Sono Vue与Sonazoid:机械指数及剂量变化与造影过程的定量分析

目的 比较SonoVue(Bracco,意大利)和Sonazoid(GE,挪威)在高频(7 MHz)条件下,剂量、机械指数(mechanical index,MI)与兔肝造影过程时间参数——上升时间(rising time,RT)、达峰时间(time-to-peak,TTP)的相关性.方法 分别对8只新西兰大白兔多次团注SonoVue(0.06 ml/kg、0.12 ml/kg)及Sonazoid(0.045 ml/kg、0.09 ml/kg)声学造影剂:SonoVue组每个剂量水平分别设置7个MI值(0.10～0.55);Sonazoid组每个剂量水平分别设置5个MI值(0.19～0.98).应用时间-强度曲线(time-intensity curve,TIC)做定量分析,并统计造影剂剂量和MI与RT、TTP的相关性.结果 在相同发射频率条件下:(1)SonoVue组1)0.06 ml/kg组在MI≤0.25范围内,RT、TTP未见明显变化(P＞0.05),之后随着MI增大RT、TTP呈下降趋势(P＜0.01);2)0.12 ml/kg组在MI≤0.40范围内,RT、TTP未见明显变化(P＞0.05),之后随着MI增大RT、TTP呈下降趋势(P＜0.01).(2)Sonazoid组1)0.045 ml/kg组随着MI增大RT、TTP未见明显变化(P＞0.05);2)0.09 ml/kg组在MI≤0.40范围内,RT、TTP未见明显变化(P＞0.05),之后随着MI增大RT、TTP呈上升趋势(P＜0.01).结论 2种造影剂理化特性各异,因此其超声造影效能各不相同,临床使用中应对其进行合理选择.     

超声造影剂在诊断超声辐射下对兔睾丸生精细胞的影响

Objective To study the impact of ultrasound contrast agent with different doses or imaging modes on rabbit spermatogenic cell in the diagnosis of radiation dose.Methods Thirty-three New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups.In group Ⅰ ,three minutes gray scale ultrasound radiation was performed for three rabbits.In group Ⅱ, SonoVue was bolus injected from ear vein for eighteen rabbits.The rabbits in this group were divided into 6 sub-group according to different doses and different sampling times, the single injections of SonoVue with dosage of 0.1 ml/kg(A1, A2) or 1 ml/kg (C1 ,C2) and repeated injections with dosage of 0.1 ml/kg interval 15 min (B1 ,B2) were taken.In group Ⅲ ,twelve rabbits were bolus injected with SonoVue and then the agent bubbles were blasted when the SonoVue suffused the whole testis.The rabbits in this group were divided into 4 sub-groups according to different doses and different sampling times, and the dosages of SonoVue were 0.1 ml/kg(D1, D2) and 1 ml/kg(E1,E2).Testis were drew immediately or 24 hours later for the observation under light microscope and transmission electron microscope.Results Apoptotic cells in group Ⅲ were more than those in group Ⅰ and Ⅱ ( P ＜0.05) ,while no significant difference of the total number of apoptotic cells between group Ⅰ and Ⅱ ( P ＞0.05).The appearances of focal ultra-structural damage were observed by transmission electron microscope in group C1, such as intercellular space widening and mitochondria swelling, and no distinct damage were observed in the other groups.The appearances of intercellular space widening, mitochondria swelling and cellular edema were observed by transmission electron microscope in group Ⅲ, and spotty necrosisetc was also observed in group D1 and E1.Conclusions Large dose of contrast agent could cause germ cells slight instantaneous effects, while conventional dose had no effect.Contrast agent blasting may cause germ cells unrecoverable damage.     

