脓毒症急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织细胞凋亡的研究

目的观察脓毒症急性肺损伤（ALI）大鼠肺组织的细胞凋亡情况。方法24只SPF级SD大鼠采用盲肠结扎穿孔术（CLP）复制脓毒症模型，分别于CLP后0、12、36和72h颈椎脱臼法处死大鼠，取肺组织。行肺组织HE染色，观察病理变化，以透射电镜、TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡。结果HE染色可见，CLP后12、36、72h肺泡间隔增宽，间质充血水肿，肺泡腔变窄，炎症细胞渗出。TUNEL法检测发现，CLP后12、36、72h肺组织内细胞凋亡指数（Al）增加，其中36hAl值最高（P〈0．01）。透射电镜证实细胞凋亡的特征性改变。结论脓毒症大鼠肺组织的Al明显增加，细胞凋亡可能在脓毒症ALI发生、发展中起着重要作用。     

辛伐他汀纳米粒对脓毒症致急性肺损伤小鼠肺组织iNOS/eNOS平衡的调节及对预后的影响

目的分析辛伐他汀纳米粒对脓毒症致急性肺损伤(ALI)小鼠肺组织诱导型一氧化氮合酶(i NOS)/内皮型一氧化氮合酶(e NOS)平衡及预后的影响。方法取45只健康雄性C57/BL6小鼠,随机分为假手术组(开腹,但不结扎穿孔)、模型组(经盲肠结扎穿孔术制备脓毒症小鼠模型)和干预组(脓毒症小鼠模型+尾静脉注射辛伐他汀纳米粒制剂),每组各15只。造模后24 h,通过苏木精-伊红染色观察三组小鼠病理形态学改变,采用免疫组织化学法测定三组小鼠肺组织中i NOS和e NOS表达水平,记录小鼠造模1周时的生存状况。结果经苏木精-伊红染色结果发现,假手术组小鼠肺组织无明显病理改变;模型组小鼠肺组织细胞排卵紊乱、局部肺组织完整性受破坏、肺泡间中隔增厚、肺泡腔缩小、肺间质弥漫性水肿、弥漫性中性粒细胞浸润;相比模型组,干预组小鼠肺组织中性粒细胞渗出明显减少、肺组织损伤程度较轻、肺泡完整性较好。模型组肺组织中i NOS表达水平明显高于假手术组,干预组i NOS表达水平明显低于模型组(P<0.01);模型组肺组织中e NOS表达水平明显低于假手术组,干预组e NOS表达水平明显高于模型组(P<0.01)。模型组造模1周时的生存率(6.67%)低于假手术组(93.33%),干预组生存率(66.67%)高于模型组,差异均有显著性(P<0.05)。结论辛伐他汀纳米粒可保护脓毒症致ALI小鼠肺组织损伤,调节i NOS/e NOS平衡,可能是脓毒症致ALI具有保护效应的潜在处理位点。     

肺复张手法对急性肺损伤大鼠肺泡上皮细胞屏障功能的影响

目的 观察肺复张手法对急性肺损伤（ALI）大鼠肺泡上皮细胞屏障功能的影响。方法雄性清洁级SD大鼠48只，静脉注射脂多糖（LPS）复制ALI模型，随机分为对照组、ALI模型组（ALI组）、小潮气量（VT）通气组（LV组）和肺复张联合小VT通气组（SI组）。采用控制性肺膨胀（SI）实施肺复张手法。机械通气4h后，观察肺组织病理学改变；采用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记法（TUNEL）检测肺泡上皮细胞凋亡情况；用重力法测定血管外肺水（EVLW）含量；用单核素示踪技术测定肺泡上皮细胞通透性改变；用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）检测肺组织肺泡表面活性蛋白-C（SP—C）mRNA表达；用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中白细胞介素-6（IL-6）和IL-10浓度。结果 光镜下，SI组肺组织损伤程度轻于ALI组和LV组。LV组凋亡肺泡上皮细胞散在分布，SI组凋亡上皮细胞明显减少。与对照组相比，ALI组、LV组及SI组肺损伤评分和EVLW均显著升高；与ALI组比较，LV组和SI组肺损伤评分显著降低，SI组肺损伤评分及EVLW显著低于LV组（P均〈0．05）。与对照组相比，ALI组、LV组及SI组肺组织SP—C mRNA表达均显著降低，而SI组肺组织SP—C mRNA表达显著高于LV组（P〈0．05），但与ALI组比较差异无显著性。ALI组、LV组和SI组BALF中IL-6和IL-10浓度均显著高于对照组（P均〈0．05），SI组IL-6浓度显著低于LV组（P〈0．05）。各组肺泡上皮细胞通透性间比较差异均无显著性。结论 肺复张手法可以减轻ALI肺组织病理损伤，增加肺泡上皮细胞SP—C mRNA的合成，下调肺部炎症反应，改善肺泡上皮细胞屏障功能。     

