高屈曲假体行全膝关节置换术的康复护理

目的观察高屈曲假体行全膝关节置换术(TKA)患者围术期进行系统康复训练的效果。方法选择接受TKA的患者42例42个膝关节,实施系统化康复训练方案,包括肌力训练、关节活动训练及步态训练。结果本组获随15~18个月。术后1年膝关节平均活动°(ROM)为141,°KSS膝关节评分平均为95分。结论对行高屈曲假体TKR患者围术期进行系统康复训练能提高关节功能,提高患者的生活质量。     

加速康复外科护理理念在全膝关节置换术患者的应用

目的探讨应用加速康复外科理念指导下的整体护理对人工全膝关节置换术后膝关节肿胀程度,疼痛程度对膝关节屈曲度数的影响。方法将40例人工全膝关节置换术患者随机分为观察组20例和对照组20例。观察组采用加速康复外科理念指导下的整体护理进行围手术期的护理,对照组采用常规围手术期护理方案。比较两组患者术后第1 d、第3 d、第7 d的肿胀、疼痛程度、膝关节屈曲度数、HSS评分。结果观察组人工全膝关节置换术后第1天,第3天,第7天的肿胀、疼痛程度明显低于对照组(P0.05),膝关节屈曲度数明显高于对照组(P0.05),术后HSS评分明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论人工全膝关节置换术后患膝明显肿胀和疼痛患者的康复速度明显慢于患膝轻度肿胀和疼痛的患者,加速康复外科护理理念指导下的整体护理在人工全膝关节置换围手术期的应用,能有效减轻术后患肢肿胀程度,疼痛程度,有效促进人工全膝关节置换患者的功能恢复,加速患者的康复。     

围术期综合护理在膝关节周围骨肉瘤人工假体置换术患者中的应用

目的:探讨围术期综合护理在膝关节周围骨肉瘤行人工假体置换术患者中的应用效果。方法:将50例膝关节周围骨肉瘤行人工假体置换术患者随机分为对照组和观察组各25例,对照组实施基础护理,观察组实施围术期综合护理,比较两组护理效果。结果:两组Enneking骨骼肌肉肿瘤下肢评分量表(MSTS)评分、术后并发症发生率及汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)评分比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:对膝关节周围骨肉瘤行人工假体置换术患者实施围术期综合护理,有利于患者肢体功能康复,降低并发症发生率,改善其心理状态,提高睡眠质量。     

3例全膝关节置换术后深部感染翻修术后的康复训练

报告了3例全膝关节置换术后深部感染患者行翻修术后的康复训练。根据手术的分期(一期Spacer植入术,间隔期,二期假体再置换术)将训练分为3个阶段:一期手术后训练的目的是消肿镇痛、减轻肌肉萎缩、预防挛缩和粘连;间隔期的训练目的是在不增加疼痛和肿胀的前提下锻炼肌力,加强行走和膝关节主动屈伸训练;二期假体再置换术后的训练目的是解除病变关节造成的疼痛,改善膝关节的屈伸和行走功能,增强肌力和膝关节的稳定性。本组术后感染未复发,疼痛明显减轻,膝关节屈伸和行走功能较满意,膝关节HSS评分满意。     

止血带联合鸡尾酒对全膝关节置换的术后快速康复过程的影响

目的探讨止血带联合鸡尾酒在全膝关节置换的术后快速康复过程中的影响。方法选择全膝关节置换术手术200例患者,按照是否半程使用止血带联合鸡尾酒法分为观察组和对照组,各100例。比较两组患者围手术期情况、以及术后疼痛视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分、膝关节特种外科医院(HSS)评分和下肢活动度(ROM)测量值,以及股四头肌肌力、大腿肿胀率指标变化。结果观察组术中可见失血量高于对照组,止血带时长低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(t分别=16.29、-17.23,P均<0.05)。两组在总失血量、手术时长、术后住院天数、术后康复满意度以及并发症的比较,差异均无统计学意义(t分别=1.74、1.89、1.84、1.08,χ~2=1.85,P均>0.05)。与术前比较,两组患者术后3 d的VAS评分较术前降低,HSS评分、ROM值较术前增高(t分别=-19.20、-23.05、29.39、13.90、13.61、23.05,P均<0.05)。术后3 d,观察组患者VAS评分低于对照组,HSS评分和ROM值均高于对照组(t分别=-4.55、18.26、18.25,P均<0.05)。观察组术后3 d的股四头肌力高于对照组,大腿肿胀率低于对照组(t分别=14.65、-16.21,P均<0.05)。结论在全膝关节置换术患者的快速康复过程中,半程用止血带联合鸡尾酒有明显的促进作用,能缩短患者预后恢复时间,提高满意程度。     