超声造影剂在诊断超声辐射下对兔睾丸生精细胞的影响

Objective To study the impact of ultrasound contrast agent with different doses or imaging modes on rabbit spermatogenic cell in the diagnosis of radiation dose.Methods Thirty-three New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups.In group Ⅰ ,three minutes gray scale ultrasound radiation was performed for three rabbits.In group Ⅱ, SonoVue was bolus injected from ear vein for eighteen rabbits.The rabbits in this group were divided into 6 sub-group according to different doses and different sampling times, the single injections of SonoVue with dosage of 0.1 ml/kg(A1, A2) or 1 ml/kg (C1 ,C2) and repeated injections with dosage of 0.1 ml/kg interval 15 min (B1 ,B2) were taken.In group Ⅲ ,twelve rabbits were bolus injected with SonoVue and then the agent bubbles were blasted when the SonoVue suffused the whole testis.The rabbits in this group were divided into 4 sub-groups according to different doses and different sampling times, and the dosages of SonoVue were 0.1 ml/kg(D1, D2) and 1 ml/kg(E1,E2).Testis were drew immediately or 24 hours later for the observation under light microscope and transmission electron microscope.Results Apoptotic cells in group Ⅲ were more than those in group Ⅰ and Ⅱ ( P ＜0.05) ,while no significant difference of the total number of apoptotic cells between group Ⅰ and Ⅱ ( P ＞0.05).The appearances of focal ultra-structural damage were observed by transmission electron microscope in group C1, such as intercellular space widening and mitochondria swelling, and no distinct damage were observed in the other groups.The appearances of intercellular space widening, mitochondria swelling and cellular edema were observed by transmission electron microscope in group Ⅲ, and spotty necrosisetc was also observed in group D1 and E1.Conclusions Large dose of contrast agent could cause germ cells slight instantaneous effects, while conventional dose had no effect.Contrast agent blasting may cause germ cells unrecoverable damage.     

高频条件不同机械指数下SonoVue与Sonazoid对兔肝超声造影效能的比较

目的 比较高频条件下SonoVue与Sonazoid在不同机械指数(MI)下对兔肝超声造影的效果.方法 在高频(7 MHz)条件下,分别对8只新西兰大白兔多次团注SonoVue(0.06 mL/kg)及Sonazoid(0.045 mL/kg)进行超声造影.SonoVue组分别设置7个MI值(0.10、0.15、0.25、0.30、0.40、0.50、0.55),Sonazoid组分别设置5个MI值(0.19、0.40、0.62、0.78、0.98).应用时间-强度曲线(TIC)进行定量分析,并分析兔肝超声造影增强效果及灌注参数与MI值的相关性.结果 在相同发射频率(7 MHz)条件下,SonoVue组随着MI值逐渐升高,峰值强度(PI)呈上升趋势,于MI=0.15时达最大值;同时,当MI≤0.25时,其TIC上升时间(RT)、达峰时间(TTP)较为稳定(P＞0.05);之后随着MI值的增大,RT、TTP呈下降趋势(P＜0.01).Sonazoid组随着MI值逐渐升高,PI呈上升趋势,于MI=0.40时达最大值;同时,随着MI值的逐渐升高,其RT、TTP未见明显变化(P＞0.05).结论 SonoVue与Sonazoid理化特性不同,高频(7 MHz)条件不同MI下其肝脏超声造影效能各不相同.     

高频条件下(7 MHz)SonoVue与Sonazoid剂量变化对兔肝造影效能的比较

目的 比较高频条件下（7 MHz）不同剂量的两种超声造影剂SonoVue和Sonazoid的显影效果。方法 在相同发射频率（7 MHz）和机械指数（SonoVue为0.25, Sonazoid为0.40）下,分别对8只新西兰大白兔多次团注不同剂量的SonoVue及Sonazoid,应用时间-强度曲线做定量分析,并统计兔肝增强的灌注参数与造影剂剂量的相关性。结果 SonoVue组随着造影剂剂量的增加,其时间-强度曲线的上升时间（RT）、达峰时间（TTP）、平均通过时间（mTT）未见明显变化,其峰值强度（PI）于SonoVue剂量为0.18 mL/kg时达最大值。Sonazoid组mTT随着造影剂剂量的增加而浮动;RT、TTP在Sonazoid剂量为0.015、0.03 mL/kg时为最高值（R²=0.39）,且随着造影剂剂量的增加呈下降趋势;PI随着造影剂剂量的增加而逐渐增加。结论 SonoVue和Sonazoid的理化特性不同,在高频条件下（7 MHz）其超声造影效能各不相同。     