IL-13在急性肺损伤小鼠肺内的表达及其意义研究

[目的]观察急性肺损伤(ALI)小鼠肺内白介素-13(IL-13)表达及其在肺损伤炎症反应中的作用.[方法]采用气管注射脂多糖(LPS)复制ALI小鼠ALI动物模型,采用real-time PCR和ELISA法分别检测小鼠肺内IL-13 mRNA和支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)以及血清中IL-13含量.采用IL-13中和抗体预处理小鼠后,观察其对LPS诱导的小鼠ALI的炎症反应的影响,运用ELISA法检测小鼠BALF和血清中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和IL-1β的含量,HE染色观察肺组织形态学改变.[结果]与对照组相比,气管注射LPS诱导的ALI小鼠肺组织中IL-13 mRNA以及BALF和血清IL-13蛋白含量显著增加.与ALI组相比,IL-13中和抗体预处理组小鼠肺内TNF-α和IL-1β含量进一步增高,肺组织形态学损伤加重.[结论]ALI时小鼠肺内IL-13含量应激性增加,抑制IL13的受体活性,加重LPS诱导的小鼠ALI,提示IL-13是ALI内源性保护因子.     

参附注射液对大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的:观察参附注射液(SF)对大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤(ALI)时肺组织湿/干重比(W/D)等的影响,探讨其对ALI是否具有保护作用.方法:采用大鼠气管内滴注内毒素诱导ALI模型,30只大鼠随机分为NS组、LPS组、SF组,每组10只.观察每组肺组织W/D、肺泡灌洗液中性粒细胞比、蛋白含量、血清NO、肺组织丙二醛(MDA)含量及比较动脉血气分析的结果.同时观察肺组织病理形态学改变.结果:与NS组比较,LPS组、SF组的肺组织W/D、肺泡灌洗液中性粒细胞比、蛋白含量、肺组织MDA和血清NO显著增加,而PaO2和HCO3-明显降低(P<0.01);与LPS组比较,SF组以上指标显著降低而PaO2和HCO3-明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01).病理学检查显示SF组肺组织损伤程度较LPS组明显减轻.结论:SF对内毒素性ALI具有防治作用.     

