高糖对缺氧神经元的影响及西比灵对其作用的研究

目的探讨高糖对体外原代培养皮质神经细胞缺氧损伤的影响及西比灵在其保护机制中的作用。方法采用体外原代培养SD大鼠的大脑皮质神经细胞 ,缺氧组分别给予 30 ,45 ,6 0mmol/L葡萄糖(GS)并缺氧 2 4h ,保护组为在 45 ,6 0mmol/L葡萄糖缺氧组中分别加以 10 -7mol/L西比灵 ,用台盼蓝排斥实验及MTT比色实验测定各组细胞的活力。结果经 45、6 0mmol/LGS处理的缺氧神经细胞较对照组损伤明显加重 ,台盼蓝染色示细胞死亡率分别为 (76 .5 8± 1.5 1) % ,(47.32± 1.45 ) % ,较对照组 (79.0 0 0± 1.10 9) % ,(5 3 .5 5 0± 1.892 ) %明显降低 ,MTTOD值分别为 (0 .379± 0 .0 12 ) ,(0 .2 95±0 .0 15 ) ,较对照组 (0 .4994± 0 .0 0 71) ,(0 .45 5 2±0 .0 35 6 )亦明显减低。西比灵孵育的细胞在 45、6 0mmol/L葡萄糖、缺氧处理后 ,细胞死亡率分别为(82 .910± 1.30 8) ,(6 0 .190± 1.433)较缺氧组明显增加 (P <0 .0 1) ,OD值为 (0 .5 179± 0 .0 15 4) ,(0 .4931± 0 .0 15 7)较缺氧组亦明显增加。而 30mmol/L葡萄糖缺氧组较对照组细胞死亡率及OD值均无明显改变。结论高糖可加重缺氧神经元的损伤 ,西比灵对高糖、缺氧皮质神经元的损伤有明显保护作用。     

妊高征患者β-hCG、ET和NO的测定及临床意义

目的探讨绒毛膜促性腺激素 (β hCG)、内皮素 (ET)、一氧化氮 (NO)的含量及变化与妊娠高血压综合征 (妊高征 )的关系。方法采用放射免疫分析法测定 87例妊高征患者 (妊高征组 )和 90例正常晚期妊娠妇女 (对照组 )血清β hCG ,血浆ET ,血清NO水平。并将两组胎盘组织进行病理学检查、比较。结果妊高征组β hCG、ET、NO分别为 (4 5 .2 8± 2 0 .92 )IU/L ,(74 .33± 9.87)ng/L ,(10 4 .95± 2 1.0 7) μmol/L ;对照组 β hCG、ET、NO分别为 (18.0 2± 7.97)IU/L ,(5 2 .4 3± 10 .34)ng/L ,(139.15± 2 1.98) μmol/L ,两组相比 ,妊高征组 β hCG、ET明显高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,NO明显低于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,且随妊高征病情加重 ,上述升高和降低的幅度更大。胎盘病检 :妊高征组除轻度患者胎盘未见明显异常改变外 ,中、重度患者的胎盘绒毛及血管内皮细胞均有损伤性表现以及胎盘滋养层细胞增生。结论妊高征重要的病理学改变为胎盘缺血、缺氧致滋养层细胞增生及血管内皮细胞损伤。β hCG、ET升高及NO降低 ,可作为妊高征诊断的实验室指标。     

脂多糖对肾小球系膜细胞白细胞介素12分泌的影响

目的探讨脂多糖 (LPS)对体外培养的肾小球系膜细胞白细胞介素 12 (IL 12 )分泌的影响。方法应用不同浓度的脂多糖对系膜细胞培养 ,采用ELISA法检测培养细胞上清液IL 12的分泌。结果5 %FCSRPMI 16 40基础培养条件下的系膜细胞未检测到IL 12蛋白分泌。不同浓度LPS(0 .1,1,5 ,10 μg/ml)刺激下 ,系膜细胞分泌大量的IL 12 ;其浓度分别为 (9.87± 0 .77) pg/ml,(16 .45± 1.0 3) pg/ml,(2 5 .0 8±2 .0 1) pg/ml,(38.33± 1.71)pg/ml。结论LPS可诱导体外培养的系膜细胞分泌IL 12。     