持续颅内压监护在重型颅脑损伤中的应用

目的 探讨颅内压持续动态监护在重型颅脑损伤救治中的指导意义.方法 将我院2004年8月至2011年2月收治的124例重型颅脑损伤患者随机分为颅内压监护组(62例)和常规治疗组(62例).颅内压监护组根据颅内压的变化随时调整治疗方案,常规治疗组凭经验进行常规的神经外科治疗.结果 颅内压监护组并发急性肾功能衰竭7例,电解质紊乱11例;常规治疗组并发急性肾功能衰竭15例,电解质紊乱25例.颅内压监护组并发症发生率低(x2值为分别为3.54,7.67,P均<0.01).颅内压监护组及常规治疗组甘露醇使用时间分别为(6±2)、(15±3)d,使用剂量分别为(749±125)、(1545±250)g;恢复良好和轻残分别为28、16例,13、9例;重残、植物生存及死亡分别为9、17例,4、7例,8、13例;颅内压监护组较常规治疗组甘露醇使用时间短、剂量小(t值分别为8.32,7.41,P均<0.01),恢复良好和轻残比例高(x2值分别为5.07,3.55,P均<0.01),而重残、植物生存及死亡比例低(x2值分别为0.84,0.89,1.43,P均<0.01).结论 持续颅内压监护有利于早期指导和及时调整治疗措施,降低并发症,改善预后.

Abstract：

Objective To discuss the meaning of continuous intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring in patients with severe traumatic craniocerebral injury. Methods One hundred and twenty four patients with severe craniocerebral injury treated from August 2004 to February 2011 in our hospital, were enrolled and divided randomly into ICP monitoring group (n = 62) and routine treatment group (n = 62). The patients of ICP monitoring group had adjusted treatment plan according to the changes of ICP at any time, whereas the patients in routine treatment group underwent routine neurosurgical treatment according to the doctors' experience. Results There were 7 cases of acute kidney function failure,and 11 cases of electrolyte disturbances in the ICP group.There were 15 cases of acute kidney function failure, and 25 cases of electrolyte disturbances in the routine group. The complication rate in the ICP group was lower than that in the routine group (x2 =3. 54 and 7.67 for acute kidney function failure and electrolyte disturbances respectively, Ps <0. 01). The days of mannite using were (6±2)dand (15 ±3)d, respectively; the dosage of mannite using were (749 ± 125) g and (1545 ±250) g,respectively. The good recovery and slight disability were 28 and 16 cases in the ICP group, and 13 and 9 cases in the routine group,respectively. The severe disability,vegetative state and death were 9,4 and 8 cases in the ICP group,and 17,7 and 13 cases in the routine group. The days and dosage of mannite using in the ICP group were much less than those in the routine group (t = 8. 32 and 7.41, Ps < 0. 01). The proportion of good recovery and slight disability in the ICP group were higher than those in the routine group(x2 =5. 07 and 3. 55,Ps <0.01). However, the proportion of severe disability, vegetative state and death in the ICP group were lower than those in the routine group (x2 =0.84,0.89 and 1.43, Ps < 0. 01) . Conclusion Continuous ICP monitoring in severe craniocerebral injury shows benefits in directing treatment plan adjustment, reducing complications and improving the prognosis.     

大潮气量通气诱导幼猪呼吸机所致肺损伤并长期存活模型的建立

目的 建立幼猪呼吸机所致肺损伤模型并使其长期存活.方法 取健康幼猪21头,随机(随机数字法)分成预实验组(A组)9头、损伤组(B组)及对照组(C组)各6头.各组动物均予经口气管插管,颈内动脉及颈外静脉置管.预实验组予以60～80 mL/kg潮气量机械通气,损伤组子潮气量50 mL/kg,每小时行动脉血气分析,至动物死亡或血氧分压/吸人氧浓度(PaO2/FiO2)＜300mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)停止通气,对照组自由呼吸.取不同时点(A,B组0 h-成模时;C组0～6 h)监测生命体征及各项呼吸力学、血气参数、血流动力学参数.实验数据行t检验或单因素ANOVA分析.实验结束后取左侧肺组织行病理检测.结果 大潮气量通气约6 h后,A,B组PaO2/FiO2值出现显著下降,与对照组相比较,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),肺形态学达急性肺损伤标准;给予50 mL/kg潮气量通气,动物可长期存活.结论 使用50 mL/kg大潮气量机械通气,成功建立幼猪呼吸机所致肺损伤模型,可长期存活.