氯沙坦对急性肺损伤小鼠肺树突状细胞活化的影响及作用机制研究

目的探究氯沙坦对急性肺损伤(ALI)小鼠肺部组织的损害水平以及肺树突状细胞(DC)结构功能的影响以及作用机理。方法取72只C57BL/6小鼠,按随机原则分为正常对照组、ALI模型组、氯沙坦干预组各24只。ALI模型组:向气管中注射2mg/kg的LPS来构建ALI模型,行气管注射LPS的前30分钟,给予腹腔注射等量的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS),氯沙坦干预组:在向气管中注射2mg/kg LPS之前的30分钟,对其进行腹腔中注射15mg/kg的氯沙坦。正常对照组:气管中注射PBS,量与LPS是相等的,在行气管中注射PBS的前30分钟对其进行腹腔PBS的注射,注射的量与之前相等。在PBS或LPS注射之后的6、12、24小时使小鼠死亡,收集其肺部组织。肺部结构切片用苏木素-伊红(HE)进行染色,光学显微镜下观测肺部结构病理学变化,评估肺部炎症损伤程度,同时检测肺部湿重和体重的比例(LW/BW)。用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测肺部结构匀浆中的白细胞介素(IL)-6水平,用流式细胞术检测肺部单个细胞悬浮液中DC的比重和CD80、MHCⅡ的表达。结果ALI模型组小鼠的肺部结构中,肺泡间隙加宽,间质内的血管有明显的充血,出血以及炎性细胞的弥漫性浸润现象。经氯沙坦干预的小组小鼠肺部结构受损程度较轻,肺部损伤评分明显减低(P0.05)。ALI模型组小鼠肺部LW/BW明显大于正常对照组同一时间点的肺部组织LW/BW(P0.05)。经氯沙坦干预的小组中LW/BW与ALI模型组相比较显著减低(P0.05),但是仍旧明显大于正常对照组(P0.05)。ALI模型组的肺部结构中IL-6水平显著大于正常对照组(P0.05),氯沙坦干预组能够明显降低ALI小鼠的肺部结构中IL-6水平,但是其仍旧显著大于正常对照组(P0.05)。ALI模型组肺DC比例显著升高,能够表达CD80分子的肺DC显著升高(P0.05),经氯沙坦干预过的小鼠表达CD80分子的肺部DC与ALI模型组相比较显著降低(P0.05),但其仍旧明显大于正常对照组(P0.05),经氯沙坦干预以及ALI模型组两部分表达的MHCIIDC中差异不具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论氯沙坦能够对ALI产生局部的保护效果,提示其对ALI发挥抗炎和免疫调控作用可能是通过对肺DC的成熟抑制来实现的。     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸对急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织转化生长因子-β1表达影响的研究

目的 观察N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)对急性肺损伤(ALI)肺组织转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)表达的影响.方法 将24只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、ALI模型组、地塞米松干预组和NAC干预组4组,每组6只.经尾静脉注射内毒素脂多糖(LPS,5 mg/kg)制备大鼠ALI模型,在肺损伤模型成功后24 h处死大鼠,取左叶肺组织,观察各组大鼠肺组织病理和TGF-β1免疫组化染色结果.结果 NAC干预组肺部炎性细胞浸润、渗出、出血较ALI模型组明显减轻;ALI模型组肺组织TGF-β1免疫组化染色灰度值较正常对照组明显减少(155.42±3.58比190.81±6.28,P＜0.01),表示其表达明显增加;NAC干预组及地塞米松干预组肺组织TGF-β1免疫组化染色的灰度值明显高于ALI模型组(187.30±20.92和193.99±17.80比155.42±3.58,P均＜0.01),表示其表达明显降低;且NAC干预组、地塞米松干预组与正常对照组间表达水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).结论 NAC在ALI的早期可抑制肺组织TGF-β1的表达,肺组织病理亦显示肺部病变明显改善,从而达到对ALI的保护作用.     

血必净对油酸诱导大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的探讨血必净对油酸诱导急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)的可能作用机制。方法健康SPF级雄性Wistar大鼠45只,随机分为三组(n=15):A组注射生理盐水作为正常对照;B、C两组所有大鼠均用油酸复制ALI模型,B组为模型对照组,C组在模型基础上加用血必净为治疗组。三组均于注射后12h抽动脉血作血气分析测定血氧分压,确定模型成功后,A、B两组经尾静脉注射生理盐水,C组经尾静脉给予血必净,给药7d,各组于给药后第1天、7天、14天分别处死5只大鼠,取肺组织、心脏血及左肺行支气管肺泡灌洗,肺组织病理学检查并检测灌洗液及血清Ⅲ前胶原(PCⅢ)含量。结果与A组相比,B、C两组动脉血氧分压(PaO2)明显下降(P<0.05),但A、B两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),与A组相比B、C组各时点血清和灌洗液PCⅢ明显增高(P<0.05),肺组织病理学改变均明显,C组与B组相比各时点血清和灌洗液中PCⅢ浓度降低(P<0.05),组织病理学改变明显减轻。结论血必净可能通过抑制ALI炎症反应和肺纤维化对肺损伤起保护作用。     

