经胸超声心动图在诊断感染性心内膜炎中的应用

目的 评价经胸超声心动图诊断感染性心内膜炎的价值。方法 回顾性分析114例感染性心内膜炎患者的经胸超声心动图特征及临床资料,观察心脏瓣膜形态结构、活动及对合功能,寻找赘生物,观察瓣周结构及有无基础心脏病变。结果 114例患者中,104例以发热为首发症状,69例有基础心脏病,5例有全身性疾病。血培养阳性35例。超声示累及二尖瓣46例、主动脉瓣48例、三尖瓣17例、肺动脉瓣1例、人工瓣膜9例,其中多瓣膜受累7例;存在严重并发症19例。59例接受手术患者中,56例检出赘生物,术前超声诊断正确,诊断正确率为94.92%（56/59）。结论 经胸超声心动图可准确诊断感染性心内膜炎。     

超声诊断二叶主动脉瓣合并感染性心内膜炎

目的 观察经胸超声心动图（TTE）和三维经食管超声心动图（3D-TEE）诊断二叶主动脉瓣（BAV）合并感染性心内膜炎（IE）的价值。方法 回顾性分析53例BAV合并IE患者的超声图像，超声表现包括赘生物、瓣膜穿孔、脓肿和瘘道。以外科手术所见作为金标准，评估TTE和3D-TEE的超声特征及其诊断价值。结果 3D-TEE检出赘生物、瓣膜穿孔、脓肿和瘘道的敏感度（100% vs.90.20%，96.87% vs.90.62%，92.86% vs.67.86%，94.12% vs.70.59%）和阳性预测值均高于TTE（100% vs.95.83%，100% vs.93.55%，96.30% vs.86.36%，100% vs.85.71%，P均<0.05）。结论 超声心动图对于BAV合并IE的总体检出率高。3D-TEE的可视性和空间分辨率比TTE更好，诊断BAV合并IE敏感度和阳性预测值更高。     

经食管超声心动图在牛心包主动脉瓣置换术中的应用

目的 评价术中经食管超声心动图（IOTEE）在牛心包主动脉瓣置换术中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析拟施行牛心包主动脉瓣置换术的106例患者,分别于体外循环前采用IOTEE测量和术中解剖测量主动脉瓣环径、主动脉窦部和主动脉窦管交界直径、主动脉瓣叶有效高度（eH）。结果 术前拟行牛心包主动脉瓣置换术106例患者,其中8例经IOTEE术前补充诊断后修改手术方式被排除。余98例均接受牛心包主动脉瓣置换术。98例IOTEE首要诊断与手术诊断符合率为100%,5例（5/98,5.10%）IOTEE次要诊断与手术诊断不相符。98例患者体外循环前IOTEE提示瓣叶数目与术中探查符合率100%、瓣叶穿孔符合率80.00%,瓣叶赘生物符合率85.71%、老年退行性钙化符合率100%、风湿性病变符合率100%。体外循环前IOTEE测量的主动脉瓣环径、主动脉窦部和主动脉窦管交界直径、eH与术中实际测量结果相关性良好（r均>0.8,P均<0.05）。结论 IOTEE对于评估牛心包主动脉瓣置换术的可行性、指导选择手术方案和预估手术效果有重要意义。     

超声心动图诊断二尖瓣主动脉瓣瓣间纤维假性动脉瘤

目的 观察二尖瓣主动脉瓣瓣间纤维假性动脉瘤（P-MAIVF）超声心动图特点。方法 结合相关文献,回顾分析6例P-MAIVF的临床特征及超声心动图表现。结果 6例P-MAIVF均位于主动脉瓣根部后方,收缩期膨胀而舒张期塌陷是其特征性表现。6例中,5例合并感染性心内膜炎,1例为心房颤动射频消融并发症,4例合并主动脉瓣二叶畸形,2例假性动脉瘤破入升主动脉。结论 经胸超声心动图是诊断P-MAIVF的首选方法;彩色血流多普勒有助于观察是否有破口形成,三维超声有助于观察病灶与邻近结构的空间位置关系。     

