膝关节骨性关节炎等速离心收缩肌力的研究

目的评价单侧膝关节骨性关节炎(OA)患者患侧和健侧膝关节股四头肌和腘绳肌的向心收缩和离心收缩肌力的变化,重点研究膝OA股四头肌和腘绳肌离心收缩功能的变化。方法应用BiodexSystem-3型等速测试系统对42例单侧膝关节骨性关节炎患者进行患侧和健侧的股四头肌及腘绳肌的向心和离心收缩功能测试。结果患侧和健侧股四头肌及健侧腘绳肌向心收缩时,当速度增加,峰力矩值显著减小;离心收缩时,随着角速度增加峰力矩未见下降;相同速度下,患侧和健侧股四头肌和腘绳肌离心收缩肌力明显大于向心收缩;膝OA患者存在股四头肌向心收缩和离心收缩肌力的下降(P<0.05),肌力缺失百分比>10%,以及腘绳肌低速向心肌力下降(P<0.05),肌力缺失百分比为14.33%。膝OA股四头肌的离心/向心肌力比值(E/C比值)低于腘绳肌,随运动速度增加,股四头肌的E/C比值明显增大。患侧股四头肌60°/s角速度下的E/C比值较健侧有显著增高(P<0.05)。结论膝OA患者股四头肌存在向心和离心收缩功能异常,提示膝OA患者的肌肉功能测试应增加离心测试,并注意加强膝OA患者股四头肌的离心收缩训练。     

偏瘫患者膝关节伸屈肌等速肌力测试研究

目的了解偏瘫病人恢复独立行走后患肢和健肢的肌力、屈伸肌力比,探讨膝关节不稳定的原因.方法采用CybexNORM系统对10例脑卒中偏瘫病人进行膝伸、屈肌等速肌力测试.结果3种角速度60、120、180(°/8)向心和60°/s离心伸屈肌峰力矩平均值健侧均高于患侧,伸肌120°、180°/8和屈肌60°、180°/s健侧峰力矩显著高于患侧(P值均＜0.05),离心伸肌60°/s时(P＜0.05);离心收缩大于向心收缩,峰值比(H/Q)均在40%～70%范围.60°/s膝10°位向心和离心伸肌力矩健侧显著高于患侧(P均＜0.05).结论偏瘫病人伸、屈肌肌力不足是造成行走时患膝不稳(膝过伸)的重要原因.     

单侧膝关节骨性关节炎患者全膝关节置换术前膝关节屈伸肌力的等速测试研究

目的：通过对将行单侧全膝关节置换术（TKR）的骨性关节炎（OA）患者患侧、健侧膝关节肌力及同年龄组健康者膝关节肌力的测试研究,找出三者的关系,为围手术期膝关节功能康复提出指导意见。方法：以18例准备进行单侧TKR的患者为观察组进行健侧、患侧膝关节等速向心肌力测试,以峰力矩（PT）、峰力矩/体重（PT/BW）、单次最大做功和屈/伸肌肌力比值（H/Q）为观察指标,并以15例健康者为对照组进行相同测试。结果：在低速（60°/S）和高速（180°/S）测试中,观察组患侧膝关节伸肌峰力矩（PT）、峰力矩体重比（PT/BW）、单次最大做功均较健侧显著下降（P〈0.05）,患侧膝关节屈肌各观察指标中除单次最大做功在高速测试中较健侧显著下降（P〈0.05）外,其余指标均与健侧比较没有显著性差异（P〉0.05）;健侧膝关节除H/Q比值在低速测试时没有显著性差异外（P〉0.05）,其余各观察指标均较对照组膝关节有显著下降（P〈0.01）。结论：患者健、患侧膝关节肌肉功能均比健康人差,患侧膝关节肌肉功能的下降以伸肌最为显著,提示TKR患者围手术期功能训练患侧应以伸肌训练为主,同时兼顾健侧肢体屈伸肌训练。     

膝关节骨性关节炎等速肌力测试的研究

运用Ｃｙｂｅｘ－６０００型等速测力系统对３４名膝关节骨性关节炎（ｏｓｔｅｏａｒｔｈｒｉｔｉｓ，ＯＡ）患者的两侧膝伸肌和屈肌进行肌力测试。结果表明患膝屈肌和伸肌的峰力矩在不同运动速度下（６０°／ｓ，１２０°／ｓ和１８０°／ｓ）均较健侧明显下降，尤以６０°／ｓ时峰力矩下降明显。患膝屈肌和伸肌峰力矩出现的时间与健侧相比有延迟趋势。由于患膝屈肌力和伸肌力同步下降，屈肌、伸肌峰力矩比值与健侧相比无明显差异。认为对膝ＯＡ患者的肌力训练，应同时考虑伸膝力和屈膝力的训练，以便提高肌力，改善关节稳定性。     

前交叉韧带重建术后患者的等速肌力训练和疗效评定

目的:研究用Biodex system 3多关节等速肌力评定及训练系统对ACL重建术后患者肌力的影响。方法:将50例行ACL重建术后的患者随机分成试验组25例(等速训练患侧肌力)和对照组25例(等张训练患侧肌力)并分别进行功能训练,在术后第12、24周进行等速向心肌力测试。结果:术后第12、24周对患者进行膝关节等速向心肌力测试,试验组膝屈、伸肌患侧峰力矩/健侧峰力矩比值明显高于对照组,差异具有显著性(P<0.05),试验组在30°时的股内侧肌患侧峰力矩/健侧峰力矩比值明显高于对照组,差异具有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:通过等速训练进行系统的康复治疗可使膝关节ACL重建术后的患者短期(6个月)达到健侧屈伸肌力水平,并能达到运动水平。     

