多器官功能障碍综合征77例死亡危险因素分析和早期护理干预

目的:探讨多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)患者病死的危险因素,为临床早期护理干预MODS提供线索. 方法:应用回顾性调查的方法,对2004年7月至2008年6月在我院急危重症医学部177例MODS患者资料进行分析.结果:177例MODS患者经治疗和护理后,治愈44例,治愈率50.57%,死亡43例,病死率49.43%.二分类逐步Logistic回归分析提示APACHEⅡ评分越低者、老年患者、患3种以上基础疾病者、衰竭器官越多者、诱发因素为休克和脑血管意外者,以及衰竭首发器官为为肾功能衰竭、外周循环衰竭、中枢神经衰竭者,发生死亡的相对危险度较大.结论:在MODE患者的护理中,着重提高预防的意识.结合患者的年龄、APACHEⅡ评分、首发衰竭器官、诱发因素、基础疾病数、衰竭器官数情况,进行针对性护理干预,对于改善预后有重要意义.     

脑梗死患者并多器官功能障碍综合征118例相关因素分析

目的：调查急性脑梗死伴多器官功能障碍综合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrom，MODS)的相关因素及病死率。方法：调查721例脑梗死患者，应用队列研究方法对MODS的相关危险因素及病死率进行分析。结果：721例脑梗死患者中，118例发生MODS，发生率为16．4％。12个因素参与MODS发生的单因素分析，与MODS发生有显著关系的是糖尿病、冠心病、慢性阻塞性肺病、治疗延迟≥4h、甘露醇、高渗性葡萄糖、肺炎。118例MODS患者衰竭器官分布：最高为肺75例(63．4％)，依次为胃肠49例(41．5％)，肾功能衰竭45例(38．1％)，循环系统34例(28．8％)等。118例MODS患者，死亡39例，病死率为33．0％，无MODS组603例中死亡48例(8．0％)，两组病死率相比差异有显著性意义(X^2=58．55．P&;lt;0．01)；MODS累及器官的个数与病死率有关。年龄小于60岁组的发生MODS数量明显少于60岁以上者(P&;lt;0．05)。结论：MODS的发生与多因素有关，器官损伤数目越多，预后越差。充分认识MODS发生的危险因素，治疗中应早期进行有关器官的功能监测，有利于防止MODS的发生。     

老年人急性脑卒中并发多器官功能衰竭临床分析

目的:探讨急性脑卒中并老年人多器官功能衰竭(MOFE)的临床特点、相关发病因素及防治措施,为进一步减低病死率提供参考.方法:回顾性分析我院急诊科收治的121例急性脑卒中并MOFE病人的临床资料,根据头颅CT结果把121例患者分为脑出血组及脑梗死组,分别研究其病死率、原患基础疾病、首发衰竭器官与多发器官衰竭并作统计学分析.结果:脑出血并发MOFE组的病死率明显高于脑梗死组,年龄与病死率呈正相关,首发衰竭器官与多发器官衰竭均以心肺为最多.原患基础疾病以心血管及呼吸系统疾病为主.结论:感染是诱发MOFE的主要因素,预防感染最为重要,同时应进行合理用药、预防应激性溃疡出血等综合治疗.     

预防产科多器官功能障碍综合征的探讨

目的探讨孕产妇多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)的防治与护理.方法对1993～2005年23例产科MODS的临床资料进行回顾性总结,根据其诱发因素、疾病特点等制定相应的预防及护理措施.结果本组23例孕产妇痊愈14例,死亡9例,死亡率为39.1%.导致产科MODS主要因素是妊娠高血压疾病重度子痫前期或子痫和产后出血,器官衰竭以肾功能衰竭最为多见.结论及时处理产科MODS的病因,积极预防和治疗产科并发症,采取有效的护理措施,是减少孕产妇死亡的关键.     

伴发肾功能不全的多器官功能障碍综合征患者的临床特征及预后

目的　探讨伴发肾功能不全的多脏器功能障碍综合征 (MODS)患者的临床特征及预后。方法　对一综合性ICU中 6 0例MODS患者的临床特征进行回顾性分析 ,并比较了入院时APACHEⅡ评分、序贯器官衰竭估计 (sequentialorganfailureassessment,SOFA)评分对预后的预测作用。结果　 6 0例MODS患者中发生肾功能不全 4 5例 (75 % ) ,未发生肾功能不全 15例 (2 5 % ) ,二组比较病死率无差异 ,但发生肾功能不全组器官衰竭个数、最大SOFA评分明显高于未发生肾功能不全组 (P <0 0 1)。在发生肾功能不全的患者中存活组与死亡组临床特征比较显示 ,两组在少尿、休克的存在、行机械通气治疗、器官衰竭的个数、入院后肾功能不全出现的时间、入院肾SOFA评分、肾最大SOFA评分及总最大SOFA评分差异有显著意义(P <0 0 5 )。少尿组与非少尿组患者临床特征比较显示少尿组患者病死率、器官衰谒个数、总最大SOAF评分、肾最大SOFA评分明显高于非少尿组 (P <0 0 1)。结论　在MODS中肾脏损害较普遍。伴发肾功能不全的MODS患者中影响预后的因素主要有少尿、休克的存在、行机械通气治疗、器官衰竭的个数、迟发的肾功能衰竭。SOAF评分对估计MODS患者的病情及预测预后具有良好的临床应用价值。     