临床表现不典型的感染性心内膜炎误诊分析

目的探讨感染性心内膜炎(infective endocarditis,IE)的临床特点、误诊原因及防范措施。方法回顾分析2例临床表现不典型的IE误诊病例资料。结果 1例主要表现为胸闷、气促伴夜间阵发性呼吸困难、双下肢水肿,误诊为急性左心衰竭,经复查心脏超声示:主动脉瓣中重度关闭不全、赘生物形成,二尖瓣重度关闭不全并赘生物形成可能,确诊IE。1例主要表现为双下肢水肿合并紫癜,初诊为血管炎,后出现不规则发热及夜间阵发性呼吸困难,血培养提示链球菌生长,经食管超声检查示:主动脉瓣、二尖瓣赘生物形成,重度主动脉瓣反流,确诊IE。均行瓣膜置换术联合抗感染治疗,术后1个月复查心脏彩超提示机械瓣膜功能良好。结论对于症状不典型的IE患者,应仔细查体,动态观察心脏杂音的变化,详细询问病史,及时行血培养、心脏彩超及经食管超声心动图检查有助于确诊;对于心室射血分数正常但与临床表现不符的IE患者应考虑合并瓣膜病的可能。     

三维超声评估感染性心内膜炎栓塞事件及住院死亡的危险特征

目的 采用三维经食管超声心动图评估感染性心内膜炎栓塞及住院死亡的超声特征。方法 回顾性收集124例自体瓣膜感染性心内膜炎患者,分析其经胸二维超声、多平面和三维经食管超声特征。将手术前或后1个月内栓塞和死亡作为主要终点事件。将大赘生物、脓肿或瘘、腱索断裂、中重度瓣膜反流和瓣膜穿孔或严重瓣膜破坏各计1分,进行简单积分,对心脏受损累计简单积分、赘生物大小、瓣膜受损严重并失去正常形态结构采用Hosmer和ROC曲线下面积评估栓塞和不良事件。结果 124例患者中,27例（27/124,21.77%）患者发生栓塞。与二维经胸超声心动图比较,多平面和三维经食管超声心动图可识别赘生物的确切位置及其长度,而二维经胸超声心动图漏诊左心房和乳头肌赘生物。栓塞及不良事件患者血红蛋白显著低于非栓塞及不良事件患者（P<0.05）。栓塞及不良事件患者多部位赘生物形成、赘生物活动度和瓣膜严重受损并失去正常形态构成比均高于非栓塞及不良事件患者（P均<0.05）。感染性心内膜炎心脏受损累计简单积分、赘生物大小、瓣膜严重受损并失去正常形态结构曲线下面积分别为0.65（P=0.06）、0.60（P=0.19）、0.70（P=0.03）。结论 多平面及三维经食管超声对感染性心内膜炎,尤其位于不常见位置的赘生物诊断起重要作用。瓣膜严重受损并失去正常形态者与栓塞及不良事件有关。     

超声诊断艾滋病患者感染性心内膜炎

目的 探讨艾滋病(AIDS)合并感染性心内膜炎患者彩色多普勒超声心动图特征。 方法 观察227例AIDS合并感染性心内膜炎患者彩色多普勒超声心动图,结合临床资料和实验室检查结果进行回顾性分析。 结果 227例患者心脏各瓣膜、室壁、房室间隔内膜面均有不同程度增厚、毛糙和赘生物形成,以右心心内膜炎最常见。病原微生物种类以细菌、真菌感染为主,可为混合性感染。通过内科抗感染治疗,赘生物84例(37.00％,84/227)消失,79例(34.80％,79/227)缩小,64例(28.19％,64/227)变化不大,但回声增强、活动度减少。 结论 AIDS合并感染性心内膜炎患者的超声心动图有特征性的改变,可为临床诊断、治疗提供有价值的信息。     

