.06）、（19.67±7.14）分,（12.40±4.17）、（16.13±5.33）分,（8.40±2.57）、（13.10±4.93）分,观察组的APACHEⅡ评分较对照组低,差异有统计学意义（F组间=47.43,P＜0.001;F组内=45.36,P＜0.001;F交互=4.25,P＜0.01）.结论 早期应用集束化气道干预可降低VAP的发生率,一定程度改善病情及预后.     

人性化护理干预对胆结石患者术前情绪的影响

目的：探讨人性化护理干预对胆结石患者术前情绪的影响。方法选择胆结石手术患者84例,根据随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组各42例。对照组给予常规护理,观察组给予人性化护理干预,采用焦虑自评量表（ SAS）和抑郁自评量表（ SDS）比较两组患者入院时和术前焦虑、抑郁状态,比较两组护理满意度。结果入院时,两组患者的SAS和SDS评分差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。观察组术前SAS和SDS评分分别为（33．7±10．0）,（42．0±13．0）分,明显低于对照组的（48．3±12．0）,（55．0±15．0）分,差异有统计学意义（t值分别为3．54,3．67;P＜0．05）。观察组护理满意度为95．2％,较对照组（81．0％）明显升高,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝4．09,P＜0．05）。结论对胆结石手术患者给予人性化护理干预,能够改善患者术前负性情绪,提高护理满意度,值得推广。     

认知行为干预对干眼症患者焦虑抑郁情绪的影响

【目的】探讨认知行为干预（Cognitive behavioral therapy ,CBT ）对干眼症患者焦虑抑郁情绪的影响。【方法】将90例干眼症患者按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组45例,对照组进行眼科常规护理,观察组在常规护理的基础上给予CBT ,采用zung氏焦虑自评量表（SAS ）与抑郁自评量表（SDS ）对两组患者出入院时的焦虑和抑郁情绪进行评价,对两组患者护理满意度、疗效进行比较。【结果】观察组患者出院时SAS评分为（40．25±8．14）分明显低于对照组（45．21±8．05）分;SDS评分为（39．95±8．07）分,也明显低于对照组SDS评分（44．68±8．28）分,两组评分比较差异均有统计学意义（ tsas＝3．17,P＜0．01,tsds ＝2．52,P＜0．05）;观察组患者对护理的总满意度高于对照组,差异有显著意义（100％ v s 73．33％,χ2＝13．85, P ＜0．01）;观察组有效率也高于对照组,差异有显著意义（93．33％ v s 77．78％,χ2＝4．41, P ＜0．05）。【结论】CBT能降低干眼症患者焦虑和抑郁情绪,规范健康认知和行为,改善患者预后,提高患者生活质量,方法简单,值得推广。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.