超声诊断儿童膀胱颈损伤1例

患儿男,4岁.于2h前车撞及小腹部,其后未排尿,来诊.X片提示:骨盆骨折.超声检查;两肾未见异常.膀胱充盈欠佳,腔内可见絮状低回声飘动,膀胱下方(相当于前列腺区)可见3.5 cm×3.1cm×2.7cm大小的低回声,边界较清,其内未见血流信号(图1).膀胱上方可见2.1 cm×1.2 cm大小的不规则无回声区,两侧髂窝均可见少量不规则液性无回声区.提示:(1)膀胱内絮状低回声(积血可能性大);(2)膀胱下方低回声(血肿?),考虑膀胱颈损伤可能性大;(3)腹盆腔少量积液.入院后留置尿管,引流出血性尿液,2h后经导尿管灌注生理盐水后再行超声检查见膀胱充盈良好,形态正常,腔内可见一导尿管回声,导尿管水囊上方可见1.5 cm×0.7cm大小的低回声区,内未见血流信号.     

21-羟化酶缺乏症伴睾丸肾上腺残余肿瘤超声造影表现1例

患者男,27岁,发现睾丸肿块2年,促肾上腺皮质激素(adrenocorticotropic hormone,ACTH)、肾素、睾酮均较正常值明显增高,促卵泡生成素、促黄体生成素、皮质醇昼夜节律均明显低于正常值,ACTH兴奋试验中各时间点测定的皮质醇、17-羟孕酮、脱氢表雄酮值均明显高于正常值.彩超:右睾丸内见1.93 cm×0.76 cm异常等回声,边界清楚,形态不规则,未见血流信号;左睾丸内见2.94 cm×1.87 cm异常中强回声,边界清楚,形态不规则,其内见条状低速动脉频谱血流信号(图1);提示双侧睾丸实性占位性病变(血管瘤不能除外).SF6 CEUS:双侧睾丸异常回声,呈"慢进慢退"表现(图2),提示双侧睾丸实性占位性病变,考虑良性病变.CT:左肾上腺饱满;左侧阴囊呈囊状低密度影,其内见索条状影.增强MRI示增殖体肥大;左侧睾丸混杂信号,明显强化,考虑肿瘤性病变,血管瘤可能.     

头皮蔓状血管瘤超声诊断1例

患者女,25岁,因"发现枕部肿物并渐进性增大13年"人院.临床检查:左枕部可见10 cm×8 cm大小肿物.彩色多普勒超声:枕后部头皮明显增厚、隆起,范围11.2 cm×9.8 cm×3.1 cm(长×宽×厚),边界清晰,内可见粗细不等,纡曲扩张的管状结构互相交通,压缩肿物可变形.CDFI见管状结构内充满血流信号(图1).Doppler为动静脉血流信号,呈高速低阻型,峰值流速81 cm/s,RI 0.35.肿物周围可见沿枕动脉走行区域之粗大血管与肿物相通.诊断:枕部血管瘤(蔓状血管瘤可能性大).DSA:血管瘤由双侧枕动脉供血,栓塞双侧枕动脉(图2).手术后病理:头皮蔓状血管瘤.     

乳腺占位性病变一例

患者女,57岁,乳头溢液30余年.超声检查所见:左乳头内上方乳晕区腺体层可见囊实性肿物,囊腔大小约2.6 cm×1.3 cm,后壁可见乳头状实性回声突向囊腔内,范围约1.6 cm×1.6 cm×1.1 cm(图1),CDFI:可见血流信号自肿物后方腺体层,像"飘带"样伸入实性组织中,RI:0.53(图2,3).超声提示:左乳导管内乳头状瘤.病理诊断:导管内乳头状瘤.     

