脑部CT平扫图像直方图分析鉴别肿瘤性与非肿瘤性脑出血

目的 观察脑部CT平扫图像直方图分析鉴别诊断肿瘤性与非肿瘤性脑出血的价值。方法 收集116例非肿瘤性脑出血（非肿瘤组）和44例肿瘤性脑出血（肿瘤组），分析其脑部CT平扫图像直方图，获得病灶的直方图参数，包括最小值，第5、25、50、75、95百分位CT值、最大值、标准差、平均值、偏度和峰度。比较2组间直方图参数的差异，以ROC曲线分析各参数鉴别诊断肿瘤性与非肿瘤性脑出血的效能。结果 肿瘤组最大值、第5、25、50、75、95百分位CT值、平均值、标准差均小于非肿瘤组（P均<0.05），偏度和峰度大于非肿瘤组（P均<0.05），最小值与非肿瘤组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。ROC曲线分析结果显示，最大值、第25、50、75、95百分位CT值、平均值及标准差鉴别肿瘤性与非肿瘤性脑出血的诊断价值中等，其中第50百分位CT值的AUC最高（0.82），敏感度和特异度分别为0.92和0.68。结论 脑部CT平扫图像直方图分析可作为鉴别诊断肿瘤性与非肿瘤性脑出血的辅助手段。     

常规MRI表现及表观弥散系数直方图分析鉴别Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型上皮性卵巢癌

目的 观察常规MRI表现及表观弥散系数（ADC）直方图分析鉴别Ⅰ、Ⅱ上皮性卵巢癌（EOC）的价值。方法 回顾性分析44例经病理证实EOC患者,比较Ⅰ、Ⅱ型EOC常规MRI定性指标及ADC直方图定量指标的差异;绘制差异有统计学意义指标的鉴别Ⅰ、Ⅱ型EOC的受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线,比较曲线下面积（AUC）的差异。结果 44例EOC中,20例Ⅰ型及24例Ⅱ型,其形态及内部成分差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。Ⅰ型EOC的ADC直方图定量值均高于Ⅱ型（P均<0.01）。常规MRI指标及ADC直方图指标鉴别Ⅰ、Ⅱ型EOC的AUC为0.65~0.97,其中第50百分位数（ADC_50th）及第90百分位数（ADC_90th）的AUC最高,均为0.97;病灶形态与成分的AUC差异无统计学意义（Z=0.54,P>0.05）;病灶形态与ADC最大值（ADC_max）的AUC差异无统计学意义（Z=1.39,P>0.05）,肿瘤成分AUC与ADC_max、ADC_99th差异均无统计学意义（Z=0.89、1.60,P均>0.05）,二者AUC均小于其余ADC直方图定量参数（P均<0.05）;定性指标的联合AUC小于平均ADC值（ADC_mean）及第10百分位数（ADC_10th）、ADC_50th及ADC_90th（Z=2.71、2.37、2.74、2.87,P均<0.05）。结论 ADC直方图分析有助于直观显示EOC内部特性,其定量参数鉴别诊断I、Ⅱ型EOC的效能优于常规MRI。     

DCE-MRI定量参数全域直方图鉴别诊断乳腺导管原位癌与乳腺导管原位癌伴微浸润

目的 探讨动态增强MRI（DCE-MRI）定量参数全域直方图鉴别诊断乳腺导管原位癌（DCIS）与 DCIS伴微浸润（DCIS-Mi）的价值。方法 收集41例DCIS-Mi和37例DCIS患者,术前行DCE-MRI,计算容积转运常数（K^trans）、速率常数（K_ep）、血浆容积分数（V_p）,并记录其全域直方图参数,包括平均值、中位数及10%、25%、50%、75%、90%分位数（P₁₀、P₂₅、P₅₀、P₇₅、P₉₀）。比较DCIS-Mi和DCIS组间各参数差异,并分析最佳参数的诊断效能。结果 DCIS-Mi组K^trans参数中的平均值及各百分位数,K_ep参数中的平均值、中位数、P₅₀、P₇₅、P₉₀,V_p参数中的平均值、中位数、P₂₅、P₅₀、P₇₅均高于DCIS组（P均<0.05）。Logistic回归结果显示K^trans平均值、K^trans-P₂₅、K^trans-P₅₀、K^trans-P₇₅、K^trans-P₉₀、K_ep-P₅₀、K_ep-P₇₅、K_ep-P₉₀、V_p平均值、V_p-P₇₅为诊断DCIS-Mi的最佳变量,且其诊断DCIS-Mi的ROC曲线AUC均>0.80。联合变量Logistic回归模型具有最高的AUC（0.968）,其临界值、敏感度和特异度分别为2.152、0.962和0.947。结论 DCE-MRI全域直方图分析能量化反映肿瘤特征,准确诊断及鉴别诊断乳腺DCIS与DCIS-Mi。     