产科急重症患者合并多系统器官功能衰竭42例临床研究

目的分析产科急重症患者合并多系统器官功能衰竭（MSOF）的临床特点与诱发因素。方法对1995年以来收治的42例产科急重症患者合并MSOF病例作回顾分析,比较产科急重症合并MSOF发生情况、衰竭器官数目与病死率关系、各系统器官功能衰竭发生例次。结果导致MSOF的重度妊娠高血压疾病、产后出血、羊水栓塞、DIC、胎盘早剥及其他诱因中,重度妊娠高血压疾病诱发MSOF显著高于其他诱因（P〈0.05）;产科急重症患者合并发MSOF中,随着衰竭器官数日增加,其病死率增加,合并4、5个器官衰竭的产科急重症患者其病死率显著高于仅2个器官衰竭者（P〈0．05）;各系统器官功能衰竭发生率中,肾功能衰竭发生率照著高于其他系统器官衰竭（P〈0．05）。结论产科危露症并发MSOF的治疗应积极预防和控制诱因,更应重视防治重度妊娠高血压疾病,必要时适时终止妊娠,对这类患者应采取有效措施防止衰竭器官数目的增加,以达到降低其病死率目的,产科危重症患者应特别注意采取必要措施预防肾功能衰竭的发生。     

预防产科多器官功能障碍综合征的探讨

目的探讨孕产妇多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）的防治与护理.方法对1993～2005年23例产科MODS的临床资料进行回顾性总结,根据其诱发因素、疾病特点等制定相应的预防及护理措施.结果本组23例孕产妇痊愈14例,死亡9例,死亡率为39.1%.导致产科MODS主要因素是妊娠高血压疾病重度子痫前期或子痫和产后出血,器官衰竭以肾功能衰竭最为多见.结论及时处理产科MODS的病因,积极预防和治疗产科并发症,采取有效的护理措施,是减少孕产妇死亡的关键.     

严重创伤致多器官功能障碍综合征的预防与护理

目的 预防和减少严重创伤致多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS),降低病死率。方法 根据诱发MODS的原因,对582例严重创伤患者采取以下护理措施：(1)早期处理原发性损害及抗休克;(2)早期防治感染;(3)积极对多器官进行监测和预测,及早发现衰竭现象;(4)加强全身营养。结果 582例严重创伤患者中发生MODS135例(23．20％),死亡67例(49．63％)。结论 及早发现并积极采取多种有效的护理措施,可降低严重创伤致MODS的发生率和病死率。     

机械通气合并下呼吸道感染和多器官功能障碍患者的预后因素分析

目的：探讨影响机械通气合并下呼吸道感染和多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）患者的预后因素,为提高机械通气抢救危重病成功率寻找途径。方法：收集120例接受机械通气治疗患者的临床资料,分析下呼吸道感染及MODS发生率与病死率之间的关系,比较MODS存活组与非存活组患者的基本特征（年龄、急性生理和慢性健康状况评分（APACHEⅡ评分）、是否合并慢性器官功能不全和其它部位感染、机械通气时间等）。结果：120例中有105例（87．5％）并发医院下呼吸道感染,分离出486株细菌,其中G^-杆菌350株（72．0％）,尤以铜绿假单胞菌居多（212株,43．62％）;79例（65．8％）发生MODS,其中48例（60．8％）死亡;未合并感染者死亡2例,单一细菌感染者死亡15例,混合细菌感染者死亡56例（P＜0．005）,且MODS存活组与非存活组患者在年龄,APACHEⅡ评分及机械通气时间3个方面差异有显著性（P＜0．05或P＜0．001）。结论：虽然机械通气治疗是危重病患者抢救中不可缺少的手段,但合并下呼吸道感染和MODS是这类患者病死率高的主要原因,其中感染病原菌种类、数量、年龄、APACHEⅡ评分及机械通气治疗时间可能是不容忽视的因素。     

急性肾功能衰竭与多器官功能障碍综合征

多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）是指机体遭受严重感染、创伤、大手术、烧伤、休克、重症急性胰腺炎、药物和毒物中毒等损伤，同时或先后出现2个或2个以上器官功能障碍。以至在无干扰治疗的情况下不能维持内环境的稳定的综合征。但不包括慢性疾病终末期发生的多个器官功能障碍或衰竭。一旦发生MODS。其病死率在60％以上。如同时出现急性肾功能衰竭（ARF），病死率将更高。肾功能衰竭是MODS预后的一个独立危险因素。国内外均有报道用肾脏替代治疗改善了MODS患者的预后。存活者中超过65％的患者肾功能会恢复．不需要终身维持肾脏替代治疗。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.