偏瘫患者膝关节伸屈肌等速肌力测试研究

目的了解偏瘫病人恢复独立行走后患肢和健肢的肌力、屈伸肌力比,探讨膝关节不稳定的原因。方法采用Ｃｙｂｅｘ ＮＯＲＭ系统对１０例脑卒中偏瘫病人进行膝伸、屈肌等速肌力测试。结果３种角速度６０、１２０、１８０（°／ｓ）向心和６０°／ｓ离心伸屈肌峰力矩平均值健侧均高于患侧,伸肌１２０°、１８０°／ｓ和屈肌６０°、１８０°／ｓ健侧峰力矩显高于患侧（Ｐ值均＜０．０５）,离心伸肌６０°／ｓ时（Ｐ＜０．０５）;离     

等速向心和离心肌力训练治疗膝关节骨性关节炎患者的有效性研究

目的：比较等速向心和等速离心肌力训练治疗膝关节骨性关节炎（OA）患者的有效性。方法：45例膝OA患者随机分为向心训练组、离心训练组和对照组。向心训练组患者（n=15）接受等速向心肌力训练．离心训练组（n=15）患者接受等速离心肌力训练，每周训练3次，共训练8周。用Biodex等速肌力测试训练系统评价膝OA患者训练前后的膝关节伸肌和屈肌的峰力矩改变。用目测类比评分法和Lequesne指数评价膝OA患者疼痛和功能障碍的改变。结果：两个训练组的膝OA患者的疼痛、功能障碍和肌肉峰力矩在训练后都有明显改善（P〈0．05）。而对照组8周后无明显改变。虽然不同的等速训练方法显示了一定的训练效果特异性．但在两个训练组之间各项参数无显著性差异。结论：等速向心和等速离心肌力训练方案在膝OA的治疗中都是有效的。在等速向心和等速离心训练之间未观察到显著性差异。     

偏瘫患者膝屈伸肌力等速测试的研究

目的　探讨对偏瘫患者是否需要进行下肢肌力训练。方法　运用Cybex 60 0 0型等速肌力测试系统对3 1例病程大于 6个月和能独立行走的偏瘫患者的两侧膝关节伸肌和屈肌进行肌力测试。结果　 (1)患膝屈、伸肌的峰力矩在不同的运动速度下 (60°/s ,12 0°/s ,180°/s)均较健侧明显下降 ;(2 )患膝屈、伸肌的峰力矩出现的时间与健侧相比有提前趋势 ;(3 )虽然患膝的屈肌和伸肌肌力同时下降 ,但屈肌的肌力较伸肌下降明显 ,患膝屈肌和伸肌的峰力矩比值较健侧有明显差异。结论　偏瘫患者的下肢肌力、肌耐力、爆发力明显下降 ,因此 ,应加强患侧下肢屈肌和伸肌的肌力训练 ,尤应加强屈肌的肌力训练     

膝关节外伤后的等速肌力测试研究

运用Ｃｙｂｅｘ－３３０型等速测力系统对４８例膝关节外伤患者的双侧膝伸肌和屈肌进行了肌力测试。结果表明两侧膝伸肌和屈肌的峰力矩值在不同运动速度（６００°／ｓ、１２０°／ｓ和１８０°／ｓ）时均有下降，两侧比较差异非常显著。不同性别间，健侧膝伸肌和屈肌峰力矩值间无显著性差异。认为等速测试配合膝关节镜检查对某些膝关节内损伤的诊断有一定的帮助。康复训练可以提高膝屈、伸肌力（尤其是膝屈肌和伸肌峰力矩比值），对保持膝关节稳定性有重要意义。     

慢性下腰痛患者腰屈伸肌的等速肌力评价

目的：通过对慢性下腰痛患者腰屈伸肌进行等速向心、离心肌力测试,定量评价患者腰屈伸肌肌力的变化,为慢性下腰痛患者腰屈伸肌肌肉功能的康复训练提供依据。方法：运用Ｃｙｂｅｘ － ６０００ 型等速测力系统分别对３０ 例慢性下腰痛患者及３０ 例正常人在慢速（３０°／ｓ） 和中速（９０°／ｓ） 条件下进行腰屈伸肌的等速向心和离心肌力测试,评价屈肌与伸肌的峰力矩／ 体重比值,以及腰屈伸肌向心与离心的峰力矩／ 体重比值。结果：两种测试速度下,患者组与正常组相比,腰屈肌向心测试和屈、伸肌离心测试的峰力矩／ 体重值降低,伸肌向心测试的峰力矩／ 体重值较正常组显著下降（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．００１） ;向心测试屈、伸肌峰力矩与体重比值显著增大（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ,离心测试屈、伸肌峰力矩与体重比值增大;屈肌向心、离心测试的峰力矩与体重的比值降低,伸肌向心、离心测试的峰力矩与体重的比值显著降低（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） 。结论：慢性下腰痛患者腰屈伸肌存在屈伸肌力的下降及失衡,需针对性地进行屈伸肌肌力训练,以恢复屈伸肌对腰椎主动稳定和功能性活动的作用,避免肌源性下腰痛的反复发作和牵延难愈     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.