膝关节骨关节炎膝屈伸肌训练效果的差异性

目的 探讨膝关节骨关节炎患者屈、伸膝肌练习效果的差异性。方法 18例膝关节骨关节炎患者(26个患膝)进行3～6周、每周3次的肌力练习,伸膝肌和屈膝肌练习的程度相同。练习前、后测定60°/s、120°/s和180°/s等速运动的峰力矩、单次最佳做功和力矩加速能。结果 屈膝肌参数(包括60°/s的单次最佳做功,120°/s的峰力矩、单次最佳做功和力矩加速能,180°/s的峰力矩和力矩加速能)均较伸膝肌参数有显著增加。结论 膝关节骨关节炎患者的伸膝肌和屈膝肌的练习效果不同,屈膝肌力改善程度好于伸膝肌。伸膝肌在功能性活动中起的作用更大,必须更注重伸膝肌的练习。     

偏瘫患者膝屈伸肌力等速测试的研究

目的　探讨对偏瘫患者是否需要进行下肢肌力训练。方法　运用Cybex 60 0 0型等速肌力测试系统对3 1例病程大于 6个月和能独立行走的偏瘫患者的两侧膝关节伸肌和屈肌进行肌力测试。结果　 (1)患膝屈、伸肌的峰力矩在不同的运动速度下 (60°/s ,12 0°/s ,180°/s)均较健侧明显下降 ;(2 )患膝屈、伸肌的峰力矩出现的时间与健侧相比有提前趋势 ;(3 )虽然患膝的屈肌和伸肌肌力同时下降 ,但屈肌的肌力较伸肌下降明显 ,患膝屈肌和伸肌的峰力矩比值较健侧有明显差异。结论　偏瘫患者的下肢肌力、肌耐力、爆发力明显下降 ,因此 ,应加强患侧下肢屈肌和伸肌的肌力训练 ,尤应加强屈肌的肌力训练     

骨关节炎性肌力减弱训练效果可能有选择性

目的 观察肌力训练减轻膝关节骨关节炎肌肉抑制的效果，探讨存在肌群抑制的情况下选择性同等肌力训练可否产生不同的效果。方法 18例膝骨关节炎患者(26膝)进行3—6周每周3次的肌力训练，伸膝肌和屈膝肌训练程度同等。前后测定60&;#176;／s、120&;#176;／s和180&;#176;／s等速运动的峰力矩、单次最佳做功和力矩加速能。结果 屈膝肌参数包括60&;#176;／s的单次最佳做功、120&;#176;／s的峰力矩和力矩加速能及180&;#176;／s的峰力矩和力矩加速能，均较伸膝肌有显著增加。结论 膝骨关节炎的伸膝肌和屈膝肌训练效果不同，屈膝肌力改善程度好于伸膝肌。     

偏瘫患者膝关节伸屈肌等速肌力测试研究

目的了解偏瘫病人恢复独立行走后患肢和健肢的肌力、屈伸肌力比,探讨膝关节不稳定的原因.方法采用CybexNORM系统对10例脑卒中偏瘫病人进行膝伸、屈肌等速肌力测试.结果3种角速度60、120、180(°/8)向心和60°/s离心伸屈肌峰力矩平均值健侧均高于患侧,伸肌120°、180°/8和屈肌60°、180°/s健侧峰力矩显著高于患侧(P值均＜0.05),离心伸肌60°/s时(P＜0.05);离心收缩大于向心收缩,峰值比(H/Q)均在40%～70%范围.60°/s膝10°位向心和离心伸肌力矩健侧显著高于患侧(P均＜0.05).结论偏瘫病人伸、屈肌肌力不足是造成行走时患膝不稳(膝过伸)的重要原因.     

骨关节炎性肌力减弱训练效果可能有选择性

目的观察肌力训练减轻膝关节骨关节炎肌肉抑制的效果,探讨存在肌群抑制的情况下选择性同等肌力训练可否产生不同的效果。方法18例膝骨关节炎患者(26膝)进行3～6周每周3次的肌力训练,伸膝肌和屈膝肌训练程度同等。前后测定60°/s、120°/s和180°/s等速运动的峰力矩、单次最佳做功和力矩加速能。结果屈膝肌参数包括60°/s的单次最佳做功、120°/s的峰力矩和力矩加速能及180°/s的峰力矩和力矩加速能,均较伸膝肌有显著增加。结论膝骨关节炎的伸膝肌和屈膝肌训练效果不同,屈膝肌力改善程度好于伸膝肌。     

等速离心肌力训练治疗膝关节骨关节炎的研究

运动Ｃｙｂｅｘ－６０００型等还肌力测试和训练系统对２０例膝关节骨关节炎患者进行 量等速离心肌力训练，观察训练对患膝肌力、疼痛及下肢功能的影响。结果表明：经过４周的训练，患膝 伸肌群各项测试指标均有不同程度提高，疼痛明显缓解，下肢功能显著改善。说明亚极量等速离心训练对膝关节骨关节炎２的近期疗效是明显的。     