2型糖尿病肾病患者血清脂蛋白(α)检测的临床意义

目的探讨血清脂蛋白 (a) [Lipoproteinl(a) ]在2型糖尿病肾病中的临床意义。方法测定 42例 2型糖尿病病人及 34例健康人的Lpa水平。根据其2 4h尿白蛋白排泄率 (UAER)多少将糖尿病患者分成三组 :非糖尿病肾病组 (A1组 ) 16例 (UAER <2 0μg/min) ;微量白蛋白尿组 (A2 组 ) 15例 ( 2 0 μg/min≤UAER <2 0 0 μg/min) ;大量白蛋白尿组 (A3 组 ) 11例 (UAER≥ 2 0 0 μg/min)。B组 :健康正常人 34例。结果2型糖尿病组Lpa水平显著高于正常对照组。A2 组Lpa水平 ( 176 .2 5± 40 .13)高于A1组( 10 7.6 1± 36 .30 ) ,且差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,A3组Lpa水平 ( 30 8.2 1± 5 9.6 5 )进一步提高。Lpa与URER呈正相关 (r =0 .40 2 ,P <0 .0 5 )。结论随着 2型糖尿患者UAER的增高 ,Lpa有增高趋势。提示测定血清Lpa的水平可能间接反映 2型糖尿病肾病的严重程度。     

两种HBV DNA检测法对干扰素治疗慢性乙肝的疗效评估

目的以斑点杂交法及PCR定量检测法评价干扰素抗HBV的疗效。方法90例慢性乙肝患者干扰素治疗前后均同时用两种方法检测血清HBVDNA。结果HBVDNA定量在总体上呈下降趋势。治疗后 2个月末与 4个月末其病毒拷贝数分别为 5 .83± 1.0 5 ,5 .75± 1.2 1,与治疗前 6 .74± 1.6 8相比差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。HBVDNA定量PCR较斑点杂交更能反映干扰素治疗过程中患者外围血内病毒拷贝数的增长。结论两种方法均能灵敏地反映干扰素抗HBV的疗效 ,但在实际中定量PCR更灵敏。     

糖尿病视网膜病变与血浆内皮素的关系

目的　探讨糖尿病视网膜病变与血浆内皮素的关系。方法　以 5 9例住院糖尿病患者为研究对象 ,平均年龄 (5 2 .2 7± 11.93)岁 ,男 33例 ,女 2 6例 ;1型糖尿病 10例 ,2型糖尿病 4 9例。 2 9例健康体检者为对照 ,年龄 (5 5 .5 7±11.6 1)岁 ,男 18例 ,女 11例。结果　糖尿病患者血浆内皮素水平 (12 2 .16± 38.2 9)ng/L明显高于对照组 (4 8.93±9.91)ng/L ,P <0 .0 0 1。将糖尿病患者分为有视网膜病变组 (30例 )和无视网膜病变组 (2 9例 ) ,结果发现前者血浆内皮素水平 (14 3.6 4± 5 2 .38)ng/L ,明显高于后者 (10 0 .6 8± 2 4 .10 )ng/L ,P <0 .0 0 1。同时发现糖尿病视网膜病变组平均动脉压 (10 5 .5 2± 2 1.5 4 )mmHg高于无视网膜病变组 (94 .2 2± 15 .0 0 )mmHg ,P <0 .0 5 ,两组空腹血糖无明显差异 ,分别为 (13.6 3± 6 .5 7)mmol/L和 (13.72± 6 .5 8)mmol/L ,P >0 .0 5 ;糖化血红蛋白 (HbA1c)无明显差异 ,分别为(9.2 8± 1.5 1) %和 (9.13± 2 .12 ) % ,P >0 .0 5。结论　糖尿病患者血浆内皮素水平升高与糖尿病的微血管病变有密切关系 ,内皮素可能在糖尿病视网膜病变的发病机制中有重要意义     

肺炎患儿血清降钙素原与PBMC降钙素原水平的关系及其意义

目的为了阐明降钙素原 (PCT)产生的病理生理机制 ,作者对外周血单个核细胞 (PBMC)分泌PCT情况进行了初步的探讨。方法通过免疫荧光法检测 38例肺炎患儿血清PCT治疗前后的变化情况 ,并与 33例正常同龄儿童进行比较 ;体外分离PBMC ,植物血凝素 (PHA)刺激 72h ,检测患儿治疗前后培养基上清液中的PCT含量。结果治疗前肺炎患儿血清PCT的含量明显高于治疗后血清中的含量 (18.89± 6 .38μg/Lvs 0 .5 1± 0 .31μg/L ,P <0 .0 1)。PBMC培养上清液中的PCT含量明显低于治疗后的PCT含量 (5 .12± 1.89μg/Lvs 9.32± 1.97μg/L ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,但治疗后的PCT含量仍低于对照组水平。结论血清PCT的变化可作为评价肺炎儿童疗效的一个指标 ,感染后PBMC可能在体内已激活 ,致使其在体外对PHA的非特异性刺激反应低下。     

