173例病理性乳头溢液临床病理特点及诊治分析

  目的  分析病理性乳头溢液患者的临床、病理特点及其随诊情况, 以期为临床诊治提供依据。  方法  回顾性收集北京协和医院2015年1月至12月间住院治疗的病理性乳头溢液患者的临床、病理及术后随访资料, 根据乳头溢液的性质将患者分为血性溢液组和非血性溢液组, 比较两组患者的临床、病理特点。  结果  173例符合纳入和排除标准的女性患者入选本研究, 平均年龄(45.65±13.48)岁, 中位病程3(1, 12)个月, 其中血性溢液119例(68.8%, 119/173), 非血性浆液性溢液54例(31.2%, 54/173);术前111例(64.2%, 111/173)经超声检查发现存在病变。血性溢液组和非血性溢液组在年龄、病程、术前体格和钼靶检查结果、术后病理分型等方面差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05);在术前超声检查(是否发现病变)及术后病理诊断(是否为乳腺癌)方面差异存在统计学意义(P=0.012和P=0.045)。血性溢液患者中恶性病变组的年龄更大(P=0.014)。术后中位随访17(14, 20)个月, 病理诊断为乳腺癌的患者均无复发、转移及死亡。  结论  血性溢液提示高乳腺恶性病变风险, 其中年龄较大者乳腺癌风险更高。大部分乳头溢液患者, 特别是血性溢液患者术前超声检查可发现病变。手术治疗是明确诊断并进行治疗的有效手段, 术后预后较好。     

乳头溢液的超声与纤维乳管镜对比研究

目的评价超声对乳头溢液相关病变的诊断价值。方法应用高频超声对乳头溢液患者进行观察,结合手术和病理结果与纤维乳管镜检查进行对比。分析乳头溢液患者的超声声像图特征,探讨超声诊断优势和不足。结果导管内乳头状瘤的超声诊断正确率为67.86%,纤维乳管镜的诊断正确率为89.29%,导管内癌的超声诊断正确率为54.55%,纤维乳管镜的诊断正确率为90.91%。结论超声能准确地显示扩张的导管,但对导管内肿瘤的诊断正确率低于纤维乳管镜,结合纤维乳管镜能为手术提供准确的诊断。     

MR T2* mapping技术评估干燥综合征涎腺病变

目的 探讨MR T2^* mapping技术评估干燥综合征（SS）涎腺病变的价值。方法 前瞻性收集43例临床确诊的SS患者（SS组）和40名健康志愿者（对照组）,对双侧腮腺及颌下腺行含T2^* mapping的MR扫描,测量腺体T2^*值。基于T1WI、T2WI及MR涎腺导管成像对腮腺、颌下腺进行形态学诊断,对比SS组与对照组间腮腺、颌下腺T2^*值的差异。以Logistic回归联合ROC曲线评估MR形态学、T2^*值及二者联合对SS涎腺病变的诊断效能。比较不同诊断方式对同种病变诊断、同一诊断方式对不同病变诊断准确率的差异,分析T2^*值测量结果观察者内及观察者间的一致性。结果 SS组双侧腮腺平均T2^*值[（12.88±3.37）ms vs（10.18±1.88）ms,t=-6.40,P<0.01）及双侧颌下腺平均T2^*值[（23.58±3.73）ms vs（21.36±1.86）ms,t=-0.49,P<0.01）均明显高于对照组。MR形态学与T2^*值联合诊断SS腮腺及颌下腺病变的准确率均明显高于独立诊断（腮腺病变：Z=0.803、4.471,P均<0.01;颌下腺病变：Z=8.398、5.329,P均<0.01）,而单纯MR形态学与单纯T2^*值诊断的准确率差异均无统计学意义（腮腺病变：Z=1.388,P=0.165;颌下腺病变：Z=0.553,P=0.579）。在腮腺病变和颌下腺病变之间,单纯MR形态学（Z=2.525,P=0.05）、T2^*值（Z=0.677,P=0.498）及二者联合（Z=0.207,P=0.835）的诊断准确率差异均无统计学意义。观察者内及观察者间T2^*值测量的一致性均较好。结论 T2^* mapping技术测量T2^*值能够评估SS早期腮腺、颌下腺病变,与MR形态学联合应用可提高诊断准确率。     