Abstract：

Objective To establish a long-term surviving model of ventilator induced lung injury ( VILI) in piglets with large tidal volume ventilation. Methods A total of 21 piglets were randomly( random number) divided into trial experiment group (group A,n =9), injury group ( group B,n =6) and control group ( group C, n = 6). Each piglet was intubated orotracheally and intravascular cannulae were inserted both into carotid artery and external jugular vein. The tidal volume in 60 - 80 ml/kg was given to rats of group A and 50 ml/kg to rats of group B, and free breath to rats of group C. Vital signs, pneumatic mechanics, blood-gas analysis and hemodynamics were monitored every hour ( group A and group B from just after the model established 0 h, group C from 0 ～6 h). The t test or ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis. Left lung tissue was sent to biopsy after experiment. Results About 6 hours after mechanical ventilation with large tidal volume, PaO2/FiO2 lower significantly both in A and B group in comparison with control group (P ＜0.05 ) and histological changes hit the ALl criteria. Piglets ventilated with 50 ml/kg of tidal volume could survive for long-term. Conclusions The model of VILI in piglets made with 50 ml/kg of tidal volume ventilation was established successfully and survived for long-term.     

估算的肾小球滤过率在冠状动脉旁路移植术预后价值的研究

Objective To evaluate the postoperative prognosis of the modification of diet in renal disease formula (MDRD) in coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) in hospital or 4 years after hospitalization. Methods Two hundred and seventy-two CABG patients were divided into 3 groups according to the levels of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) including 35 cases in eGFR < 60 ml/min group, 119 cases in 60 ≤ eGFR < 90 mL/min group and 118 cases in eGFR ≥90 ml/min group. The prognostic factors of CABG patients were analyzed by COX proportional hazards models. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to compare survival curves among the three groups stratified by eGFR levels. The Log-rank statistic was used for comparing between groups. Results By multivariate COX regression adjustment for body mass index, smoking, hypertension, hyperlipaemia, diabetes mellitus, previous MI, perioperative PCI and etc. , the relative risk (RR) of the increasing age for cardiac events was 1.077(95% CI 1.002-1.158,P =0.044). RR of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 0.005(95% CI 0.000-0.456,P =0.022). RR of eGFR was 0.968(95% CI 0.948-0.988,P =0.002). The survival rate in the first, second, third and fourth year were same in every group. The survival rate of group with eGFR < 60 ml/min, 60 ≤ eGFR < 90 ml/min and eGFR≥ 90 mL/min was 76.4%, 93.1%, and 96.6%. The survival rates among three groups were statistically significant. In the survival curve of 4 year follow-up after CABG, the survival rate of group with eGFR < 60 mL/min was lower than that of 60 ≤ eGFR < 90 ml/min group and eGFR ≥ 90 ml/min group. Conclusions The preoperative eGFR is an independent risk factor in evaluating cardiac events in hospital and after hospitalization. It has a higher prognosis value in patients undergoing CABG.     

脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2与颈动脉粥样硬化和颈内动脉短暂性脑缺血发作的关系

目的 研究脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2(Lp-PLA2)和颈动脉超声对短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)的诊断价值.方法 以90例急性期颈内动脉系统TIA患者(TIA组)和55例健康体检者(正常对照组)为研究对象,应用颈动脉超声检测颈动脉内膜情况,应用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)检测血清Lp-PLA2,并进行统计学比较.结果 TIA组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块检出率显著高于正常对照组[分别为78.9%(71/90)与29.1%(16/55),x2=35.27,P<0.01].正常对照组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块总数35块,其中不稳定斑块6块,稳定斑块29块;TIA组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块总数134块,其中不稳定斑块103块,稳定斑块3l块,TIA组不稳定斑块构成比显著高于正常对照组(x2=43.22,P<0.01).TIA组男性和女性血清Lp-PLA2,分别为(19.08±7.92)、(15.15±4.91)mol/(min·ml),正常对照组男性和女性血清Lp-PLA2分别为(13.86±3.15)、(11.18±2.96)mol/(m/n·ml),TIA组均显著高于相应正常对照组(t值分别为3.8598、2.9260,P均<0.01),且TIA组和正常对照组血清Lp-PLA2男性均显著高于女性(t值分别为2.3850、2.9143,P均<0.05).TIA组不稳定斑块组血清Lp-PLA2为(20.16±6.76)mot/(min·ml),稳定斑块组血清Lp-PLA2为(16.09±4.15)mot/(min·ml),2组比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.5578,P<0.05).结论 血清Lp-PLA2是颈动脉斑块的一种危险因素,联合Lp-PLA2检测和颈动脉超声检查可以预警TIA的发生.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) and carotid artery ultra sound for transient ischemic attack (TIA) . Methods Ninety patients with TIA of internal carotid artery system in the acute phase and 55 normal control subjects were recruited. Their carotid intima-media thicknesses were assessed by carotid ultrasonography. Serum Lp-PLA2 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay(ELISA) ,and all the data were compared between the two group. Results The detection rate of carotid atherosclerotic plaque in the TIA group was significantly higher than that in the control group f 78. 9% (71/90) vs. 29. 1% (16/55), x2 = 35. 27, P < 0.01] . There were 35 carotid atherosclerotic plaque in the control group,of which 6 were unstable plaques and 29 were stable plaques. There were 134 carotid atherosclerotic plaque in the TIA group,of which 103 were unstable plaques and 31 were stable plaques, the constituent ratio of unstable plaque in the TIA group was significantly higher than that in the control group (x2 =43. 22 ,P < 0. 01). The levels of serum Lp-PLA2 in male and female patients in TIA group were ([19. 08 ±7. 92] mol/(min · ml) and [15. 15 ±4. 91] mol/(min · ml),which were significantly higher than those in male and female in the control group ([13. 86 ± 3. 15] mol/(min · ml) and [11. 18 ± 2. 96] mol/ (min · ml) (t = 3. 8598 and 2. 9260, respectively, Ps < 0. 01). Furthermore, the levels of serum Lp-PLA2 of males in the TIA group and control group were significantly higher than that of females in the TIA group and control group(t=2. 3850 and 2. 9143, respectively, Ps < 0.05). The level of serum Lp-PLA2 in unstable plaque patients in the TIA group was (20.16 ± 6. 76) mol/ (min · ml) , which was significantly higher than that in stable plaque patients in the TIA group was (16. 09 ±4. 15)mol/(min · ml) ,the difference was statistically significant (t = 2. 5578, P < 0. 05). Conclusion Serum Lp-PLA2 is a risk factor of carotid atherosclerotic plaque, the combination of Lp-PLA2 and carotid ultrosonography can be used and alert indicator of TIA.     

超声破坏微泡对大鼠皮肤创面愈合影响的实验研究

目的 探讨超声破坏微泡(声诺维)对大鼠皮肤创面愈合的影响.方法 96只SD大鼠建立皮肤创面模型后随机分成4组:超声破坏微泡组、单纯微泡组、单纯超声组和对照组.超声破坏微泡组经鼠尾静脉注射微泡造影剂0.5 ml,同时用声强度1 MHz、2.0 W/cm2超声辐照3 min单纯微泡组经鼠尾静脉注射微泡造影剂0.5 ml;单纯超声组经鼠尾静脉注射生理盐水0.5 ml,同样条件超声辐照3 min对照组经鼠尾静脉注射生理盐水0.5 ml.于创伤后第1、3、5、7、14、21 d利用HE染色和免疫组化方法 观察各组创面肉芽组织生长及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达的情况.结果 HE染色:伤后第7 d,超声破坏微泡组肉芽组织明显比其他3组厚,新生毛细血管均垂直于创面生长,其他3组毛细血管排列紊乱.免疫组化观察VEGF表达变化:超声破坏微泡组在第3 d形成表达高峰,其他3组表达高峰在第5～7 d.结论 超声破坏微泡可以提高大鼠背部皮肤的创面愈合质量;新生肉芽组织成熟早,创面愈合加速.超声破坏微泡时产生的高温、高压及某些化学效应可以刺激内源性VEGF分泌,促进血管生成,从而促进创面愈合.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effect of microbubble(Sono Vue) destruction with ultrasound on wound healing in rats. Methods Total 96 SD rats were accepted one rounded whole-layer skin incision on back each other and randomly divided into four groups:microbubble destruction with ultrasound(US + MB),microbubble(MB), ultrasound(US) and control group. Rats in US + MB group were injected with 0.5 ml microbubble contrast agent via tail vein,and then ultrasound irradiated for 3 minutes immediately. MB group were injected with 0.5 ml microbubble contrast agent. US group were injected with 0.5 ml physiological saline,and then ultrasound irradiated for 3 minutes immediately under the same condition. Control group were injected with 0.5 ml physiological saline. Feed each rat in single cage. On day 1,3,5,7,14 and 21 after wound creation,the excised wound tissues were analyzed by histology and VEGF expression in wounds by immunohistochemistry. Results HE staining: On day 7, wounds of US + MB group displayed the most accumulation of granulation tissue and all new capillaries were perpendicular to the wound surface, but the new capillaries of other 3 groups were disordered. Immunohistochemical examination of VEGF expression:the peak expression appeared on day 3 in US + MB group, other 3 groups were on day 5 to day 7.Conclusions US + MB treatment could improve the quality of wound healing and granulation tissues were maturated earlier than MB, US treatment and control group, which could accelerate wound healing. High temperature,high pressure and some kind of chemistry effecs induced by microbubble destruction with ultrasound can stimulate the secretion of endogenous VEGF, which may be the mechanism of promoting angiogenesis and wound healing.     