十二指肠球部溃疡CT表现

目的 观察十二指肠球部溃疡的CT表现。方法 回顾性分析经胃镜确诊的44例十二指肠球部溃疡（溃疡组）和51例无十二指肠球部溃疡患者（对照组）的上腹部平扫及增强CT，比较组间十二指肠球部肠壁厚度、肠壁强化程度[动脉期及门静脉期CT值与平扫CT值的差值（ΔCT_动脉期和ΔCT_门静脉期）]、强化方式、黏膜面CT表现及周围脂肪间隙改变，绘制差异有统计学意义的参数诊断溃疡的ROC曲线，计算其AUC，评价其诊断效能；计算溃疡组CT漏诊率。结果 溃疡组十二指肠球部肠壁厚度[（7.52±2.30）mm]大于对照组[（2.89±0.75）mm，t=12.76，P<0.01]，2组肠壁ΔCT_动脉期及ΔCT_门静脉期差异均无统计学意义（t=-0.27、0.80，P均>0.05）。溃疡组十二指肠球部肠壁分层样强化、黏膜面不规则及周围脂肪间隙模糊发生率高于对照组（χ²=56.12、65.94、45.71，P均<0.01）。根据十二指肠球部肠壁厚度、强化方式、粘膜面CT表现及周围脂肪间隙改变诊断溃疡的AUC分别为0.99、0.90、0.93及0.84。溃疡组CT漏诊36例，漏诊率81.82%（36/44）。结论 肠壁增厚、分层样强化、黏膜面不规则伴周围脂肪间隙模糊为十二指肠球部溃疡的典型CT表现，准确识别有利于降低漏诊率。     

不同b值表观弥散系数直方图参数鉴别甲状腺良、恶性结节

目的 观察以不同b值获得的表观弥散系数（ADC）直方图参数鉴别甲状腺良、恶性结节的效能。方法 回顾性分析43例单发甲状腺结节患者,术后病理确诊良性22例（良性组）、恶性21例（恶性组）;将其术前5个b值（0、200、400、600和990 s/mm²）弥散加权成像（DWI）图导入ITK-snap软件,于b值为990 s/mm²的DWI上手动勾画ROI,利用自编程序分别计算ROI内不同b值的ADC百分位数（ADC 5%、25%、50%、75%、95%）、平均值、偏度及峰度,绘制直方图曲线;以受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析ADC直方图参数鉴别甲状腺良、恶性结节的效能。结果 b值为400、600、990 s/mm²时,良性组ADC 5%、50%、75%及平均值均高于恶性组（P均<0.05）;b值为200、400、600、990 s/mm²时,良性组ADC 25%高于恶性组（P均<0.05）;b值为600、990 s/mm²时,良性组ADC 95%高于恶性组（P均<0.05）;其余参数组间差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。上述组间差异具有统计学意义的ADC直方图参数中,b值为990 s/mm²时的ADC平均值鉴别良、恶性结节的曲线下面积（AUC）最大,为0.751;b值为990 s/mm²时的ADC平均值、ADC 95%的诊断敏感度最高,均为81.04%;b值为990 s/mm²时的ADC 50%诊断特异度最高,为86.43%。结论 b值为200、400、600尤其990 s/mm²获得的ADC直方图参数可用于鉴别甲状腺良、恶性结节。     

增强CT联合直方图分析鉴别诊断腮腺Warthin瘤与多形性腺瘤

目的 观察增强CT联合直方图分析鉴别诊断腮腺Warthin瘤与多形性腺瘤（PA）的价值。方法 对37例Warthin瘤（Warthin瘤组）及28例PA（PA组）行颌面部CT平扫及增强检查，测量平扫及增强CT动脉期（AP）及静脉期（VP）病灶CT值，记录其强化方式及双期增强净强化值，计算增强CT相关直方图参数，包括均值（Mean）、标准差（StdDev）、最小值（Min）、最大值（Max）、中位数（Median）、偏度（Skew）及峰度（Kurt）。比较组间各参数值差异，绘制各参数鉴别诊断腮腺Warthin瘤与PA的ROC曲线，分析其诊断效能。结果 组间各期CT值、AP净强化值及强化方式差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05），Mean_AP、Min_AP、Max_AP、Median_AP、Skew_AP、Mean_VP、StdDev_VP、Min_VP、Median_VP及Skew_VP差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。强化方式、AP净强化值、Mean_AP、Min_AP、Max_AP、Median_AP及Skew_AP鉴别诊断PA与Warthin瘤的AUC及约登指数均高于VP直方图参数，其中Skew_AP的约登指数最高（0.71），AUC为0.88；强化方式+Skew_AP联合诊断效能最高，其AUC、约登指数、敏感度及特异度分别为0.94、0.80、83.58%及96.43%。结论 增强CT联合AP直方图分析有助于鉴别腮腺Warthin瘤与多形性腺瘤，各参数联合诊断效能优于单一参数。     