超声与纤维乳管镜对病理性乳头溢液的诊断价值

目的探讨超声与纤维乳管镜对病理性乳头溢液患者的诊断价值。 方法回顾性分析2013年9月至2019年5月在浙江大学医学院附属杭州市第一人民医院就诊、完成超声和纤维乳管镜检查的病理性乳头溢液患者426例,共430个乳房。以病理及临床诊断为金标准,应用四格表计算超声、纤维乳管镜及联合方法对乳腺导管内病变的诊断效能。 结果430个乳房中,乳腺导管内病变病理结果阳性187个,病理及临床诊断结果阴性243个。纤维乳管镜的诊断敏感度、准确性及阴性预测值均高于超声（86.10% vs 61.50%、82.09% vs 78.14%、88.07% vs 74.43%）,超声的诊断特异度和阳性预测值高于纤维乳管镜（90.95% vs 79.01%、83.94% vs 75.94%）。超声联合纤维乳管镜（其中任一检查结果为阳性,即判定为阳性）的诊断敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确性分别为100%、95.88%、94.92%、100%、97.67%,均高于单一检查方法的诊断效能。 结论超声联合纤维乳管镜对病理性乳头溢液患者具有较好的诊断价值,可为病理性乳头溢液患者的临床管理和随访提供依据。     

非哺乳期乳头溢液病人行乳管内镜检查的护理配合

[目的]探讨乳管内镜检查在非哺乳期乳头溢液病因诊断中的应用,总结乳头溢液病人行乳管内镜检查的护理配合.[方法]对216例乳头溢液的病人行乳管内镜检查,并在直视下对乳腺导管内病变进行诊断.[结果]经采取积极的护理配合,均顺利完成检查,无并发症.本组216例中,正常乳管19例,乳管扩张30例,乳管炎症116例,乳管新生物20例,导管内瘤18例,乳头状瘤8例,导管癌5例.[结论]乳管内镜对非哺乳期乳头溢液的病人进行检查具有不易损伤乳腺导管且较其他检查方法更直观、有效、准确率高等.     

不同影像学检查方法对原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者甲状旁腺病灶的定位诊断价值

目的 探讨不同影像学检查方法对原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（PHPT）的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析经病理学检查证实的109例PHPT患者的临床资料,将其超声、MRI、CT、⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI检查定位诊断结果与手术后病理学结果比较分析。结果 109例PHPT中,甲状旁腺癌11例（11/109,10.09%）,增生16例（16/109,14.67%）,甲状旁腺瘤82例（82/109,75.23%）,包括单发病灶74例（74/109,67.89%）,双侧腺瘤8例（8/109,7.34%）。腺瘤、增生、腺癌组病灶发生部位的差异有统计学意义（χ²=36.151,P<0.001）。⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI、MRI、CT、超声术前检查定位的准确率分别为83.50%（81/97）、72.22%（13/18）、68.51%（37/54）、67.67%（67/99）,差异无统计学意义（χ²=4.826,P=0.185）;超声明显低于⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI检查（χ²=6.638, P=0.001）,CT明显低于⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI检查（χ²=4.562,P=0.033）,CT与MRI的定位诊断准确率差异无统计学意义（χ²=1.153,P=0.283）。对于术后病理诊断直径<1 cm的病变,⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI、超声、CT、MRI术前检查定位的准确率分别为77.27%（17/22）、35.00%（7/20）、61.53%（8/13）、66.67%（2/3）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=7.881,P=0.049）,⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI的定位准确率高于超声（χ²=7.664,P=0.006）,但与CT、MRI的差异无统计学意义（χ²=2.154,P=0.175）。结论 对PHPT进行定位诊断时,超声仍是首选检查,⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI双时相显像的诊断价值最高。     