人工全膝关节置换术假体选择对患者膝关节屈伸功能的影响

背景随着新材料和新假体的出现和发展,全膝关节表面置换用于治疗骨性关节炎、类风湿性关节炎已经成为常规的手术方式.但仍然有许多问题困绕着术者. 目的探讨人工膝关节置换术中如何选择合适的假体及手术中影响疗效的主要因素及对患者关节活动功能的影响.设计自身前后对照研究.单位西安交通大学第一医院骨科.对象研究对象为2000-02/2003-09年西安交通大学第一医院骨科收治的36例实施了全膝关节置换术的患者.方法回顾分析了36例实施全膝关节置换术患者的48膝,用美国JohnN Install评分系统评估膝关节功能,通过比较每个患膝在术前和术后的得分评定手术效果.主要结局观察每个患膝在术前后的得分评定膝关节功能.结果术前平均评分39分,随访后平均评分85分,优良率95%.术后疼痛减轻,关节伸屈功能和活动功能有明显的改善.结论若人工全膝关节置换术中切除后交叉韧带,选用后稳定性假体,术后患者伸屈功能改善程度优于保留后交叉韧带术式,且手术简单,并发症少.术中的软组织力学平衡也是影响手术疗效的重要因素,膝关节周围组织应松解充分,否则将引起关节不稳或活动受限.围手术期采用抗凝治疗预防深静脉血栓形成及术后鼓励病员进行康复训练也是影响手术效果的重要环节.     

全膝人工表面关节置换术围手术期的康复治疗

目的：探讨全膝人工表面关节置换术围手术期的康复训练方法.方法：对27例30膝行全膝人工表面关节置换术的患者进行从入院至术后1个月内的围手术期康复训练,针对病情和心理特点,制订个体化、全面的康复训练方法.采用HSS膝关节评分标准和临床效果评价康复训练效果.结果：全部患者均全程通过围手术期康复,HSS评分由术前40.25分提高到围手术期结束后71.22分.配对t检验显示,治疗前后HSS评分差异有显著性意义（P＜0.05）.结论：全膝人工表面关节置换术围手术期采用个体化的综合康复计划,可以明显减少术后并发症,减轻疼痛,促进关节功能恢复.     

氨甲环酸血液麻醉在老龄患者全膝关节置换术中的应用

目的:探讨氨甲环酸血液麻醉对老年患者全膝关节置换术围手术期失血的影响及安全性.方法:2006年5月至2009年6月行单侧全膝关节置换术的84例患者,男41例,女43例;年龄57～92岁,平均67岁.病因为骨性关节炎52例,类风湿性关节炎32例.随机分为两组,处理组将氨甲环酸1 g稀释于250 mL生理盐水后静脉点滴,3h后以相同剂量再次给药;对照组给予等量生理盐水静脉点滴.比较两组术中失血量、术后可见失血量、隐性失血量、输血量和输血人数,是否出现下肢深静脉栓塞的临床症状;术前、术中松止血带时和术后3 h检查D二聚体、纤维蛋白原、凝血酶原时间和活化的部分凝血活酶时间.结果:术中失血量两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),氨甲环酸组术后可见失血量、隐性失血量、输血量和输血人数组均明显少于对照组.且术后血红蛋白值明显高于对照组(P<0.05).同时比较两组患者术中松止血带和术后3 h时FIB、PT、APTT的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).无明显静脉栓塞的临床症状,术后双下肢深静脉彩色多普勒超声检查结果均未见下肢深静脉血栓形成.结论:在老年患者TKA围手术期使用氨甲环酸能明显降低患者失血量及输血量,且不增加短期静脉血栓形成的风险.     

全膝关节置换42例的护理

目的 研究人工全膝关节置换术(TKR)患者围手术期临床护理对术后并发症预防及临床康复指导的重要性.方法 选择近2a42例44膝人工全膝关节置换术患者,术前、术后通过临床护理及康复指导后行HSS评分.结果 根据患者术后膝关节HSS(美国特种外科医院膝关节评分标准)评分标准为76～95分,平均为87分.结论 加强膝关节置换患者的围手术期护理及系统、细致的康复训练能促进患者术后功能恢复、预防并发症的发生.     

人工全膝关节置换术假体选择对患者膝关节屈伸功能的影响

背景：随着新材料和新假体的出现和发展，全膝关节表面置换用于治疗骨性关节炎、类风湿性关节炎已经成为常规的手术方式。但仍然有许多问题困绕着术者。目的：探讨人工膝关节置换术中如何选择合适的假体及手术中影响疗效的主要因素及对患者关节活动功能的影响。设计：自身前后对照研究。单位：西安交通大学第一医院骨科。对象：研究对象为2000—02／2003—09年西安交通大学第一医院骨科收治的36例实施了全膝关节置换术的患者。方法：回顾分析了36例实施全膝关节置换术患者的48膝，用美国John N Install评分系统评估膝关节功能，通过比较每个患膝在术前和术后的得分评定手术效果。主要结局观察：每个患膝在术前后的得分评定膝关节功能。结果：术前平均评分39分，随访后平均评分85分，优良率95％。术后疼痛减轻，关节伸屈功能和活动功能有明显的改善。结论：若人工全膝关节置换术中切除后交叉韧带，选用后稳定性假体，术后患者伸屈功能改善程度优于保留后交叉韧带术式，且手术简单，并发症少。术中的软组织力学平衡也是影响手术疗效的重要因素，膝关节周围组织应松解充分，否则将引起关节不稳或活动受限。围手术期采用抗凝治疗预防深静脉血栓形成及术后鼓励病员进行康复训练也是影响手术效果的重要环节。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.