不同剂量微泡造影剂在高强度聚焦超声消融活体羊肝组织中的增效效应

目的 探讨不同剂量超声造影剂对高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)消融活体羊肝组织的增效效应.方法 南疆黄羊20只,随机分为4组.第1组为HIFU联合0.01 ml/kg SonoVue.第2组为HIFU联合0.03 ml/kg SonoVue,第3组为HIFU联合0.05 ml/kg SonoVue,第4组为单纯HIFU组.麻醉状态下,微泡造影剂于HIFU辐照前静脉团注,20 s后开始HIFU辐照.每组采用定点辐照,所用辐照参数为频率0.8 MHz、声强19 100 W/cm2、辐照深度30 mm、辐照时间15 s.HIFU辐照结束后1周处死动物.观察并测量凝同性坏死大小,对凝固性坏死作组织病理分析.结果 在相同声辐照参数下,1、2、3组凝同性坏死区域均大于第4组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且凝固性坏死体积随SonoVue剂量的增加而逐渐增大,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).组织病理学检查发现凝同性坏死区内无正常组织残留.除实验3组出现消融灶邻近组织和皮肤损伤外,其余各组均未出现明显并发症.结论 微泡造影剂在HIFU消融过程中的增效效应与微泡造影剂的剂量有关,微泡造影剂的剂量越大,所形成的凝固性坏死的体积越大,增效越明显.     

SonoVue及Sonazoid在早期乳腺癌患者前哨淋巴结定位中的初步研究

目的探讨SonoVue及Sonazoid在早期乳腺癌患者前哨淋巴结（SLN）定位中的应用。 方法纳入2018年1月1日至2020年1月30日于北京大学第三医院就诊的临床诊断为乳腺癌T1~2期的患者204例。所有患者均行腋窝淋巴结清扫术或SLN活检术取得病理结果,术前均行超声造影检查。依据超声造影剂选用类型的不同,将204例患者分为SonoVue组135例（男性1例）,Sonazoid组69例。观察2组SLN显影的数量、持续时间等,并分别与美蓝染色方法进行对比分析。 结果SonoVue组135例患者,超声造影检出SLN共210个,美蓝染色检出297个,差异有统计学意义（t=6.964,P＜0.001）;Sonazoid组69例患者,超声造影检出SLN共102个,美蓝染色检出139个,差异有统计学意义（t=3.763,P＜0.001）。SonoVue组135例患者中1例造影定位未成功,美蓝染色定位显影失败4例;Sonazoid组68例患者全部成功定位,美蓝染色定位显影失败3例,2组显影成功率分别与美蓝染色比较,差异均无统计学意义（P=0.370、0.244）。SonoVue组与Sonazoid组之间的显影成功率比较（99.3% vs 100.0%）,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。造影剂注射后60、120 min时,SonoVue组SLN内均未见淋巴结显影,而Sonazoid组切除的蓝染淋巴结在生理盐水中均持续显影。 结论Sonazoid在定位早期乳腺癌患者SLN中的应用价值不低于SonoVue,其在SLN中持续显影的特性有望用于术中检验切除SLN的准确性及完整性。     