多模态影像学术前定位诊断原发性及继发于慢性肾病的甲状旁腺功能亢进症

目的 对比⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI双时相平面显像、SPECT/CT显像与超声术前定位诊断原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(PHPT)及继发于慢性肾病的甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SHPT)的价值。方法 纳入113例术前接受⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI双时相平面显像、SPECT/CT显像和颈部超声检查的甲状旁腺功能亢进症(HPT)患者,包括95例PHPT及18例慢性肾病SHPT;以术后病理为标准,分析各影像学方法术前定位诊断的价值。结果 术后病理共于95例PHPT中诊断108处病灶,其中90处显像阳性、18处阴性;于18例慢性肾病后SHPT中诊断46处病灶,其中44处显像阳性、2处阴性。双时相平面显像、SPECT/CT显像和超声定位诊断PHPT的准确率分别为87.96%(95/108)、92.59%(100/108)和79.63%(86/108),定位诊断慢性肾病后SHPT准确率分别为58.70%(27/46)、86.96%(40/46)和71.74%(33/46),双时相平面显像对前者显著高于后者(P＜0.001)。双时相平面显像、SPECT/CT显像及超声诊断PHPT准确率差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05);对于慢性肾病后SHPT,SPECT/CT显像诊断准确性率显著高于双时相平面显像(P=0.004)而与超声差异无统计学意义(P=0.121),双时相平面显像与超声差异亦无统计学意义(P=0.274)。结论 ⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI双时相平面显像、SPECT/CT显像及超声术前定位诊断HPT准确率较高。双时相平面显像诊断PHPT效能优于慢性肾病后SPHT;推荐对慢性肾病后SHPT优先行SPECT/CT显像。     

对比产前超声与MRI诊断胎儿透明隔腔缺失及伴发脑中线结构发育异常

目的 探讨产前超声诊断胎儿透明隔腔缺失及伴发脑中线结构发育异常的价值,并与MRI进行对比分析。方法 选取50胎产前超声检查提示透明隔腔消失的胎儿,根据检查方法分为2组,对试验组28胎行产前超声及MR检查,对对照组22胎行单纯超声检查。以引产病理、影像学检查或随访结果为金标准,比较2组之间及试验组内2种检查方法的诊断准确率。结果 试验组超声总体诊断准确率为53.57%（15/28）;MRI修正及明确了13胎（13/28,46.43%）的诊断结果,MR诊断准确率为100%（28/28）,高于超声（χ²=59.740,P<0.001）。对照组超声总体诊断准确率为81.82%（18/22）,低于试验组的MRI修正后的诊断准确率（χ²=19.780,P<0.01）。结论 CSP缺失是胎儿颅内结构异常的重要线索之一;产前超声发现胎儿CSP缺失时,应注意检查中枢神经系统其他结构。MRI是重要的补充检查,有助于提高诊断胎儿透明隔腔缺失的准确率及预后评估能力。     

比较超声与数字乳腺断层摄影在致密型乳腺中的应用价值

目的 比较超声与数字乳腺断层摄影（DBT）在女性致密型乳腺中的应用价值。方法 收集同时接受超声和DBT检查的148例致密型乳腺病变患者（148个病灶）,按照乳腺成分、年龄、病灶大小及有无钙化进行分组;以病理结果为金标准,绘制ROC曲线,获得并比较超声和DBT诊断致密型乳腺良恶性病变的AUC和敏感度、特异度。结果 超声与DBT诊断致密型乳腺良恶性病变的AUC分别为0.956和0.815（Z=3.866,P<0.001）。在不均匀致密型乳腺（0.967 vs 0.821,P<0.001）、病灶最大径 ≤ 1 cm （0.935 vs 0.680,P=0.022）及年龄 ≤ 40岁（0.973 vs 0.817,P=0.030）和>40~55岁患者（0.946 vs 0.801,P=0.013）中,超声与DBT诊断良恶性病变的AUC均有统计学意义。根据临床诊断标准,超声和DBT诊断致密型乳腺良恶性病变的敏感度为94.32%（83/88）和93.18%（82/88,χ²=0.096,P=1.000）;特异度为83.33%（50/60）和61.67%（37/60,χ²=7.060,P=0.007）。结论 超声对致密型乳腺病灶的整体诊断效能优于DBT。对于病灶较小、不均匀致密型乳腺及年龄 ≤ 55岁的患者,更适宜以超声作为首选检查方法。     

听三角的超声检查方法

目的 探讨听三角的高频超检查方法、声像图特征及临床意义。方法 对38名正常成人76侧听三角进行超声检查,以肩胛骨下角为解剖定位标志,测量解剖体位及上臂外展体位的听三角面积,并对测值进行统计学分析。结果 受检者解剖体位及上臂外展体位时,双侧听三角面积差异无统计学意义（P均 > 0.05）。解剖体位听三角的面积为（176.13±3.52） mm²,上臂外展位为（198.85±4.64） mm²,差异有统计学意义（t=5.762,P＝0.001）。结论 高频超声及自动全容积成像系统能清晰显示听三角解剖结构,可为术前评估听三角区解剖及诊断听三角病变提供参考。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.