外阴血管肌纤维母细胞瘤超声表现与诊断

目的 探讨外阴血管肌纤维母细胞瘤的超声表现及诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的7例外阴血管肌纤维母细胞瘤患者的临床及超声检查资料,其中病灶位于左侧大阴唇皮下4例,右侧大阴唇皮下3例。结果 7例外阴血管肌纤维母细胞瘤中,2例术前超声诊断为血管肌纤维母细胞瘤,2例误诊为前庭大腺囊肿,2例误诊为脂肪瘤,1例误诊为皮脂腺囊肿,误诊率71.43%（5/7）。病灶超声均表现为近椭圆形、边缘完整的包块,内部整体背景为欠均匀低回声,部分区域可见无规律式分布的短条状高回声,后方无明显回声增强与衰减,CDFI可探及明显血流信号,且探头局部加压后包块明显变形、移位。结论 外阴血管肌纤维母细胞瘤声像图表现虽具有一定特征,但术前超声检查易误诊,需仔细鉴别。     

经胸与经食管超声心动图对感染性心内膜炎的诊断价值比较

  目的  比较经胸超声心动图(transthoracic echocardiography, TTE)和经食管超声心动图(transesophageal echocardiography, TEE)诊断感染性心内膜炎(infective endocarditis, IE)的准确性。  方法  回顾性分析2003年1月至2011年12月北京协和医院诊断的95例IE患者的临床及超声心动图特点, 比较TTE和TEE对赘生物和IE相关并发症的检出率, 并以TEE作为诊断IE的标准来评价TTE诊断的准确性。  结果  TEE对赘生物的阳性检出率显著高于TTE(81.1%比52.6%, P < 0.001);若以TEE阳性作为诊断IE的标准, 则TTE检出赘生物的敏感性为64.9%, 特异性为94.4%;TEE对IE瓣周并发症诊断的敏感性也显著高于TTE(P < 0.05)。  结论  TTE对赘生物检出的阳性率较低; TEE不仅在检出赘生物方面较TTE更敏感, 对IE瓣周并发症诊断的敏感性也更高。     

经胸超声心动图对人工瓣膜心内膜炎的诊断价值

目的 评估经胸超声心动图诊断人工瓣膜心内膜炎的价值。方法 收集符合Duck标准的人工瓣膜心内膜炎的患者33例,所有患者术前均行经胸超声心动图检查,回顾性分析33例患者的经胸超声心动图特征,并与手术病理结果进行对比。结果 经胸超声心动图结果显示,人工瓣膜心内膜炎的主要表现有赘生物21例,瓣周漏14例,瓣叶狭窄9例,瓣周脓肿8例。经胸超声心动图诊断赘生物、瓣周漏、瓣周脓肿的灵敏度、特异度、误诊率、漏诊率分别为76.92%(20/26）、85.71%(6/7）、14.29%(1/7）、23.08%(6/26),100%(13/13),95%(19/20）、5%(1/20）、0 (0/13）和54.54%(6/11）、90.91%(20/22）、9.09%(2/22）、45.45%(5/11）。结论 经胸超声心动图诊断人工瓣膜心内膜炎赘生物及瓣周漏的灵敏度和特异度均较高,诊断瓣周脓肿的特异度较高而灵敏度低。     

Echocardiographic detection of aortic valve ring abscesses

Valve ring abscess complication of infective endocarditis increases the expected morbidity and mortality rates of patients, but is seldom recognized by available noninvasive techniques. In our study, two-dimensional echocardiography successfully detected valve ring abscesses in eight patients with infective endocarditis affecting aortic valve prosthesis. Echocardiography showed the perivalvular abscess as an echo-free space in all patients. Prosthetic vegetations were seen in the only patient who had a biological prosthesis and excessive prosthetic rocking was observed in cases with severe aortic regurgitation. In two patients, the first echocardiographic examination showed an echo-free space without evident clinical signs of endocarditis or significant valve regurgitation. Severe aortic insufficiency and congestive heart failure followed the enlargement of the echo-free space. Valve replacement was required in all but one patient. The echocardiographic findings were confirmed at surgery. In one patient, the extension of the abscess to the interventricular septum was not detected by the echocardiography.     