经尿道气化加电切术治疗前列腺增生症

目的探讨良性前列腺增生症 (BPH)的有效治疗方法。方法采用经尿道前列腺气化电切 (TU VP)加经尿道前列腺电切术 (TURP)联合治疗BPH患者 2 18例。结果平均手术时间 70 (2 0～ 15 0 )min ,2例术中需输血 2 0 0ml,均为Ⅲ度增生者 ,切除前列腺组织平均重量 5 0 (30～ 15 0 ) g ,未发生电切综合征 ,术后 3～ 5d拔除导尿管 ,排尿均通畅 ,随诊 1～ 6个月 ,国际前列腺症状评分 (IPSS)由术前 (2 8.5± 2 .5 )分下降至术后 (8.5±0 .5 )分 ,最大尿流率由术前平均 (6 .2± 2 .0 )ml/s升至术后 (17.5± 1.5 )ml/s,B超复查约 30例仍有剩余尿 10～ 4 0ml,平均 17.5ml,术后继发性出血 8例 ,尿道狭窄 12例 ,暂时性尿失禁 10例。结论TUVP加TURP联合治疗BPH可综合两者的优点 ,疗效显著 ,并发症少 ,安全性高 ,是治疗BPH的有效方法     

青年缺血性脑卒中患者危险因素的分析

目的　探讨青年缺血性脑卒中患者的危险因素。方法　对 5 2例 4 5岁以下缺血性脑卒中患者 ,4 8名同年龄健康对照组、5 5例中老年缺血性脑卒中患者、5 0名同年龄对照组的血脂、脂蛋白、血糖水平及血压等资料进行分析。结果　青年缺血性脑卒中患者的总胆固醇含量为 (5 .0 0± 1.4 6 )mmol/L ,甘油三酯为 (1.92± 1.4 4 )mmol/L ,低密度脂蛋白为 (2 .98± 0 .93)mmol/L ,显著高于对照组 [总胆固醇 (4 .35± 0 .95 )mmol/L ,甘油三酯为 (1.4 1± 0 .5 8)mmol/L ,低密度脂蛋白为 (2 .4 1± 0 .80 )mmol/L ;高密度脂蛋白 (1.16± 0 .35 )mmol/L ,载脂蛋白A(1.12± 0 .18) g/L ,低于对照组 [高密度脂蛋白 (2 .18± 0 .82 )mmol/L ,载脂蛋白A(1.37± 0 .73)g/L]及中老年缺血性脑卒中组 [高密度脂蛋白 (1.4 3± 0 .32 )mmol/L ,载脂蛋白A(1.32± 0 .17) g/L]。 结论　脂质代谢异常是引起青年缺血性脑卒中的主要原因 ,其中高密度脂蛋白降低可能是脑卒中最重要的危险因素     

阿奇霉素治疗肺炎支原体肺炎疗效观察及安全性研究

目的观察阿奇霉素治疗肺炎支原体肺炎的临床疗效及安全性。方法将 5 30例肺炎支原体肺炎患儿随机分成两组 :对照组 (n =2 10例 )予红霉素治疗 ,治疗组 (n =32 0例 )予阿奇霉素治疗 ,观察疗效及其不良反应并进行分析和总结。结果治疗组 32 0例 ,有效 2 97例 ,有效率 92 .8%,对照组 2 10例 ,有效 16 9例 ,有效率 80 .5 %,两组差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。治疗组平均住院天数 (6 .30± 1.71)d ,对照组平均住院天数 (7.85± 2 .5 8)d ,两组差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。治疗组胃肠道不良反应 2 2例 ,发生率 6 .9%,对照组胃肠道不良反应 4 1例 ,发生率 19.5 %,两组差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论阿奇霉素治疗肺炎支原体肺炎具有疗效好、安全性高、不良反应少且缩短住院天数等优点     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.