CDFI及CTA诊断肾动脉瘤合并狭窄1例

患者男,38岁,反复发作头晕、头疼20余天,疼痛呈间断性,并逐渐加重;否认高血压史.体检:收缩压最高达190 mmHg.超声:上腹部横切面扫查:右肾动脉起始段探及一瘤样结构与腹主动脉相通,约22 mm×18 mm,瘤内可见絮状低回声部分充填,瘤后肾动脉管腔纤细(图1);纵切面扫查:瘤体位于肠系膜上动脉后下方(图2);CDFI:瘤体内可见腹主动脉血流进入,部分充盈,瘤体后方血流显示不清(图1);右肾下极可见动脉信号自肾外进入实质内.     

副腮腺多形性腺瘤超声表现1例

患者男,87岁.发现左侧面颊部包块2周,无疼痛,咀嚼食物时略感不适.体格检查:肿块位于咀嚼肌前缘,质地软,境界欠清晰,按压无疼痛.超声检查:左侧面颊部可见一大小3.0cm×2.6 cm×1.8 cm的团块状低、弱回声,形态不规则,可见包膜,境界清晰,内部回声欠均匀,可见条状高回声分隔,肿块周边见少许中等回声,与同侧腮腺实质回声类似,且相连续(图1),彩色多普勒血流显像示其内少许点状及短棒状血流信号,测及高速高阻动脉频谱(图2);左侧腮腺未见明显异常;双侧颈部未见明显肿大淋巴结.超声提示:左侧面颊部团块,考虑左侧副腮腺占位(混合瘤?).在局麻下行口内切口,完整摘除肿瘤及副腮腺,肿瘤同周围组织轻度粘连.术后病理诊断:"副腮腺"多形性腺瘤(混合瘤),此瘤易复发、恶变,请注意随访.     

超声诊断多睾症1例

患儿男,5岁,因发现左侧阴囊内肿物2月入院.查体:在左侧睾丸的下方可以触及大小约1 cm×1 cm的肿物,质地韧,边界清,无明显的触痛,透光试验阴性.超声检查:左侧睾丸正常,其下方可见一0.8 cm×0.6 cm实性低回声团块,包膜清晰,与同侧睾丸分界尚清,回声强度及其内血流信号与正常睾丸相似(图1).     

颈部假性静脉瘤超声表现一例

患者男,56岁.2 d前发现右下颈部隆起,触诊皮下可扪及直径约2.0 cm的包块,质软、无触痛.超声显示:皮下0.7 cm处探及一2.5 cm×2.0 cm×0.9 cm的囊性包块,下壁可见宽约0.25 cm的中断,中断处下方可见一管道样无回声区(图1).彩色多普勒超声显示:管道内为静脉血流信号,并见血流信号通过断口处往返于静脉管腔与囊性包块之间(图2),多普勒频谱证实为静脉血流的往返信号(图3).超声诊断为假性静脉瘤.术后证实为颈外静脉的一个分支血管出现自发性破裂形成假性静脉瘤.     

颈动脉体瘤的超声表现

病例1 患者男,74岁,右颈部无痛性肿块10年,曾诊断为颈部淋巴结核.超声表现：右颈部可见一不均质等回声包块,大小约5.6 cm×4.3 cm×3.8 cm,边界尚清,包块包绕颈总动脉分叉处及颈内、外动脉起始段,其内可见丰富血流信号,并可见小动脉发自颈外动脉.超声提示：考虑颈动脉体瘤可能性大.经术后病理证实为颈动脉体瘤.     

眶内皮样囊肿超声误诊1例

患者男,41岁.发现左眶内肿物4年余.门诊查体:左眶内侧触及一大小1.0 cm×1.5 cm肿物,向眶深部延伸,无明显压痛.超声检查:左眼球壁规则,玻璃体及晶状体内未见明显异常回声,于左侧眶内侧可见一大小1.7 cm×1.8 cm×1.9 cm稍强回声团,包膜清晰,内回声不均匀,似呈"筛网状",内见多发小片状低回声,CDFI:瘤体周边可见点条状血流信号.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.