Corynebacterium jeikeium-induced infective endocarditis and perivalvular abscess diagnosed by 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis: A case report

IntroductionCorynebacterium jeikeium normally presents on human skin, and it is often judged as contamination when it is cultured from blood. C. jeikeium can cause infective endocarditis, especially, that associated with cardiac surgery and prosthetic valvular endocarditis.Case reportA 66-year-old Japanese male patient was diagnosed with C. jeikeium-induced infective endocarditis (IE) and perivalvular abscess after a coronary artery bypass grafting and aortic valve replacement with bioprosthesis; pyogenic spondylodiscitis was also observed. Patch repair for aortic valve annulus and re-Bentall procedure with bioprosthesis was performed for IE and perivalvular abscess. The causative bacterium was confirmed as C. jeikeium on 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing of surgical sample and positive blood culture. The patient underwent six weeks of intravenous antibacterial treatment with vancomycin and an additional two weeks of oral treatment with linezolid, following which, his condition improved. Corynebacterium jeikeium can cause infective endocarditis and perivalvular abscess, which is a more severe condition than IE.Conclusion16S ribosomal RNA sequencing is useful in diagnosing bacterial species that can cause contamination, such as Corynebacterium spp.     

经胸超声心动图诊断机械瓣膜功能障碍

目的 观察经胸超声心动图诊断机械瓣膜功能障碍的价值。方法 回顾性分析60例接受二次手术治疗的机械瓣膜功能障碍患者，观察本次术前经胸超声心动图、手术、术后病理及随访资料，分析超声的诊断及评估效能。结果 超声心动图检查共于60例患者中检出67枚机械瓣膜功能障碍，包括二尖瓣23枚、主动脉瓣43枚及三尖瓣1枚；主要表现为瓣周漏、瓣膜狭窄及关闭不全、血栓、瓣环脱位、感染性心内膜炎(IE)及窦部夹层等。手术及病理结果显示，60例67枚机械瓣膜功能障碍分布与超声检查所见一致，表现为瓣周漏16枚、瓣周纤维组织增生50枚、血栓19枚、瓣环脱位5枚、IE 12枚、退行性变6枚。随访期间59例未见明显人工瓣膜功能障碍；1例于二次术后第9年出现瓣周漏，经手术封堵后情况良好。结论 经胸超声心动图对于诊断机械瓣膜功能障碍具有一定价值，有助于判断是否需要进行再次手术治疗。     

超声心动图评价感染性心内膜炎累及二尖瓣-主动脉瓣纤维连结

目的:二尖瓣-主动脉瓣纤维连结(Mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa,MAIVF)受累是感染性心内膜炎的一种少见并发症,本文回顾性总结分析了其超声特点及临床特征。方法:对18例超声心动图诊断感染性心内膜炎MAIVF受累的病例图像回顾性分析,总结其临床特征及超声特点。结果:①MAIVF受累可能好发于伴随先天性主动脉瓣二叶式畸形及结缔组织病的感染性心内膜炎;②MAIVF受累的患者主动脉瓣病变较二尖瓣更为严重;③MAIVF受累可以表现为MAIVF部位的增厚,囊腔形成或局部团块样组织,并可能导致心腔间的分流。结论:超声心动图是感染性心内膜炎MAIVF受累的首选筛查方法,可以评价脓肿大小、形态、位置、周围血流信号及其他感染性心内膜炎并发症,为制定手术方案提供完整的信息。     

实时三维超声在评价人工机械瓣功能中的应用

目的在二维（2D）基础上应用三维实时超声心动图（RT-3DE）,探讨RT-3DE在评价人工瓣功能方面的临床应用价值。方法应用PhilipsIE33型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,对23例受检者进行了实时三维超声心动图检查,其中二尖瓣位18例,主动脉瓣位5例。结果23例人工瓣均获得较清晰的三维图像。20例人工瓣功能正常。3例功能异常,其中2例为人工瓣瓣周漏,另有1例为二尖瓣位人工瓣血栓导致梗阻。结论RT-3DE在2DE基础上,可获得更丰富的空间信息,可以对2DE做出有益的补充。     

Spontaneous drainage of paravalvular abscess diagnosed by transesophageal echocardiography