去甲肾上腺素与山茛菪碱对孕鼠胎盘血流灌注影响的实时超声造影评价

目的 应用超声造影测定去甲肾上腺素与山莨菪碱对孕鼠胎盘血流灌注影响的参数,分析血管活性药物作用后的胎盘血流灌注变化.方法 随机选取健康SD孕鼠60只,分为对照组、去甲肾上腺素组和山莨菪碱组,每组20只.应用造影连续对比脉冲序列技术,经鼠尾静脉快速团注SonoVue造影剂（1.0 ml/kg）,利用灌注定量分析软件分别测量胎盘与子宫肌壁两个感兴趣区的时间-强度曲线和相关参数：造影剂到达时间、达峰时间及峰值强度.并应用Sonoliver软件计算胎盘造影剂达峰时间曲线下面积.结果 对照组、去甲肾上腺素组与山莨菪碱组的造影剂到达时间、达峰时间组间比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.去甲肾上腺素组的峰值强度低于对照组,山莨菪碱组的峰值强度高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.去甲肾上腺素组造影剂达峰时间曲线下面积小于对照组,山莨菪碱组大于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 造影连续对比脉冲序列技术可以敏感地反映血管活性药物作用后的孕鼠胎盘血流灌注变化.     

声诺维对猪左右心室的影响

目的 评估超声造影剂声诺维对猪心室内径及收缩功能的影响.方法 16头小型猪随机分为实验组和对照组.实验组经耳静脉持续缓慢注射1 ml声诺维,20 min后重复;对照组注射同等剂量的生理盐水.测量基础状态、注射声诺维后左右心室收缩末内径、舒张末内径、短轴缩短率,及注射声诺维后左右室内径变化的最大值以及达到最大值的时间、恢复到基线值的时间.结果 两组基础参数差异无统计学意义.实验组初次注射声诺维后,右室舒张末内径(RVEDD)由基线(25.88±1.38)mm增加至最大值(33.26±0.99)mm,左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)由基线(38.10±1.39)mm减小至最小值(26.25±0.65)mm;而右室短轴缩短率(RVFS)由基线(26.90±1.92)%升高至最大值(33.92±2.53)%,左室短轴缩短率(LVFS)由基线(36.24±1.93)%下降至最小值(29.13±3.00)%,与基础值相比差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);平均(10.15±0.59)min达变化最大值,(9.00±0.56)min恢复到基线值.对照组注射生理盐水后参数无变化.重复注射声诺维后,再次出现右室扩张[RVEDD最大值(29.98±1.23)mm]、左室受压[LVEDD最大值(31.91±1.64)mm],RVFS最高为(31.09±1.90)%,LVFS最低为(32.17±2.31)%,变化幅度均小于第1次(P<0.05),而达变化最大值的时间[(8.73±0.55)min]及恢复到基础值的时间[(6.89 ±0.43)min]均短于第1次(P<0.05).结论 静脉注射声诺维导致一过性右室扩张,收缩功能增强,左室受压和收缩功能下降.重复使用后,左右室所受的影响小于第1次.     

超声造影剂在诊断超声辐射下对兔睾丸生精细胞的影响

目的 探讨超声造影剂SonoVue在诊断超声不同剂量、不同成像模式条件下对兔睾丸生精细胞的影响.方法 选用大白兔33只,随机分组.对照组3只,双侧睾丸接受灰阶超声辐射3 min.常规造影组18只,分为A1、B1、C1、A2、B2、C2共6个小组,每组各3只,经兔耳缘静脉团注SonoVue,其中A1、A2组分别单次注射0.1 ml/kg;B1、B2组每次均注射0.1 ml/kg,间隔15 min重复2次;C1、C2组单次注射1 ml/kg.造影剂爆破组12只,分为D1、D2、E1、E2组,每组各3只,当造影剂刚充满整个睾丸实质时,单次触发爆破,其中D1、D2组注射0.1 ml/kg,E1、E2组注射1 ml/kg.A1、B1、C1、D1、E1各组于实验结束后立即取材,A2、B2、C2、D2、E2各组于实验结束常规饲养24 h后取材.应用光镜、电镜观察各组睾丸组织学变化.结果 造影剂爆破组的凋亡细胞总数较对照组、常规造影组显著增多(P＜0.001),常规造影组与对照组的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).电镜下,常规造影组中除C1组睾丸内局部细胞间隙增宽、线粒体肿胀外,其他各小组均未见明显改变.造影剂爆破组的睾丸实质均可见细胞间隙增宽、线粒体空泡,其中D1组、E1组睾丸组织还存在点状坏死灶.结论 常规造影组常规剂量对生精细胞无明显影响,大剂量可造成生精细胞的短暂的可逆性损伤.造影剂爆破可造成生精细胞不可逆的损伤.     