临床-CT模型评估食管鳞状细胞癌侵犯脉管和/或神经

目的 观察临床-CT模型评估食管鳞状细胞癌（ESCC）侵犯脉管（LVI）和/或神经（PNI）的价值。方法 回顾性分析156例ESCC患者资料,根据术后病理结果将LVI和/或PNI阳性者归为阳性组（n=58）、LVI及PNI均阴性者归为阴性组（n=98）;比较组间临床及CT资料,行logistic回归分析并建立模型,观察其评估LVI和/或PNI的效能。结果 组间癌胚抗原（CEA）、糖类抗原199（CA199）、肿瘤厚度、肿瘤体积、静脉期CT值（CTV）、CTV与平扫CT值（CTP）差值（ΔCT_V-P）及静脉期增强率（V%）差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,其评估ESCC LVI和/或PNI的曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.702、0.690、0.731、0.744、0.621、0.631及0.599。CEA、CA199、肿瘤厚度、肿瘤体积及CTV为ESCC LVI和/或PNI的独立预测因素,以之建立的联合模型评估ESCC LVI和/或PNI的准确率、敏感度及特异度分别为82.05%、65.52%及91.84%,且其AUC为0.838,高于各单一参数（P均<0.05）。结论 所获临床-CT模型可有效评估ESCC LVI和/或PNI。     

比较18F-氟代胆碱PET/CT、99Tcm-甲氧基异丁基异腈SPECT/CT及超声诊断甲状旁腺功能亢进症

目的 比较¹⁸F-氟代胆碱（FCH） PET/CT、⁹⁹Tc^m-甲氧基异丁基异腈（MIBI） SPECT/CT及超声（US）诊断甲状旁腺功能亢进症（HPT）的效能。方法 回顾性分析34例HPT患者,术前2个月内均接受¹⁸F-FCH PET/CT、⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI SPECT/CT及US检查;以术中及术后病理结果为参考,评估并比较各方法的诊断效能。结果 于34例共切除90处甲状旁腺病灶,病理证实其中81处为甲状旁腺增生或腺瘤组织,7处为甲状腺组织,2处为淋巴结。¹⁸F-FCH PET/CT诊断HPT的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确率分别为85.19%（69/81）、100%（55/55）、100%（69/69）、82.09%（55/67）及91.18%（124/136）,⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI SPECT/CT分别为74.07%（60/81）、90.91%（50/55）、92.31%（60/65）、70.42%（50/71）及80.88%（110/136）,US分别为65.43%（53/81）、98.18%（54/55）、98.15%（53/54）、65.85%（54/82）及78.68%（107/136）。¹⁸F-FCH PET/CT诊断HPT的效能高于⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI SPECT/CT和US （Z=2.290,P=0.022;Z=2.496,P=0.013）。结论 ¹⁸F-FCH PET/CT、⁹⁹Tc^m-MIBI SPECT/CT及US 3种方法中,¹⁸F-FCH PET/CT诊断HPT的效能最高。     

体素内不相干运动成像评估局部进展期直肠癌新辅助化疗后病理完全缓解

目的 探讨体素内不相干运动（IVIM）成像在诊断局部进展期直肠癌新辅助化疗后病理完全缓解（pCR）中的价值。方法 61例经手术病理证实为直肠腺癌患者于新辅助化疗前后分别行常规MR及多b值DWI IVIM检查,由2名医师独立测量肿瘤的ADC值及IVIM参数[真实扩散系数（D值）、灌注相关假扩散系数（D^*值）、灌注分数（f值）]。将患者分为pCR组（14例）和非pCR组（47例）。采用独立样本t检验比较两组所有参数及其新辅助化疗前后变化的百分数（Δ_ratio）,采用ROC曲线下面积评价各参数诊断pCR的效能。结果 与非pCR组比较,pCR组化疗前ADC值（P=0.002）和D值（P=0.007）更低,Δ_ratioADC值（P < 0.001）和Δ_ratioD值（P=0.002）更高;两组化疗前和化疗后D^*、f值及其Δ_ratio差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。Δ_ratioD值诊断pCR的ROC曲线下面积最高（0.786,P < 0.01）。结论 D值有助于预测和鉴别新辅助化疗后达到pCR的局部进展期直肠癌。     

ADC全容积直方图分析法鉴别乳腺良恶性肿块样病变

目的 探讨ADC全容积直方图分析法鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性肿块样病变的价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的88例乳腺肿块样病变患者,其中恶性57例、良性31例,均接受乳腺MR平扫+动态增强及DWI扫描,测量并记录ADC全容积直方图参数（包括多个百分位ADC值、ADC_min、ADC_max、ADC_mean、偏度、峰度及标准差）及常规平均ADC值。比较乳腺良恶性病变各ADC直方图参数及常规平均ADC值,采用ROC曲线分析评估各参数鉴别良恶性病变的效能。结果 良恶性病变ADC直方图参数（各ADC值、偏度、峰度、标准差）及常规平均ADC值差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）;其中第75、90百分位ADC值鉴别良恶性病变的AUC最高,为0.84。ADC直方图参数ADC_mean、第50百分位ADC值鉴别乳腺肿块样病变良恶性的AUC与常规平均ADC值的AUC比较差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。结论 ADC全容积直方图可全面反映病灶整体信息,对鉴别乳腺良恶性病变具有一定价值。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.