Paravalvular abscesses, which occur in up to 30% of cases of native valve endocarditis, are being detected with increasing frequency with the use of transesophageal echocardiography. Abscesses of the mitral aortic intervalvular fibrosa have been described but only in association with native or prosthetic aortic valve endocarditis. We describe a patient with native mitral valve endocarditis complicated by an abscess in the fibrosa. A 51-year-old diabetic man presented with Staphylococcus aureus mitral valve endocarditis. A transesophageal echocardiographic study done 8 days after admission revealed two large masses at the base of the anterior mitral leaflet with extension into the fibrosa consistent with a paravalvular abscess that was not detected by precordial echocardiography. A repeat transesophageal echocardiographic study done 20 days after admission showed spontaneous drainage of the abscess and a subsequent fistula between the left atrium and left ventricle. This case highlights the important role that transesophageal echocardiography has in suspected and known cases of endocarditis. Its major advantage of delineating posterior cardiac structures allowed accurate diagnosis and serial evaluation of this previously unreported complication of endocarditis.     

Prediction of rapid versus prolonged healing of infective endocarditis by monitoring vegetation size.

The diagnostic value of transesophageal echocardiography in monitoring the clinical course has been evaluated in 83 patients with echocardiographic evidence of infective endocarditis. A total of 103 vegetations attached to the aortic or mitral valves were detected by use of the transesophageal approach. The patients were monitored for a mean of 74 weeks and underwent a minimum of two consecutive transesophageal echocardiographic examinations. Group A included patients with increasing or remaining constant size of vegetation (8.2 +/- 1.5 to 11.2 mm, p less than 0.05) during 4 to 8 weeks of antimicrobial therapy, whereas group B was formed by patients with decreasing vegetation size (8.3 +/- 0.8 to 4.9 +/- 0.8 mm, p less than 0.05). The incidences of complications after diagnosis and onset of therapy was higher in group A than in group B: valve replacement (45% versus 2%, p less than 0.05), embolic events (45% versus 17%, p less than 0.05), perivalvular abscess formation (13% versus 2%, p less than 0.05), and mortality (10% versus 0%, respectively, p less than 0.05). Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent organism isolated in group A (44% versus 11% in B, p less than 0.05) and Streptococcus viridans in group B (33% versus 18% in A, p less than 0.05). Blood cultures were negative in nearly 50% of the patients in each group. There was no difference in the incidences of complications in patients with positive or negative blood cultures. We conclude that an increase in vegetation size during antibiotic therapy predicts a prolonged healing phase of infective endocarditis. This prolonged healing period is associated with a significantly increased risk of complications, independent of blood culture results. Monitoring vegetation size contributes important information concerning prognosis and stage of risk, and it aids in the choice of patient management in infective endocarditis. Because embolic events after diagnosis and onset of treatment are less frequent in rapid-healing endocarditis, surgery cannot be recommended to prevent further events taking into account the high risk of surgery.     

超声心动图用于心尖入路经导管主动脉瓣植入术

目的 评价超声心动图用于心尖入路经导管主动脉瓣植入术(TAVI)的价值.方法 纳入23例接受J-Valve TAVI的主动脉瓣疾病患者,根据主要疾病,将其中20例非重度主动脉瓣狭窄(AS)合并中度以上主动脉瓣反流(AR)者分为AS组(n=10)及AR组(n=10).术前行经胸超声心动图(TTE),术中全程以经食管超声心...     

超声心动图诊断胎儿完全性大动脉转位

目的 探讨胎儿完全性大动脉转位（TGA）的超声心动图特征。方法 回顾性分析2010年1月—2017年1月经引产后尸体解剖证实或经出生后超声心动图检查证实为TGA的9胎胎儿的产前超声资料。结果 9胎TGA胎儿四腔心切面均显示正常的心轴及房室连接关系;左心室流出道切面8胎出现"雏鸟喙"征;左右心室流出道切面8胎2条大动脉（主动脉、肺动脉）呈平行关系;三血管气管（3VT）切面6胎仅显示2条大血管;主动脉弓切面7胎显示主动脉弓弧度不同程度增大。四腔心切面及左心室流出道切面均可见4胎室间隔上段缺损。结论 TGA胎儿超声心动图左心室流出道切面、左右心室流出道切面、3VT切面及主动脉弓切面均具有特征性表现,包括"雏鸟喙"征、2条大动脉呈平行关系、3VT切面仅显示2条大血管、主动脉弓弧度增大,其中以"雏鸟喙"征最为常见。