光甘草定调控NETs抑制细胞焦亡缓解脓毒症肺损伤机制

目的探讨传统中药光甘草定对脓毒症肺损伤中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网(neutrophil extracellular traps, NETs)形成及细胞焦亡影响。方法将24只雄性Wistar大鼠, 按照随机数字表法分为3组:脓毒症组采用盲肠结扎穿孔术(cecalligation and puncture, CLP)建立脓毒症大鼠模型;光甘草定组(CLP+GLA)行CLP及光甘草定灌胃(30 mg/kg);假手术组(Sham)行盲肠探查术, 仅进行盲肠翻动后关腹。12 h后留取血浆、肺泡灌洗液及肺组织标本检测。测定肺泡灌洗液蛋白含量;测定肺组织湿重/干重(W/D)比值;用苏木精-伊红(HE)染色后观察肺组织病理学改变;用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测血浆中NETs标志物MPO-DNA复合物水平、焦亡相关炎症因子IL-18、IL-1β的表达水平;Western blot技术检测大鼠肺组织Caspase-1及Cleaved-caspase-1焦亡蛋白的变化。结果脓毒症组肺泡灌洗液总蛋白浓度较假手术组明显升高(P<0. 01), 光甘草定组肺泡灌洗液总蛋白浓度较脓毒症组下降(P<0. ...     

中性粒细胞凋亡在大鼠急性肺损伤发病机制中的意义

目的从细胞凋亡的角度探讨急性肺损伤(ALI)的发病机制。方法雄性SD大鼠36只,随机分为模型组(ALI组)30只和正常对照组6只,观察肺组织病理切片,进行肺损伤评分(LIS)、肺水含量测定、肺通透性测定(LPI)、肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)测定、BALF中性粒细胞(PMN)凋亡测定。结果模型组可见肺泡腔狭窄、炎性细胞渗出等ALI表现,且随时程延长病变加重。模型组各时相肺损伤评分较对照组有显著性差异(P均<0·05),随时程延长肺损伤评分逐渐增加。模型组各时相点肺湿干重比较对照组明显升高(P均<0·05),但各时相点之间无差异。模型组LPI2、4h与对照组无差异,6、8、16h显著升高(P均<0·01)。模型组2hBALF中TNF-α达高峰(P<0·01),4、6h与对照组有显著差异(P均<0·05),8、16h与对照组组无差异。BALF中PMN凋亡结果,模型组各时相点均低于对照组(P均<0·01)。结论PMN在肺泡内的凋亡在ALI的发生发展中起重要作用。ALI时BALF中PMN凋亡率呈下降的趋势,总体低于正常值。     

Update on Clinical Features and Brain Abnormalities in Neurogenetics Syndromes

Neuroimaging methods represent a critical tool in efforts to join the study of the neurobiology of genes with the neurobiology of behaviour, and to understand the neurodevelopmental pathways that give rise to cognitive and behavioural impairments. This article reviews the clinical features and highlights studies with a focus on the relevant gene–brain–behaviour connections observed in neurogenetic syndromes, such as Williams, Rett, Fragile X, Prader‐Willi, Angelman, Down and velocardiofacial (22q11.2 deletion) syndromes. The relationship of altered brain regions and activation patterns are discussed for each syndrome, as well as the clinical, cognitive and behavioural correlates of these neuroimaging findings.     

Shear Syndrome: The Worst Case Scenario of Crush Syndrome

Shear syndrome is described as a complication of crush syndrome. In addition to compression of and injury to the electrode, complete transection occurs. In this case, the free end migrated to the pulmonary artery with the potential for further complications.     

Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: Diagnosis and management

Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome (also known as Wilkie's syndrome, cast syndrome, or aorto-mesenteric compass syndrome) is an obstruction of the duodenum caused by extrinsic compression between the SMA and the aorta. The median age of patients is 23 years old (range 0-91 years old) and predominant in females over males with a ratio of 3:2. The symptoms are variable, consisting of postprandial abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, early satiety, anorexia, and weight loss and can mimic anorexia nervosa or functional dyspepsia. Because recurrent vomiting leads to aspiration pneumonia or respiratory depression via metabolic alkalosis, early diagnosis is required. The useful diagnostic modalities are computed tomography as a standard tool and ultrasonography, which has advantages in safety and capability of real-time assessments of SMA mobility and duodenum passage. The initial treatment is usually conservative, including postural change, gastroduodenal decompression, and nutrient management (success rates: 70%-80%). If conservative therapy fails, surgical treatment (i.e., laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy) is recommended (success rates: 80%-100%).     