膝骨关节炎患者膝屈伸肌群等速肌力及其与功能的相关性

目的观察膝关节骨关节炎(KOA)患者膝屈伸肌群等速肌力变化及其与膝关节功能的关系。方法23 例双侧KOA患者及14 名正常人进行膝屈伸肌等速肌力检查、五次坐-起试验(FTSST)、静态平衡测试、步态分析。KOA组还完成疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)及WOMAC骨关节炎指数评定。结果KOA组伸肌及屈肌峰力矩、峰力矩均值、平均功率、单次最佳做功及总功主患侧均小于对侧(P<0.05);峰力矩屈肌/伸肌(H/Q)百分比主患侧大于对侧(P<0.05)。组间比较,伸肌所有观察指标、屈肌平均功率KOA组均小于正常对照组(P<0.05);峰力矩H/Q 百分比KOA组大于正常对照组(P<0.05)。KOA组伸肌等速肌力峰力矩与FTSST、步行速度、步行距离、跌倒指数、VAS 评分、WOMAC-疼痛评分之间存在相关性(P<0.05),屈肌等速肌力峰力矩与FTSST、步态参数、跌倒指数、VAS评分、WOMAC评分之间无明显相关性(P>0.05)。结论KOA患者伸肌及屈肌等速肌力主患侧较对侧减弱,伸肌等速肌力较正常人减弱,膝伸屈肌肌力变化不同步。KOA患者伸肌等速肌力峰力矩与膝关节疼痛、功能之间存在相关性。     

膝关节骨关节炎患者等长、等速向心和等速离心测试的比较观察

目的 评价膝关节骨关节炎（OA）患者患侧及健侧膝伸肌和屈肌在等长、等速向心和等速离心收缩时的功能特性及相互间的关系。方法 应用Biodex System 3型等速测试系统对54例单侧膝OA患者进行患侧和健侧膝伸肌和屈肌的等长、等速向心及等速离心肌力测试。结果 膝OA患者患侧膝关节伸肌和屈肌在不同收缩模式下的肌力均较健侧显著下降（P＜0．05），特别是在低速向心和低速离心收缩状态时的降低幅度尤为显著；同时患者的膝关节屈／伸肌肌力（H／Q）比值和动态控制率均提示其患侧肢体存在肌力平衡异常。结论 在对膝OA患者肌肉功能进行评定时，应选用等速肌力测试并同时分析其H／Q比值及动态控制率，只有这样才能对患者的肌肉状况作出全面而客观的评定。     

等速肌力训练联合关节腔内注射及关节松动术治疗膝骨性关节炎的疗效观察

目的观察等速肌力训练联合玻璃酸钠关节腔内注射及关节松动术治疗膝骨性关节炎（KOA）的疗效。 方法采用随机数字表法将81例KOA患者分为联合治疗组、常规治疗组及对照组。联合治疗组给予等速肌力训练、玻璃酸钠关节腔内注射及关节松动术治疗,常规治疗组给予玻璃酸钠关节腔内注射及关节松动术治疗,对照组仅遵医嘱进行家庭自我踝泵训练。于治疗前、治疗4周后分别对各组患者膝关节疼痛程度、膝关节活动度、生活质量（采用WOMAC简明健康调查量表评定）及等速肌力指标［包括膝关节屈、伸肌峰力矩值（PT）,屈、伸肌峰力矩值对应角度(AOPT)］进行评定。 结果各组患者分别经4周治疗后,发现对照组膝关节疼痛VAS评分、膝关节活动度、WOMAC量表评分（包括疼痛、僵硬、功能评分及总分）、等速肌力指标（包括膝关节屈肌及伸肌PT值、屈肌及伸肌AOPT值）均较治疗前无显著改善（P&rt;0.05）;而联合治疗组及常规治疗组患者上述指标均较治疗前明显改善(P<0.05),并且联合治疗组患者疼痛VAS评分［（3.34±1.76）分］、膝关节活动度［屈膝（117.66±20.60)°、伸膝(5.69±2.12)°］、WOMAC指数评分［疼痛(110.34±49.53)分、僵硬(38.97±35.49）分、功能评分(430.52±270.43)分、总分（581.21±322.90）分］及等速肌力指标［膝关节屈肌PT值（21.83±3.63）N?m、伸肌PT值（28.90±6.76）N?m、屈肌AOPT值（99.86±18.94）°、伸肌AOPT值（49.93±6.78）°］亦显著优于常规治疗组及对照组水平（P<0.05）。 结论联合采用等速肌力训练、玻璃酸钠关节腔内注射及关节松动术治疗KOA患者具有协同疗效,能进一步提高患者膝关节稳定性、改善其日常生活活动能力,该联合疗法值得临床推广、应用。     

膝关节骨性关节炎患者髋外展肌等速肌力的研究

摘要 目的：观察膝关节骨性关节炎（KOA）患者髋外展肌等速肌力变化。 方法：采用Biodex system 4对23例双侧KOA患者及14例正常对照者进行角速度为30°/s及60°/s的髋外展肌等速肌力测试,分别采用配对样本t检验及独立样本t检验比较KOA患者主患侧与对侧、KOA组主患侧与正常对照组髋外展肌等速肌力。 结果：KOA组30°/s峰力矩主患侧显著小于对侧（1.15 vs 1.22Nm/kg, P=0.039）,峰力矩均值、单次最佳做功主患侧亦显著小于对侧（P＜0.05）,总功、平均功率无显著性差异（P＞0.05）;60°/s峰力矩主患侧显著小于对侧（1.03 vs 1.13Nm/kg, P=0.006）,峰力矩均值、单次最佳做功、总功、平均功率主患侧亦显著小于对侧（P＜0.05）。髋外展肌30°/s峰力矩均值、平均功率、单次最佳做功及总功KOA组主患侧显著小于正常对照组（P≤0.05）;60°/s时峰力矩KOA组显著小于正常对照组（1.03 vs 1.25Nm/Kg, P=0.032）,余观察指标两组无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。 结论：膝骨关节炎患者主患侧髋外展肌等速肌力峰力矩、做功能力、运动效率较对侧减弱。膝骨关节炎患者髋外展肌等速肌力峰力矩、做功能力、运动效率较正常对照组减弱。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.