早期干预对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病精神、运动发育的影响

目的：评价早期干预对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）精神运动发育的影响。方法：HIE患儿32例随机分为干预组（18例）和常规育儿组（14例）。干预组依据0－2岁早期教育大纲进行干预，内容包括运动、认知、语言和社会能力，早期干预是通过家长进行。结果：早期干预组1．5岁精神发育指标（MDI）比常规育儿组平均高10．9分（P＜0．01）；运动发育指数（PDI）高5．9分（P＜0．05）。结论：早期干预可促进HIE患儿智能发育，有利于防治其智能低下。     

心理干预对重性精神疾病患者肇事肇祸危险度的影响

目的：探讨心理干预对社区重性精神疾病患者肇事肇祸危险度的影响。方法对603例社区重性精神疾病患者进行肇事肇祸危险度评估,并在常规治疗的基础上于随访时进行社区心理干预,观察1a。干预后再次评定患者的肇事肇祸危险度,并与干预前进行对比分析。结果心理干预后入组患者的肇事肇祸等级构成有显著变化（P＜0．05）,其中精神分裂症患者和初中及以上文化程度患者的肇事肇祸危险等级显著降低（P＜0．01）,精神发育迟滞患者和小学及以下文化程度患者的肇事肇祸危险等级无明显变化（P＞0．05）。结论心理干预能显著降低社区重性精神疾病患者的肇事肇祸危险度,但对精神发育迟滞患者及文化程度低的患者效果不明显。     

点穴结合运动疗法对早期脑瘫患儿神经发育及预后的影响

目的探讨点穴结合运动疗法对早期脑性瘫痪的治疗效果。方法选取我院小儿神经康复部初诊的脑瘫患儿78例,其中40例采用点穴按摩结合运动训练的综合康复方案,设为干预组;38例给予家庭康复干预,设为对照组。两组均于治疗前后用CDCC婴幼儿智能发展量表进行发育商（DQ ）评定。同时进行运动模式、肌张力等综合评定。比较两组运动发育指数（MDI）、智力发育指数（PDI）及治疗总有效率的差异。结果干预组MDI、PDI得分明显高于对照组（P＜0．01）;治疗总有效率明显高于对照组（P＜0．01）。结论早期综合康复干预能促进脑瘫患儿的神经发育及修复,提高其运动、智力水平及康复治疗效果。     

医院与社区联合康复治疗脑瘫患儿的疗效观察

目的：探讨脑瘫患儿在社区进一步康复的模式和途径。方法：45例脑瘫患儿分为对照组20例和观察组25例;观察组采取由医院康复医学科直接参与和指导的社区康复治疗,对照组仅接受常规社区康复治疗。结果：干预3个月后,2组患儿粗大运动功能评定量表（GMFM-88）和儿童功能独立性评定量表（WeeFIM）评分较干预前明显提高（P＜0．05）;干预6个月末,观察组GMFM和WeeFIM 评分均较干预3个月末明显提高（P＜0．01）,对照组2项评分均较干预前明显提高（P＜0．01）,较干预3个月末差异无统计学意义,观察组2项评分明显高于对照组（P＜0．01）。结论：由医院康复医学科直接指导模式下进行社区康复的新模式,更有利于脑瘫患儿的康复,值得推广。     

影响脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者预后的相关因素分析

目的：探讨可影响脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者预后的相关因素，以便为是否需要对该类患者作进一步处理（如使用静脉营养、鼻饲或手术治疗）提供康复临床参考。方法：选择经过规范康复治疗的吞咽障碍患者，记录入院时年龄、性别、病变部位、症状、体征和吞咽障碍的评定项目，分别使用χ^2检验和多元逐步回归方程进行单因素及多因素相关性分析。结果：单因素资料分析显示，下列因素为吞咽障碍预后不良的危险因素，如入院时年龄＞70岁（P＜0．01），Barthel指数＜60（P＜0．01），大面积脑卒中或多部位脑卒中、脑干卒中、双侧卒中（P＜0．01），合并中枢性面瘫（P＞0．05），咽反射减弱或消失（P＞0．01）。这些患者经治疗后症状改善不明显，预后较差；而性别（P＞0．05）、文化程度（P＞0．05）等与不良预后关系不大。多因素logistic回归分析显示，吞咽障碍预后与入院时年龄、Barthel指数、脑卒中部位及程度等密切相关。结论：脑卒中患者发病及入院时资料可以协助判断吞咽障碍的预后。     