原发性肾病综合征合并布加综合征16例

目的：探讨原发性肾病综合征合并布加综合征的病因、发病情况、临床特点及治疗方案。方法：对2001—2004年16例原发性肾病综合征合并布加综合征的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：原发性肾病综合征合并布加综合征为血栓形成所致，起病急，表现为肝脾肿大、进行性顽固性腹水、上腹痛、消化道出血、水肿等。积极治疗原发病，溶栓抗凝治疗能促进腹水消退，防治肝肾功能衰竭，防治血管狭窄，缩短病程。介入治疗尤其局部溶栓术在短期内更能明显改善患者临床症状和实验室指标。结论：临床上应提高对本综合征的认识，对疑似病例应尽早做相关影像学检查以明确诊断，并根据病情制定恰当的治疗方案。     

Intermittent Preexcitation: Marked Enhancement of Anterograde Conduction in the Atrioventricular Accessory Pathway with Isoproterenol

A 29-year-old man presented with intermittent preexcitation and exertional syncope. Electrophysiological evaluation in the control state demonstrated a single, left posterior free-wall atrioventricular accessory pathway. The anterograde and retrograde effective refractory periods and block cycle lengths were long in the control state. No tachycardias were induced during programmed electrical stimulation. After intravenous administration of isoproterenol, anterograde conduction of the accessory pathway was markedly enhanced (block cycle length shortened 45% to less than 240 ms) and rapid antidromic reciprocating tachycardia (CL = 250 ms) associated with syncope was observed. Following successful surgical dissection of the accessory pathway the patient has been without tachycardia or exertional symptoms. We conclude that, under the influence of exercise or emotion, patients with intermittent preexcitation may be at risk for serious arrhythmias.     

高嗜酸性粒细胞综合征的临床及实验室特征研究

目的 探讨高嗜酸性粒细胞综合征(HES)各亚型的临床及实验室特点,尤其是骨髓及外周血涂片中嗜酸性粒细胞的形态学特征.方法 回顾性分析该院2017-2020年63例HES患者的临床和实验室资料,复检外周血和骨髓涂片中嗜酸性粒细胞的形态学特征.结果 63例H ES患者中有反应性HES患者54例,特发性HES患者9例.反应性...     

A Case of Delayed Presentation of Thigh Compartment Syndrome

Background

Thigh compartment syndrome is a rare and devastating process. It generally occurs within hours to days of a traumatic event, although cases have been reported nearly 2 weeks after the initial event.

Objectives

To evaluate the literature describing the timing between inciting event and presentation of thigh compartment syndromes, with a focus on delayed presentations of this rare condition. To describe the unique properties of thigh compartments, and finally, to review the anatomy and techniques needed to measure the compartment pressures of the thigh.

Case Report

A case of a 54-year-old man is presented. He sustained trauma to his thigh 17 days prior to presenting to our ED with severe, sudden-onset pain in his right thigh. Compartment pressures were measured and confirmed the diagnosis of compartment syndrome caused by two large intramuscular hematomas. No other contributing events were identified.

Conclusions

Compartment syndrome in the thigh should be considered in patients with a concerning examination and a history of recent trauma. This particular case represents the longest reported time between injury and development of a thigh compartment syndrome.     

单纯阻断肾静脉左肾静脉下移治疗胡桃夹综合征的临床护理

目的探讨单纯阻断肾静脉左肾静脉下移治疗胡桃夹综合征围手术期的护理。方法回顾性分析总结6例单纯阻断肾静脉左肾静脉下移术后患者围手术期护理过程及经验。结果对6例单纯阻断肾静脉左肾静脉下移术的护理要点包括心理护理、尿道准备、术后特殊体位的护理;血尿的观察及腹膜后出血、血肿等并发症的严密观察。结论良好的具有针对性的全程性护理对单纯阻断肾静脉左肾静脉下移术治疗胡桃夹综合征的成功至关重要。