Phagocytosis of ultrasound contrast agent microbubbles by Kupffer cells

Delayed parenchymal phase images of the liver more than 5 min after IV injection of ultrasound contrast agents are thought to be related to the phagocytosis of contrast agent microbubbles by macrophages. In this study, we examined whether liver-specific macrophages, Kupffer cells, phagocytosed the microbubbles and whether their elimination affected the delayed parenchymal images of the liver. Phase-contrast microscope observations showed that Kupffer cells phagocytosed various contrast agents in vitro. Among the contrast agents used, 99% of Sonazoid and Optison, and 47% of Levovist were phagocytosed, whereas only 7.3% of SonoVue and 0% of Imavist were phagocytosed. Elimination of Kupffer cells in vivo by gadolinium chloride (GdCl(3)) resulted in decreased intensity of the delayed parenchymal images with Sonazoid and Levovist, while SonoVue showed no changes compared with control. Our findings suggested that Kupffer cells phagocytosed contrast agents and they were responsible for the delayed images of contrast ultrasound in the liver.     

高机械指数超声造影对肿瘤肝转移影响的实验研究

目的 观察高机械指数超声造影对结肠癌肝转移的影响.方法 经大鼠脾注入结肠癌Lovo细胞,制备肝微小转移灶动物模型,分为对照组、微泡+超声辐照组、单纯超声辐照组和单纯微泡组.使用超声造影剂SonoVue(1 ml/kg),经大鼠尾静脉注射后,进行超声间歇辐照2 min(频率1.5 MHz,机械指数1.7),10 d后处死大鼠,观察肝转移肿瘤数目、大小、病理学改变及其超微结构的改变.结果 对照组、单纯辐照组及单纯微泡组之间的转移率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);透射电镜可见单纯辐照组及单纯微泡组肿瘤细胞核大,胞浆和胞核比例减小,线粒体较多,未见肿胀,与对照组无明显差异.而微泡+超声辐照组肿瘤的数目及大小明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),肿瘤周围脾组织微血管有大量血栓形成;透射电镜可见肿瘤细胞线粒体明显肿胀,内皮细胞间缝隙连接增宽.结论 高机械指数超声造影对结肠癌肝转移有明显抑制作用.     

槲皮素通过PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路减轻脓毒症小鼠心肌损伤

目的基于磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(AKT)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)通路探究槲皮素减轻脓毒症小鼠心肌损伤的分子机制,为槲皮素治疗脓毒症提供理论依据。方法采用盲肠结扎穿孔法构建脓毒症小鼠模型,将造模成功的小鼠随机分为模型组、槲皮素组(200 mg/kg)、抑制剂组(PI3K/mTOR抑制剂NVP-BEZ235 60 mg/kg)和槲皮素+抑制剂组(槲皮素200 mg/kg+PI3K/mTOR抑制剂NVP-BEZ235 60 mg/kg),每组15只,另取15只小鼠作为假手术组。假手术组和模型组小鼠灌胃等体积生理盐水,其余各组灌胃相对应药物,给药体积10 m L/kg。给药24 h后,超声检测平均动脉压(MAP)、左心室收缩压(LVSP)、左心室等容舒张期压力下降最大速率(-dp/dtmax)和左心室等容舒张期压力上升最大速率(+dp/dtmax);全自动生化分析仪检测血清肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)和心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)水平;苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察心肌组织病理学变化;酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测心肌组织白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量;蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot)法检测心肌组织PI3K、AKT和mTOR蛋白磷酸化水平。结果心肌组织病理损伤:模型组小鼠心肌组织出现结构紊乱、心肌细胞变性、心肌纤维断裂、心肌横纹模糊、细胞间质水肿等病理损伤;槲皮素组较模型组减轻,抑制剂组较模型组加重;槲皮素+抑制剂组较槲皮素组加重。MAP、LVSP、-dp/dtmax、+dp/dtmax、SOD含量及PI3K、AKT、mTOR蛋白磷酸化水平:模型组较假手术组降低;槲皮素组较模型组升高,抑制剂组较模型组降低;槲皮素+抑制剂组较槲皮素组降低,较抑制剂组升高,差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)。CK-MB、cTnI水平及TNF-α、IL-6、MDA含量:模型组较假手术组升高;槲皮素组较模型组降低,抑制剂组较模型组升高;槲皮素+抑制剂组较槲皮素组升高,较抑制剂组降低,差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论槲皮素可能通过上调PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路降低脓毒症小鼠心肌组织炎症和氧化应激反应,从而减轻心肌损伤。