重型闭合性颅脑损伤患者的康复临床研究

目的：研究重型闭合性颅脑损伤住院患者综合康复治疗的效果以及影响因素。方法：对住院的69例重型颅脑损伤患者进行综合康复治疗，采用Glasgow昏迷量表（GCS）、日常生活能力（ADL）、残疾分级量表（DRS）、简易精神状态检查表（MMSE）等评定疗效并进行统计学分析。结果：本组病例的年龄、病程、治疗时间、GCS、昏迷时间等均有较大差异，其中GCS评分明显受昏迷时间的影响（P＜0．001）；患者的日常生活能力、认知能力和残疾水平均有较大程度的改善（P＜0．001）；手术组认知功能的恢复较非手术组明显（P＜0．05）；日常生活能力的恢复主要受损伤严重程度（GCS评分）和治疗时间的影响（P＜0．05）；认知功能的恢复除受GCS影响外（P＜0．01），病程短恢复好（P＜0．05）。结论：临床综合康复治疗对于重型闭合性颅脑损伤患者各种功能的恢复具有肯定的效果，日常生活能力和认知能力的恢复受颅脑损伤程度的影响、脑损伤患者认知功能的康复体系有待加强。     

司法鉴定中对受性侵害的女性精神病患者案件的特点分析

目的探讨女性精神分裂症和精神发育迟滞性侵害案件的特点。方法对32例精神分裂症和54例精神发育迟滞性被害司法鉴定案例，进行一般人口学特征、治疗情况、案例特点及鉴定结论等方面的对比分析。结果精神分裂症组较精神发育迟滞组年龄偏大，文化程度较高，已婚较多，但系统治疗率偏低（9．3％）。并且两组在与案犯关系、案发时间、案发地点、被害人态度方面差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。而两组被害人的被奸次数及告发情况则无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论女性精神分裂症和精神发育迟滞患者性侵害有明显的不同特点；防止性侵害，前者要侧重于治疗，提高治疗率，后者应以管理教育为主。     

系统护理干预对缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿预后的影响

目的：探讨系统护理干预措施对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（ HIE）预后的影响。方法将收治的104例HIE患儿按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各52例,两组均进行常规综合疗法联合高压氧治疗,对照组采取常规护理,观察组采取包括早期护理干预,给予照顾者心理支持,加强随访等系统的护理干预,比较两组患儿的新生儿神经行为测定（ NBNA）评分和智能发育情况。结果出院时观察组患儿NBNA评分为（39．36±2．73）分,对照组为（36．42±3．57）分,两组比较差异有统计学意义（t＝4．717, P＜0．05）;观察组患儿神经系统后遗症发病率1．92％,对照组为13．46％,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝4．875,P＜0．05）。出院后12个月观察组患儿智力发育指数（101．47±7．53）分,心理运动发育指数（97．56±15．42）分,均高于对照组的（86．34±18．31）,（82．93±16．45）分,差异有统计学意义（t分别为5．511,4．679;P＜0．01）;出院后18个月观察组患儿智能发育商数为（95．31±4．32）分,对照组（87．79±9．86）分,差异有统计学意义（t＝5．037,P＜0．01）。结论对HIE患儿实施包括早期护理干预、照顾者心理支持、定期随访在内的系统护理干预措施能够有效改善患儿的预后。     

纳洛酮对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的疗效预后及相关因素水平的影响

目的：探讨纳洛酮对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）的疗效、预后及其神经营养因子（BDNF）、S100B和神经特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）水平的影响。方法将该院诊治的80例 HIE患儿随机分为纳洛酮组和对照组,每组各40例。观察纳洛酮对两组患儿的临床疗效、预后,并检测BDNF、S100B和NSE含量水平的变化。结果治疗后,纳洛酮组的患儿的总体有效率为92．50％（37/40）,显著高于对照组的77．50％（31/40）（P＜0．05）;BDNF、N ES和S100B水平均出现不同程度的改变,且纳洛酮组的改善程度显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）;此外,对照组患儿的智力发育指数（MDI）和运动发育指数（PDI）亦明显低于纳洛酮组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;但是两组患儿均未出现严重不良反应。结论纳洛酮治疗HIE能显著提高临床疗效,改善预后和脑损伤指标BDNF、S100B和NSE水平变化。     

精神发育迟滞伴发精神障碍23例综合护理效果分析

目的：探讨精神发育迟滞伴发精神障碍综合康复护理的应用效果。方法以23例精神发育迟滞伴发精神障碍患者为研究对象,指定具有专业知识及丰富经验的临床医护人员完成其相关治疗与综合康复护理,记录其治疗前后生活质量及智力变化情况。结果23例患者经相应药物治疗及综合护理干预,其语言智商、操作智商、总智商及生活质量均显著高于护入院前,对比结果具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论：对精神发育迟滞伴发精神障碍患者给予合理的治疗及综合康复护理可以使其生活质量及身心健康得到明显改善。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.